Child Rearing Practices

By
Middle Class Mothers
Submitted by
WWW.ASSIGNMENP!IN.C!M
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Introduction"
With impressive progress made in recent years, Bangladesh is one of few
developing countries on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 to
reduce child mortality. Between 24 and 2! child mortality has fallen from
"" per #, live $irths to %& per #, live $irths
#
. 'owever, despite this
encouraging trend, neonatal mortality in Bangladesh is still high, accounting
for more than half of all under(five deaths and more than two( thirds of infant
deaths
2
. )n estimated #2, new$orns die every year in Bangladesh. *he
share of neonatal deaths to infant mortality has increased over the period 22(
2%, largely $ecause there has $een little progress in preventing neonatal
deaths. +oor neonatal health and under(nutrition of $oth mothers and children
could affect the current success in improving child survival.
Bangladesh has one of the world,s highest rates of adolescent motherhood,
$ased on the proportion of women under the age of 2 giving $irth every year.
2"- of adolescent women .age #&(#/0 are already mothers with at least one
child and another & - is pregnant
1
. *he num$er of deaths among adolescent
mothers is dou$le the national average.
*hese high mortality rates are underpinned $y the fact that "& per cent of
women give $irth at home, most with unskilled attendants or relatives assisting.
*he low status of women, poor 2uality and low uptake of services are some of
the reasons for this situation.
Because most $irths occur at home without skilled attendants, there is a high
death rate of children under one month. )lmost " per cent of neonates do not
receive post(natal care from a trained provider within si3 days of $irth
4
. *he
first week of life is the most critical time for a new$orn4 three in four new$orn
deaths occur within the first week, almost & per cent of them within 24 hours,
often at home and with no contact with the formal healthcare system .5ancet
240. *he ma6or new$orn killer is infection .&2-0 followed $y $irth
asphy3ia7una$le to $reath at $irth .2#-0 and low $irth weight7pre(term
deliveries .##-0
&
.
1
Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey 2007.
2
Neonatal deaths account for 57% are all underfive deaths. Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey
2007.
3
Bangladesh !aternal Health Services and !aternal !ortality Survey 200".
4
Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey 2007.
5
Bangladesh Demographic 'ealth 8urvey 24
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)mong the women and children who survive complications during child$irth,
many are left with crippling disa$ilities that often cause them to $e ostraci9ed
from the community.
)ll the a$ove(mentioned information represents an overall scenario of the
traditional or we can say the current child rearing system of middle class
women of Bangladesh. Because these infant mortality and maternal health
survey:s ma6or proportion is occupied $y the middle class women and children
of the nation. *his proposal is aimed to unearthing the current child rearing
practice in the middle class women of Dhaka city.
Rationale o# the Study"
)mong the various pro$lems of Bangladesh, infant mortality and child health
issues are considered as one of the most important. *his infant mortality and
child health are mainly influenced $y the poor knowledge and the traditional
practice of child rearing system. We have enough pu$licity and facilities on
child rearing system and infant health care conditions, $ut the traditional
mentality of the middle class women in the country acts as the $arrier to
achieve the two gender related MGDs .Millennium Development Goals0
;<educe =hild Mortality>, and ;?mprove Maternal 'ealth> are yet to $e
achieved. *he @AD+
%
source says, in our country under five(child mortality
rate is currently &1."-, which is aimed to achieve 4"- in 2#&. )gain the
source says, the nation:s maternal mortality rate in per thousand women is 14",
which is aimed to achieve #44 in 2#&. But the current maternal mortality rate
lower in tendency comparatively the last year.
Bangladesh has a strong $reastfeeding culture. )lmost all children are $reastfed
and continue to $e $reastfed until they are at least 2 years old. 'owever, as
shown in Bigure #, su$(optimal practices such as delayed initiation of
$reastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, non(e3clusive $reastfeeding, $ottle feeding,
and delayed introduction of complementary foods are common. C3clusive
$reastfeeding rates have shown little change in the past #& years.
=omplementary foods are often inade2uate in 2uantity and 2uality.
$igure %" In#ant and &oung Child $eeding Practice in Bangladesh
6
httpD77www.undp.org.$d7mdgs7goals7MDG-24.pdf
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8ourcesD BD'8 24, BBB 2&, BD'8 2!
