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ABSTRACT
This paper proposes an improved version of lifting based 3D Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) VLSI architecture which
uses bi-orthogonal 9/7 filter processing. The whole architecture was optimized in efficient pipeline and parallel design way to speed
up and achieve higher hardware utilization. The Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) was based on time-scale representation, which
provides efficient multi-resolution. The lifting based DWT architecture has the advantage of lower computational complexities
transforming signals with extension and regular data flow. This is suitable for VLSI implementation. It uses a cascade combination of
three 1-D wavelet transformalong with a set of in-chip memory buffers between the stages. The discrete wavelet transform(DWT)
is being increasingly used for image coding. This is due to the fact that DWT supports features like progressive image transmission
(by quality, by resolution), ease of compressed image manipulation, region of interest coding, etc. DWT has traditionally been
implemented by convolution. Such an implementation demands both a large number of computations and a large storage features that
are not desirable for either high-speed or low-power applications. Recently, a lifting-based scheme that often requires far fewer
computations has been proposed for the DWT. The main feature of the lifting based DWT scheme is to break up the high pass and
low pass filters into a sequence of upper and lower triangular matrices and convert the filter implementation into banded matrix
multiplications. Such a scheme has several advantages, including in-place computation of the DWT, integer-to-integer wavelet
transform(IWT), symmetric forward and inverse transform, etc. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that lifting has been chosen in the
upcoming.

Keywords Descrete wavelet transform, image compression, lifting, video, VLSI architecture.

I. INTRODUCTION

The fundamental idea behind wavelets is to analyze according to scale. Indeed, some researchers in the wavelet field feel
that, by using wavelets, one is adopting a perspective in processing data. Wavelets are functions that satisfy certain mathematical
requirements and are used in representing data or other functions. Wavelet algorithms process data at different scales or resolutions.
Fourier Transform(FT) with its fast algorithms (FFT) is an important tool for analysis and processing of many natural signals. FT has
certain limitations to characterize many natural signals, which are non-stationary (e.g. speech). Though a time varying, overlapping
window based FT namely STFT (Short Time FT) is well known for speech processing applications, a time-scale based Wavelet
Transformis a powerful mathematical tool for non-stationary signals.

1.1 Introduction to Wavelet Transform:
The wavelet transform is computed separately for different segments of the time-domain signal at different frequencies.
Multi-resolution analysis: analyzes the signal at different frequencies giving different resolutions. Multi-resolution analysis is
designed to give good time resolution and poor frequency resolution at high frequencies and good frequency resolution and poor
time resolution at low frequencies. Good for signal having high frequency components for short durations and low frequency
components for long duration, e.g. Images and video frames.

1.1.1 Wavelet Definition
A wavelet is a small wave which has its energy concentrated in time. It has an oscillating wavelike characteristic but also has the
ability to allow simultaneous time and frequency analysis and it is a suitable tool for transient, non-stationary or time-varying
phenomena.

AN EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE FOR 3-D
LIFTING-BASED DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM

M. J ANARDAN, M.TECH (DECS)
Dr. K ASHOK BABU Professor & HOD of (ECE)
SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGG&TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to J NTU, Hyderabad) Ibrahimpatnam
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India -501510

M Janardan et al, Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl., Vol 2 (5), 1439-1458
IJCTA | SEPT-OCT 2011
Available online@www.ijcta.com
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(a) (b)

Figure1.1 Representation of a (a) wave (b) wavelet
1.1.2 Wavelet Characteristics
The difference between wave (sinusoids) and wavelet is shown in figure 1.1. Waves are smooth, predictable and everlasting, whereas
wavelets are of limited duration, irregular and may be asymmetric. Waves are used as deterministic basis functions in Fourier analysis
for the expansion of functions (signals), which are time-invariant, or stationary. The important characteristic of wavelets is that they
can serve as deterministic or non-deterministic basis for generation and analysis of the most natural signals to provide better
time-frequency representation, which is not possible with waves using conventional Fourier analysis.
1.1.3 Wavelet Analysis
The wavelet analysis procedure is to adopt a wavelet prototype function, called an analyzing wavelet or mother wavelet.
Temporal analysis is performed with a contracted, high frequency version of the prototype wavelet, while frequency analysis is
performed with a dilated, low frequency version of the same wavelet. Mathematical formulation of signal expansion using wavelets
gives Wavelet Transform(WT) pair, which is analogous to the Fourier Transform(FT) pair. Discrete-time and discrete-parameter
version of WT is termed as Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT).
1.2 Types of Transforms :
1.2.1 Fourier Transform (FT)
Fourier transformis a well-known mathematical tool to transformtime-domain signal to frequency-domain for efficient extraction of
information and it is reversible also. For a signal x(t), the FT is given by

