1213 Level L Biology Make Up-Important Concepts For Final T3 PDF

1213-Level K Biology [special] T3F Mkup-Important concepts
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1213-Level K Biology[special programme]-Important concepts for
T3F Mkup (Chapters 1 5 inclusive)

The exam consists of only Multiple choice questions, duration: 2 hours

Chapter 1

1. Define a cell.
It is the basic unit of an organism
2. Name the structures shared by most living cells.
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
3. List the functions of the cell membrane.
- It holds the cells contents together
- It controls what substances are allowed to enter and leave the cell
- It maintains the structure of the cell
4. a) Is cytoplasm a cell organelle?
No
b) Name three cell organelles.
Ribosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts
5. List the functions of the nucleus.
- It carries hereditary information
- It controls the type & quantity of proteins (enzymes & hormones) produced by the
cytoplasm
- It regulates the chemical reactions in cells
- It controls cell division
6. What are chromosomes and where are they found?
They are thread-like structures that carry hereditary information.
They are found in the nucleus.
7. Describe the role of mitochondria in cells.
They manufacture energy from food substances like sugar, through the process of
respiration.
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8. Relate with an example the number of mitochondria a cell has to its level of
activity.
The more active a cell is, the greater the number of mitochondria present.
Example: a liver cell (highly active) has more mitochondria than a cheek cell.
9. What are ribosomes?
They are cell organelles found in animal and plant cells; they are the site of proteins
synthesis.
10. What are chloroplasts and in which cells are they found?
They are cell organelles responsible for photosynthesis.
They are found in plant cells, certain single-celled organisms and in algae.
11. What is chlorophyll?
It is a green pigment found in chloroplasts.
12. Refer to the diagram below to fill the table that follows.

Structure Name Function
A Cell membrane - Holds the cell contents together
- Controls which substances enter & leave the cell
- Maintains the structure & chemical reactions of
cytoplasm
B Cytoplasm Site of a cells reactions
C Nucleus - Carries hereditary information
- Controls type & amount of proteins produced
- Regulates chemical changes in the cell
- Controls cell division
D Mitochondrion Manufactures energy from food sources like
sugar

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13. Refer to the diagram below to fill the table that follows.

Structure Name
A Cell wall
B Cell membrane
C Cytoplasm
D Nucleus
E Vacuole
F Chloroplasts
G Starch grains
14. In a table form list the structural differences of animal and plant cells.

Structure Animal cell Plant cell
Cell wall absent present
Chloroplasts absent present
Large vacuole absent present
Starch grains absent present
Size smaller larger

15. Describe the two functional differences between animal cells and plants cells.
- Plant cells make their walls from cellulose, animal cells dont.
- Plant cells produce their own food by photosynthesis, animal cells dont.
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16. Refer to the below diagram of a plant cell to fill the table that follows in order to match the
structure to the right description.

Description Structure
Present in muscle cells B, C and D
Site of photosynthesis F
Is semi-permeable B
Contains chromosomes D

17. In a table form list the structural differences and similarities between a muscle cell
(animal cell) and a palisade cell (plant cell).