<esearch studies in various parts of Bangladesh report on knowledge and
perceptions that affect $reastfeeding practices. ?n a study among slum(dwellers
in Dhaka .'aider et al., 20, mothers introduced other foods $efore infants
reached 4 months old $ecause they thought $reastmilk was inade2uate, and
they wanted to familiari9e the $a$y with the $ottle $efore returning to work.
*he perception of insufficient $reastmilk was the reason given for early
introduction of complementary foods in other studies .'aider et al., #//%4
'aider et al., #//!0. Bactors that contri$uted to failure to e3clusively $reastfeed
included domineering grandmothers, workload, or disinterest. Cthnographic
interviews and focus group discussions in Matla$, Bangladesh, indicated that
some women thought their $reastmilk was inade2uate $ecause of their ina$ility
to eat, illness, or contraceptive use .<asheed, 2!0. *his same study found that
prelacteal feeding was more likely in home deliveries than in health facilities.
5ack of knowledge was also associated with short durations of e3clusive
$reastfeeding. ?n two studies in rural areas of Bangladesh, most mothers did not
know the recommended duration of e3clusive $reastfeeding .)hmed et al.,
#///4 Das and )hmed, #//&0.
)lthough childhood and infant mortality in 8outh )sia has reduced
su$stantially during the last decade, the rate of neonatal mortality in some
countries of the area is still high. )ccording to one source, %- of all neonatal
deaths and %"- of the world:s $urden of perinatal deaths occur in )sia .+aul
and Beorari, 220. Burther, although !- of infant deaths occur during the
first month of life, the policy(makers and health professionals in developing
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countries, until recently, neglected new$orn care .=ostello and Manandhar,
20. En the other hand, this latter group of authors maintain that the
principles of essential new$orn care are simple, re2uiring no e3pensive high
technology e2uipment" resuscitation, warmth to avoid hypothermia, early
$reastfeeding, hygiene, support for the mother(infant relationship, and early
treatment for low $irth weight or sick infants.
Aew$orn care often receives less(than optimum attention. )lthough, over the
past 2& years, child survival programs have helped reduce the death rate among
children under age &, the $iggest impact has $een on reducing mortality from
diseases that affect infants and children more than # month old. )s a result, the
vast ma6ority of infant deaths occur during the first month of life, when a
child:s risk of death is nearly #& times greater than at any other time $efore his
or her first $irth.
@nlike infant and under five mortality rates, reductions in neonatal mortality
have $een less in the developing countries and Bangladesh is a key figure
among them .Darmstadt 20. *he average infant mortality rate worldwide
has dropped from /& per #, live $irths in #//1 to % per #, live $irths in
#//& .=ostello, #//&4 8tem$era, #//0. But the progress in reducing perinatal
and neonatal mortality in 8outh )sia region has $een distressingly low despite
improvement in childhood and infant mortality rates in the last two decades.
*a$le(# shows new$orn health status for countries in 8outh )sia. ?t can $e
o$served from the ta$le that $oth neonatal and perinatal mortality rates are
highest in +akistan .&# and %"("# respectively0, followed $y Bangladesh .&
and &! respectively0. *he issues of perinatal and new$orn infant health,
therefore, re2uire focused attention in 8outh )sia.
8ince 2, @A?=CB has $een a$le to support a national programme for
emergency o$stetric care under the Women,s <ight to 5ife and 'ealth pro6ect.
More recently @A?=CB supported health facilities to provide improved
new$orn care.
$igure
'"
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Ne(born health status #or countries in South Asia
8ourcesD A?+E<* et al. 2##, 8ave the =hildren 2#, 8ave the =hildren 22,
=ostello and Mahendra 2.
'ealth facilities have $een e2uipped with necessary e2uipment for
comprehensive emergency o$stetric and neonatal care. 8ome facilities were
also provided with la$oratory facilities to ena$le safe $lood transfusions. *he
e2uipment is regularly maintained and record keeping and reporting systems
have $een institutionali9ed.
?n addition, doctors and nurses received emergency o$stetric7neonatal care and
anesthesia training. 5a$oratory technicians were trained to handle safe $lood
transfusions. 'ospital staff was sensiti9ed through training to women,s needs
and concerns (including the issue of domestic violence to ensure that the rights
and dignity of female patients are respected.
?n the recent years, @A?=CB adopted a comprehensive approach, with the aim
of providing to all mothers and new$orns a continuum of care ($efore delivery,
during delivery and after delivery. *his continuum of care is possi$le through
$etter integration of 2uality maternal, new$orn and child health care. @A?=CB
and other partners are also providing the Government of Bangladesh with
technical and financial support to develop a Aational Aeonatal 'ealth 8trategy
and Guidelines. *he strategy will set the programme directions in terms of
operationali9ing neonatal health care across the country.
But none of the a$ove programs are practical enough to identify the actual
child rearing system of the country. *he policy makers often ignore the child
rearing system and the practice of knowledge a$out child rearing. Without
actual information a$out the child rearing system practiced $y middle class
women, who are the ma6ority of the nation, it is not possi$le to achieve the
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MGDs of Bangladesh.
Boregoing study is intended to identify the real child rearing system practiced
$y the middle class women of Dhaka city. *his is hoped that the study will
clarify the necessity and importance of the knowledge on child rearing system
practiced $y middle class women to the future researchers.
!b)ecti*es o# the Study"
Broad !b)ecti*e" *he main o$6ective of the study is to find out the nature and
condition of child rearing knowledge of the middle class women of Dhaka city
and how they practice it.
S+eci#ic !b)ecti*es"
*o find out the level of knowledge of the middle class women on child
rearing system.
*o find out the nature of traditional child rearing attitude .system0 of the
middle class women of the city.
*o e3amine the nature of practice of the child rearing knowledge of
women of the city.
*o analy9e the pro$lems and $arriers faced $y the middle class women
of the city.
*o e3plore the role of govt. and non(govt. organi9ations on providing
child(rearing facilities to the city middle class women.
,y+otheses o# the Study"
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*he higher the educational status of the mother, the higher the
knowledge on child rearing system.
*he neonatal health care pro$lems may $e reduced through proper
knowledge distri$ution of child rearing to the mothers.
*he child cares knowledge and practice changes with the changes of
socio(economic status of the family.
Cha+ter - (o
Re*ie( o# Related .iterature
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Anu Rammohan et al. .2!0 identified that4 the e3cess female infant mortality
o$served in 8outh )sia has typically $een attri$uted to gender discrimination in the
intra(household allocation of food and medical care. 'owever, studies on child
nutrition find no evidence of gender differences. ) natural e3planation could $e that in
environments of high infant mortality of females, the surviving children are healthier,
so that child nutrition cannot $e studied independently of mortality. ?n this paper, we
use data from the 24 Bangladesh Demographic 'ealth 8urvey to investigate if there
are any gender differences in survival pro$a$ilities, and whether this leads to
conse2uent differences in child nutrition. We argue the importance of esta$lishing
whether or not there e3ists a dependence relationship $etween the two random
varia$les ( infant mortality and child nutrition F and in order to detect this we employ
a copula approach to model specification. *he results suggest that male children have
a significantly lower likelihood of surviving their first year. 'owever, conditional on
survival, they have $etter height(for(age G(scores. Brom a policy perspective,
household wealth and pu$lic health interventions such as vaccinations are found to $e
important predictors of $etter survival and nutritional outcomes.
Fardaus Ara .2"0 said, like other social sectors, health governance in
Bangladesh is identifed with poor and inefcient service delivery.
Health care provision depends on efciently co!ining fnancial
reso"rces, h"an reso"rces, and s"pplies, and delivering services in
a tiely #ashion distri!"ted spatially thro"gho"t the co"ntry. $o
ens"re good governance in this sector it is e%"ally iportant that
health services !e delivered efciently and health pro#essionals are
acco"nta!le to the p"!lic and governent #or their action. &n
Bangladesh, lack o# voice and acco"nta!ility' governent
ine(ectiveness' low level o# reg"latory %"ality' weakness in
esta!lishing r"le o# law' lack o# transparency and, corr"ption )) all
are ipedients to good governance in this sector. $his st"dy
highlights these core iss"es and at the sae tie recoends
soe policy prescriptions to ens"re good governance in this sector
and th"s a healthy nation.