Structure Muscle cell Palisade cell
Cell membrane present present
Cell wall absent present
Nucleus present present
Cytoplasm present present
Chloroplasts absent present
Large vacuole absent present
Mitochondria present present
Ribosomes present present
Starch grains absent present
18. What would be the consequence if:
a) Ribosomes are non functional
Proteins synthesis would stop
b) Mitochondria are non functional
Energy production would stop
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19. How do you prepare a section of onion epidermis to view under light microscope?
- Mount a thin section in water on a slide
- Stain and place a cover slip on slide
- Remove excess liquid
- View under low power then high power
20. What is the function of the central stage?
It is where the specimen is placed on the microscope.
21. What is the function of the diaphragm?
It controls the amount of light entering the microscope.
22. Which dye is used in the preparation of an onion epidermal slide?
Iodine solution
23. What is Methylene blue used for?
It is used to view animal cells under microscope.
24. How do you find the magnification of a cell?
Size of specimen/actual size
25. Why is it important when using a microscope to place a thin specimen centrally on the stage,
start with low magnification, and direct the mirror towards the light source?
To get a clear view of the specimen
26. What is the function of the mirror in a microscope?
It directs the light through the specimen.
27. What color would the nucleus of a plant cell appear when stained with iodine solution?
It would appear yellow (yellow brown)
28. What solution is used to stain the nucleus of an animal cell?
Methylene blue solution
29. Given the magnification of a cell viewed under the microscope and the measured size of that
cell, how can we find the actual size of that cell?
Use the equation: Actual size= measured size
magnification used
30. What structure makes cells selectively permeable?
Cell membrane
31. Which structure in plant cells is responsible for photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts
32. What is a vacuole filled with?
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It is filled with cell sap, a watery solution of sugars, salts, and sometimes pigments
33. What is the role of a cell wall in plant cells?
It supports and protects the plant cell
34. What is the role of a cell membrane in a plant cell?
It controls what goes in and out of the cell, it maintains the structure of the cytoplasm,
and holds cell contents together
35. In biological drawings, how do we find the number of times the specimen was magnified?
Divide the size of specimen drawn by the actual size of that specimen
36. How do you calculate the magnification used to measure the length of a specimen?
Magnification= size of specimen
actual size
Chapter 2
1. Which microscope uses beams of electrons?
Electron microscope
2. High Resolution is a characteristic of which microscope?
Electron microscope
3. What is the highest magnification of an electron microscope?
500,000X
4. What is one disadvantage of using an electron microscope?
It dehydrates the cell.
5. What is one advantage of an electron microscope?
It shows cells under high magnification.
6. Give an example of an organ.
Heart
7. Give an example of an organism.
Plant
8. Give an example of an organelle.
Chloroplast / nucleus / mitochondrion
9. Give an example of a cell.
Root hair, xylem vessel
10. Give an example of an organ.
Lung
11. Give an example of a tissue.
Onion epidermis
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12. Identify an animal cell with a high concentration of contractile fibers.
Muscle cell
13. Which type of cell has a tube like outgrowth?
Root hair cell
14. What is a tissue?
Group of similar cells having the same shape and function. eg. bone, muscle
15. What is a system?
A group of organs with closely related functions. eg. circulatory system, digestive system
16. What is an organ?
Different tissues working together to carry out a special function. eg. kidney, stomach,
leaf, root
17. What is an organism?
Different organs and systems working together eg. human
18. Why is cell division important?
Growth, repairing damaged cells, replacing damaged and worn out cells
19. What is division of labour?
The specialization of cells to carry out particular functions in an organism
20. Give two features of red blood cells.
Biconcave shaped and lack a nucleus
21. What is the function of the cells found in the lining of the windpipe of the respiratory tract?
Move the mucus out of the respiratory tract
22. Name the structure in the respiratory system that flicks to move the mucus away from the
lungs.
Cilia
23. Identify the tissue in organisms involved in contraction.
Muscle
24. Which cells in plants are involved in absorption?
Root hair cells
25. Name a cell with a cytoplasm and flexible membrane that lacks a nucleus.
RBC
26. Identify the different types of cells shown in fig.12, page 18.
27. Which system do the liver, stomach and esophagus belong to?
Digestive system
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28. What are some of the functions of the xylem?
Support and transport
Chapter 3
1. What are organic compounds/
Substances that have carbon and hydrogen and carbohydrates and proteins are
examples.
2. What do we call substances that do not have carbon?
Inorganic compounds.
3. Give four examples of inorganic compounds.
H
2
O, NaCL, NH
3
and CO
2

4. a) Name the organic compound produced at the end of a photosynthetic reaction shown
below.
Photosynthetic reaction is: CO
2
+ H
2
O Glucose + O
2