Charlotte Warren .2#0, Cvery year, #2, new$orns die in Cthiopia. ?n
2& a national 8afe Motherhood =ommunity(Based 8urvey was carried out on
$ehalf of the Bamily 'ealth Department to e3plore community practices
surrounding new$orn health and care seeking $ehavior. *o e3plore and
understand health seeking $ehavior, and identify the positive practices
surrounding care of the new$orn. ?n(depth interviews and focus group
discussions regarding new$orn care practices were conducted with mothers,
older women, men with young children, health providers, religious leaders and
elders across Cthiopia:s ## regions. *radition recommends mothers and their
new$orns to stay at home for 4 days. *he principle $ehind the practice,
facilitates the period of rest and repair, esta$lishes $reastfeeding and is 6ustified
on the grounds that the mother and new$orn are vulnera$le to malevolent
spirits. +erceptions of the causes of new$orn mortality and mor$idity are
consistent with those relating to $iomedical causes. Many complained of lack
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of accessi$le health care that in event of emergencies. *herefore they have to
rely on traditional medicine as it is easily accessed, readily accepta$le. When
families seek care for their new$orns, remedies from traditional healers are
often preferred to skilled health workers $ecause of cultural and religious
$eliefs, poor access to health facilities, .including distance and terrain0 and
financial $arriers.
8ince independence, health and fertility indicators in Bangladesh have
improved su$stantially with the infant mortality rate and the total fertility rate
$oth decreasing $y a$out & percent. Despite these, the vast ma6ority of the
Bangladeshi population continues to suffer from poor health. 5ife e3pectancy
at $irth is a$out %# years, one of the lowest figures in )sia. *he under( five(
mortality rate at "" per thousand live $irths, which is si3 times higher than in
8ri 5anka. *he infant mortality rate in Bangladesh was estimated $y the 2
Demographic and 'ealth 8urvey to $e %% per thousand live $irths and the
maternal mortality ratio is estimated at 11 per #, $irths. ) maternal
mortality ratio of this magnitude is slightly less than that found in a few
countries in the world and # times that of developed countries .)DB, 2&0.
5ess than 4 - of the total population has access to modern primary health
care services $eyond immuni9ations and family planning .)$edin, #//! cited
in +erry, #///0. Enly 2&- of pregnant women receive antenatal care, and only
#4- of $irths are attended $y someone with formal training .BB8, #//!c. cited
in +erry, #///0. Malnutrition in Bangladesh is among the highest in the world.
*he e3tent of stunting and underweight are 4&- and 4"- respectively for
children under five years of age, while anaemia is prevalent among &1- of
pregnant women .=+D, 210. )ccording to the World 'ealth <eport 2%,
Bangladesh in 24 had 1" 4"& medical doctors, 2 114 registered nurses, &
%&" medical technologists, & !41 pu$lic and environmental health workers, and
4% 22 community health workers .='Ws0. ?n spite of the progress made,
Bangladesh has $een identified as one of &! countries with a critical shortage
of the health workforce .doctors, nurses and midwives num$er $elow 2.2" per
# population0. *he nurses to population ratio of .#4 per # and nurses to
doctors: ratio of #D#."& are among the lowest in the world .W'E,2!0.
*he health care system in Bangladesh is a mi3 of pu$lic and private initiative.
?n terms of physical infrastructure, pu$lic sector is stronger than the private
sector although in terms of coverage, the health care system of the country
should $e termed as a privati9ed one. Besides the private sector there are some
AGEs, which also play a significant role in providing health services. )ll these
institutions are managed and controlled under the policy guidelines of the
government .Esman, 240. *he government:s efforts to provide health
facilities at the various levels, though free of cost and managed $y trained
professionals, has however, not lead to desired level of use of the services.
+rimary health care services are greatly underutili9ed, despite repeated efforts
$y the government to improve these services .Hahan and 8alehin, 2%0.
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5ack of voice and accounta$ility, government ineffectiveness, low level of
regulatory 2uality, weakness in esta$lishing rule of law, lack of transparency,
mismanagement $y the government, lack of ade2uate human and financial
resources, and, corruption ( all are impediments to good governance in this
sector.
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Cha+ter - hree
Methodology o# the Pro+osal
Methodology"
Methodology is the $one structure of a research. Methodology indicates the
research techni2ues or tools used for conducting research. Methodology is the
logical e3planation of the research. 'ere the research steps are descri$ed along
with logical e3planation of choosing these tools and methods, assumptions and
rationale $ehind them.
'owever methodology is the rational I theoretical perspective. ?t is mainly the
com$ination of 2uantitative or 2ualitative method. *his research is amid to $e
conducted $y 2uantitative method.
Methodology o# the Study"
Ene the other hand the Juantitative research deals with o$6ective facts, focus
on varia$les, a lot of cases instead of a few and specific cases, its su$6ective
and value free. 'ere relia$ility is the key factor.
? here in my research used /uantitati*e methodology for my research
monograph. Juantitative analysis is an analysis of numerically coded data
especially ordinal, interval I ratio data I often involving computation of
statistical measures I tests of significance. )s 2uantitative method is well
developed I codified methods for data analysis, this method is used in this
research. *he other logical fact that favored to choose this method is that, this
method is more easily replica$le I less varia$le than 2ualitative method. ?t is
highly developed I $uilds on applied mathematics I represents empirical facts
in order to test an a$stract hypothesis with varia$le construct. )t the same time
the limitation of 2ualitative research, i.e. una$le to e3press numerically I
una$le to find the e3act figure of the data I time consuming I money
consuming matter encourage avoiding 2ualitative method I taking 2uantitative
method for data collection. Moreover this method seems easier to conduct such
a topic for research I that encourage choosing 2uantitative method.
Study location"
*he research is intended to conduct on the middle class women of the Dhaka
city. 8o the research:s study location is selected in the ;)9impur> of the Dhaka
city.
Study 0ni*erse"
8tudy universe indicates the total num$er of su$6ects who have a 2uality to $e
chosen as my research sample. )s ? have conducted my research is in the
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a9impur of the Dhaka city so the total population of the area is considered as
the study population or universe.
0nit o# Analysis"
@nit of analysis or sampling unit is a well(defined, distinct and identifia$le
element or group of elements on which o$servation is made. )n individual in a
household may $e a sampling unit, while the household in another case may $e
a sampling unit.
?n my research as ? wish to determine the knowledge and attitude of the middle
class women of the city. 8o the women who have at least one $a$y are
considered as the unit of analysis.
Sam+le Si1e"
*he num$er of respondents or units contained in a sample is called sample si9e.
*his specific sample is interviewed and analy9ed to conduct the research. *here
is a specific rule to estimate sample from population. M. Nurul Islam the
professor of department of Statistics @niversity of Dhaka have cited this rule
in his $ook ;)n introduction to <esearch Methods> *hat is,
n
o
=
pq
d2
z2
'ere,
n
o =
Desired Sample size.
P = Assumed proportion of target population estimated to have
partiular harateristi.
d =Degree of aura! desired in the estimated proportion.
z = Standard normal deviate usuall! set at ".#$ for #%& onfidene
level.
q = '"(()p*
?n my research ? have chosen '23 samples from my population get a result.
Sam+ling Procedure"
8ampling procedure refers to the specific system of choosing samples from the
population. )s ? have referred earlier that, ? had to conduct this research
monograph with a low $udget and man +ower within short period of time, so ?
had no chance to collect a large random sample from a huge population.
More over ? need to study with a specific categorical respondent who did have
any good sampling frame to collect through random sampling. 8o ? select
Purposive sampling as my sampling procedure. *his sampling needs such a
researcher who has good knowledge a$out the population of the study.
Sam+ling Instrument"
Bor conducting a study every research methods have their own instrument of
date collection. Data need to $e consciously identified, carefully selected,
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methodologically collected Iaccuracy I precision are o$viously important
2uality in research measurement.
?n this study scheduled interview of survey method has $een taken. *his survey
can $e useful for descriptive, e3planatory I e3ploratory purpose. *his method
is pro$a$ly the $est method in social research as it easy to collect empirical
data with limited time I money. 'owever this method is useful to collect
authentic data from lower educated people like the respondents of this study $y
asking scheduled 2uestions I writing them from the respondents. 8o in this
study survey method with interview scheduled has $een used.
Ste+s o# 4e*elo+ing Inter*ie( Schedule"
Birst ? have indicated the varia$les need to $e analy9ed in my research.
? have made sections in my interview schedule $ased on the 8ections.
? have ensured that all the varia$les of my research are included in the
interview schedule.
? have included the key points of research o$6ectives.
? have put appropriate code for close(ended 2uestions.
? made some open ended 2uestions to know the opinion of my
respondents.
*hrough these steps ? have successfully collected necessary data from
respondents and used in my research that support to test my hypothesis.
Reasons o# choosing Structured Inter*ie( Schedule"
?t is fle3i$le than other 2uantitative data collection techni2ues.