Glucose (C
6
H
12
O
6
)
b) What are the inorganic compounds in a photosynthetic reaction?
CO
2
, O
2
and H
2
O.
5. What are the reactants in a respiration reaction?
Glucose and oxygen.
6. What are the products of the respiration reaction?
Water, energy and carbon dioxide.
7. What are elements made of?
They are made of identical atoms.
8. Give examples of element.
Aluminum, gold and silver
9. What does 2S represents?
It represents two separate sulfur atoms.
10. Define molecule.
Two or more atoms chemically joined together.
11. What are atoms made of?
Electrons, protons and neutrons.
12. What is the name of the charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom?
Protons.
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13. What do we call the charged particles rotating around the nucleus?
Electrons.
14. Along with protons there is another type of particles found in the nucleus. What do we call
these particles?
Neutrons.
15. Neutrons and protons are embedded in an atom structure. Name this structure.
Nucleus.
16. How do new substances form?
When chemical reactions occur between atoms.
17. What structural formula of an amino acid?
NH2-R-COOH
18. How many types of amino acids are found?
20 amino acids.
19. All the amino acids have similar general structure but they differ by what?
Radical R.
20. State the structural formula of hydrogen molecule.
H-H.
21. What is the symbol of hydrogen atom?
H.
22. What is the molecular formula of hydrogen molecule?
H
2
.
23. Define solvent.
It is the liquid that allows substances to dissolve in it.
24. State one reason why water is a good solvent in the body?
It dissolves many organic and inorganic substances to be transported throughout the
body.
25. What makes the pond skater able to skate on surface of water?
Water molecules attract each other strongly creating a high surface tension packing
water
molecules together.
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26. One of the waters properties is high heat capacity which maintains stable environment for
cells and aquatic organisms. Explain how.
Water needs to absorb a lot of heat to show slight raise in temperature so it gives
organisms time to adjust their temperature.
27. What happens to pH when concentration of hydrogen ion is high?
pH decreases.
28. In solution A the pH is 10 and in solution B the pH is 3. What will the color of pH paper be in
both solutions? Given that the indicator solution turns orange for acid, turns purple for basic
and turns green for neutral.
Purple in solution A and orange in solution B.
29. Water molecules resist separation on any surface by means of a force. What is this force?
Surface tension.
30. What is this process by which water travels up narrow tubes?
Capillary action.
31. What happens to the density of water when its temperature goes from 15C to 4C?
It gradually increases to reach a maximum.
Chapter 4
1. How are carbohydrates classified? Give an example.
According to their size
Example: disaccharides have two sugar molecules eg. sucrose, monosaccharides have one
sugar molecule eg. glucose
2. a) Name the two kinds of nucleic acids and state their location.
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) found in the nucleus
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
b) State their function.
To direct the synthesis of proteins in cells.
3. Name the type of bonds in each of the following:
- Lipids: ester bond
- Proteins: peptide bond
- Carbohydrates: glycosidic bond
4. Name the building blocks required to build each of the following:
- Lipids: one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
- Proteins: amino acids
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- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides like glucose
- Nucleic acids: nucleotide (one simple sugar, one phosphate group and one organic
base)
5. Name the two carbohydrates that are soluble in water, with examples of each.
- Monosaccharides; glucose
- Disaccharides; maltose and sucrose
6. In which form are mineral salts found in the cell?
In the form of ions
7. Name the elements that make up each of the following:
- Lipids: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- Proteins: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and sometimes sulfur
- Carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
8. Name the substances that make up a nucleotide.
A simple sugar, a phosphate group and an organic base
9. List the functions of lipids.
- They store energy
- They insulate the body
- They form cell membranes
- They form sex hormones
10. How is a lipid molecule formed?
Three water molecules are removed to form three ester bonds that join one molecule of
glycerol with three molecules of fatty acids.
11. Distinguish between functional proteins and structural proteins with examples.
Functional proteins are used as chemical tools; enzymes and hormones like insulin
Structural proteins are used for building purposes; protein for hair, nails and muscles
12. How is a dipeptide molecule formed?
When two amino acids join together by losing a water molecule
13. Name the types of lipids.
Fats, oils and steroids
14. How do lipids differ from each other?
By the type of fatty acids
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15. Give examples of functional and structural proteins.
Functional proteins; enzymes and hormones like insulin
Structural proteins; protein for hair, nails and muscles
16. How is maltose formed?
When two molecules of glucose join by a glycosidic bond by removing a molecule of
water.
17. Name the substances that make up a nucleotide.
A simple sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group and an organic base
18. Describe how a protein gets denatured.
When heated above 50C, the cross linkages in the protein molecule break down, it loses
its shape and thereby its function.
19. Give the importance of the shape of the protein.
It helps the protein perform its function
20. Describe the importance of the shape of a protein.
It is very specific, it determines its function, it helps the protein perform its function and
it has an important effect on the reaction of enzymes
21. Fill in the blanks.
Protein molecules are made of many amino acids joined by a peptide bond
22. Which organic molecule contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements, has
monosaccharides as building blocks, glycosidic bonds and is used for energy
Carbohydrate