?t helps to collect data from illiterate or respondents who are not a$le to
answer in written form. )s my respondents are selected from village and
as they are women so ? have greater pro$a$ility to face illiterate
respondents. 8o ? chose interview schedule as my data collection
techni2ue.
?t provides $est sort of data for 2uantitative research,
=ollected data can $e $est used in statistical analysis.
*his techni2ue allows greater relia$ility and validity of collected data
and relia$ility is the key in 2uantitative research.
?t helps researcher to make interactive relation with respondents and this
interaction can help researcher to know more a$out his research
o$6ectives.
?nterview schedule provides all the answer asked to the respondent and
no response pro$lem is low.
?t allows controlling the data collection environment.
4ata Processing"
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Data processing is very important for 2uantitative research. *he relia$ility is
very much related to right procedure of data processing and analysis. ? here in
my research used two distinct way to processing my data.
*o analy9e the data collected from interview schedule ? have used 8tatistical
package Bor 8ocial 8ciences .SPSS0 software. ? have took a training from the
;Department of 8tatistics> of @niversity of Dhaka on the 8+88 software and
used to analysis the 2uantitative data of my research.
.imitations o# Study"
? had to face some constraints to conduct my research. *hat:sD
? have done this research as a partial fulfillment of my study of so ?
had not enough time to conduct the research. ? had to do it within a
limited time.
? as a student had not any economic support from any organi9ation. ?
had to conduct the research with my own money.
? had to face some pro$lems collecting information a$out
malnutrition.
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Cha+ter $our
heoretical $rame(or5
*he research topic K=hild <earing +ractices By Middle =lass Mothers: is an
attempt to identify the system and style of child rearing practiced in Dhaka city
$y the middle class women. 'ere the attitude of women or $roadly the parents
is the main goal to evaluate. *he concept of parents attitude to child rearing is
closely related to the theory of 4iana Baumrind:s .#/%%0 pu$lished in her first
paper K+ffets of Authoritative Parental Control on Child ,ehavior- Child
Development: where she descri$es three types of parents in our society and
their different attitudes towards their children. *he theory shortly can $e
descri$ed as follows.
*he +ermissi*e parent attempts to $ehave in a non(punitive, acceptant and
affirmative manner towards the child,s impulses, desires, and actions. 8he Lthe
parentM consults with him Lthe childM a$out policy decisions and gives
e3planations for family rules. 8he makes few demands for household
responsi$ility and orderly $ehavior. 8he presents herself to the child as a
resource for him to use as he wishes, neither as an ideal for him to emulate, nor
as an active agent responsi$le for shaping or altering his ongoing or future
$ehavior. 8he allows the child to regulate his own activities as much as
possi$le, avoids the e3ercise of control, and does not encourage him to o$ey
e3ternally defined standards. 8he attempts to use reason and manipulation, $ut
not overt power to accomplish her ends.
*he authoritarian parent attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the $ehavior
and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard of conduct, usually
an a$solute standard, theologically motivated and formulated $y a higher
authority. 8he Lthe parentM values o$edience as a virtue and favors punitive,
forceful measures to cur$ self(will at points where the child,s actions or $eliefs
conflict with what she thinks is right conduct. 8he $elieves in keeping the child
in his place, in restricting his autonomy, and in assigning household
responsi$ilities in order to inculcate respect for work. 8he regards the
preservation of order and traditional structure as a highly valued end in itself.
8he does not encourage ver$al give and take, $elieving that the child should
accept her word for what is right.
*he authoritati*e parent attempts to direct the child,s activities $ut in a
rational, issue(oriented manner. 8he Lthe parentM encourages ver$al give and
take, shares with the child the reasoning $ehind her policy, and solicits his
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o$6ections when he refuses to conform. Both autonomous self(will and
disciplined conformity are valued. L8he values $oth e3pressive and
instrumental attri$utes, $oth autonomous self(will and disciplined
conformityM ... *herefore she e3erts firm control at points of parent(child
divergence, $ut does not hem the child in with restrictions. 8he enforces her
own perspective as an adult, $ut recogni9es the child,s individual interests and
special ways. *he authoritative parent affirms the child,s present 2ualities, $ut
also sets standards for future conduct. 8he uses reason, power, and shaping $y
regime and reinforcement to achieve her o$6ectives, and does not $ase her
decisions on group consensus or the individual child,s desires.
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