Chapter 5

1. Distinguish between intracellular and extracellular enzymes.
Intracellular enzymes Extracellular enzymes
Site of production Inside cells Inside cells
Site of activity Inside cells Outside cells
Example Enzymes catalyzing
protein synthesis in
ribosomes
Digestive enzymes acting
on food in alimentary
canal

2. Complete the below table.
Enzymes are often named by adding ase to the end of the substrate.
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Substrate Enzyme
Lipids Lipase
Proteins Protease
Sucrose Sucrase
Maltose Maltase

3. What are enzymes?
They are proteins and therefore if broken down, they give amino acids. They
act as biological catalysts and therefore not used up in reactions.
4. Define substrate.
It is a molecule that is to be worked upon, to be changed to some other form by the
action of enzymes.
5. Explain what is meant by biological catalyst.
It is a chemical made in living cells that speed up reactions without getting used up.
6. Explain why enzymes are considered as biological catalysts.
Enzymes are chemicals made in living cells that speed up reactions without getting used
up.
7. What happens to enzymes when heated at 80C?
They get denatured. They lose their shape and therefore their function; the
active site does not fit anymore with the substrate.
8. Explain what is meant by enzymes are specific.
An enzyme which normally acts on one substance will not act on a different one.
9. List the commercial uses of enzymes.
Washing powders, brewing, baking, dairy products, meat products and fruit
juice.
10. How can you test for the presence of oxygen gas?
If the gas is oxygen, it would relight a glowing splint.
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11. Refer to the diagram to answer the questions that follow.

a) Describe the changes in the rate of the reaction shown by the graph.
Phase A
Up to 40C the rate of reaction increases smoothly; for every 10 C
increase in the temperature, there is an approximate doubling of the
reaction rate (from 20C to 30C, the rate of reaction increases from 1.4
to 2.8 mg/time).
Phase B
The rate of reaction reaches a maximum of 3.6 mg/time at approximately
40C (optimum temperature).
Phase C
Above 40C, rate of reaction decreases rapidly until it reaches a value of 0
at 60C.
b) Explain the changes in the reaction rate in phases A and C.
In phase A, raising the temperature speeds up the movement (Kinetic
energy) of the substrate and enzyme molecules, so more collisions
between them which increases the chance of forming E-S complex.
In phase C, temperatures higher than the optimum (40C) denature the
enzyme; the enzyme loses its shape and therefore its function; the active
site doesnt fit anymore with the substrate.
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Refer to the graph below to answer question 12-14.
12. At what temperature does the rate of reaction start to decrease?

Approximately 45C
13. For enzyme catalyzed reactions, a rise of 10C initially would have what effect on
the rate of reaction?
It doubles the rate.
14. At approximately what temperature does rate of reaction for human enzymes start to
decrease?
40-45C
15. What is the chemical nature of enzymes?
Enzymes are special large complex proteins with a 3D structure.
16. Name the substrate and the product of amylase.
Substrate: starch
Product: maltose
17. Name the substrate and the product of lipase.
Substrate: lipids
Product: fatty acids and glycerol
18. Name the enzyme that hydrolyses lipids.
Lipase
19. Name the enzyme that hydrolyses sucrose.
Sucrase
20. What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?
40C.
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21. What happens to human enzymes at 60C?
They get denatured. They lose their shape and therefore their function; the
active site doesnt fit anymore with the substrate.
22. What solution is used to test the presence of starch?
Iodine solution
23. Equal amounts of amylase solution and starch solution were added to four different
test tubes
labeled 1-4 and incubated at different temperatures as below:
Tube 1 at 15C
Tube 2 at 40C
Tube 3 at 30C
Tube 4 at 65C
a) Name the variable tested.
Effect of temperature
b) After 10 minutes, the content of each test tube was tested for maltose.
In which test tube:
- Was maltose first detected?
In test tube 2, optimum temperature
- Was maltose last detected?
In test tube 1, temperature is low, little enzyme activity
- Was not detected at all?
In test tube 4, enzymes are denatured

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