Though FT has a great ability to capture signals frequency content as long as x(t) is composed of few stationary
components (e.g. sine waves). However, any abrupt change in time for non-stationary signal x(t) is spread out over the whole
frequency axis in X(f). Hence the time-domain signal sampled with Dirac-delta function is highly localized in time but spills over
entire frequency band and vice versa. The limitation of FT is that it cannot offer both time and frequency localization of a signal at the
same time.
1.2.2 Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)
To overcome the limitations of the standard FT, Gabor introduced the initial concept of Short Time Fourier Transform(STFT). The
advantage of STFT is that it uses an arbitrary but fixed-length window g(t) for analysis, over which the actual non-stationary signal
is assumed to be approximately stationary. The STFT decomposes such a pseudo-stationary signal x(t) into a two dimensional
time-frequency representation S( , f) using that sliding window g(t) at different times . Thus the FT of windowed signal x(t) g
*
(t-)
yields STFT as

1.2.3 Wavelet Transform (WT)
Fixed resolution limitation of STFT can be resolved by letting the resolution in time-frequency plane in order to obtain Multi
resolution analysis. The Wavelet Transform(WT) in its continuous (CWT) formprovides a flexible time-frequency, which narrows
when observing high frequency phenomena and widens when analyzing low frequency behavior. Thus time resolution becomes
arbitrarily good at high frequencies, while the frequency resolution becomes arbitrarily good at low frequencies. This kind of analysis
is suitable for signals composed of high frequency components with short duration and low frequency components with long
duration, which is often the case in practical situations.

1.3 Comparative Visualisation :
The time-frequency representation problemis illustrated in figure1.2. A comprehensive visualization of various time-frequency
representations shown in figure 1.2, demonstrates the time-frequency resolution for a given signal in various transformdomains with
their corresponding basis functions.
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Figure1.2 Comparative visualizations of time-frequency representation of an arbitrary non-stationary signal in various transform
domains
1.4 Difference between Continuous Wavelet Transform and Discrete Wavelet Transform :
Wavelet transforms are classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs). Note that
both DWT and CWT are continuous-time (analog) transforms. They can be used to represent continuous-time (analog) signals.
CWTs operate over every possible scale and translation whereas DWTs use a specific subset of scale and translation values or
representation grid. The Wavelet transformis in fact an infinite set of various transforms, depending on the merit function used for its
computation. This is the main reason, why we can hear the term"wavelet transform" in very different situations and applications.
Orthogonal wavelets are used to develop the discrete wavelet transform
Non-orthogonal wavelets are used to develop the continuous wavelet transform
1.5 Applications of Discrete Wavelet Transform :
Generally, an approximation to DWT is used for data compression if signal is already sampled, and the CWT for signal analysis.
Thus, DWT approximation is commonly used in engineering and computer science, and the CWT in scientific research.
One use of wavelet approximation is in data compression. Like some other transforms, wavelet transforms can be used to
transformdata and then encode the transformed data, resulting in effective compression. For example, JPEG 2000 is an image
compression standard that uses biorthogonal wavelets. A related use is that of smoothing/denoising data based on wavelet coefficient
thresholding, also called wavelet shrinkage. By adaptively thresholding the wavelet coefficients that correspond to undesired
frequency components smoothing and/or denoising operations can be performed. Other applied fields that are making use of
wavelets include astronomy, acoustics, nuclear engineering, sub-band coding, signal and image processing, neurophysiology, music,
magnetic resonance imaging, speech discrimination, optics, fractals, turbulence, earthquake-prediction, radar, human vision, and
pure mathematics applications such as solving partial differential equations.

II. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
VLSI Architecture to design the Discrete Wavelet Transformfor medical images storage and retrieval is carried out. Lossless is
usually required in the medical image field. The word length required for lossless makes too expensive Thus, there is a clear need for
designing architecture to implement the lossless DWT for medical images. The data path word-length has been selected to ensure the
lossless accuracy criteria leading a high speed implementation with small chip area. The DWT represents the signal in dynamic
sub-band decomposition. Generation of the DWT in a wavelet packet allows sub-band analysis without the constraint of dynamic
decomposition. The discrete wavelet packet transform(DWPT) performs an adaptive decomposition of frequency axis. The specific
decomposition will be selected according to an optimization criterion
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The Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT), based on time-scale representation, provides efficient multi-resolution sub-band
decomposition of signals. It has become a powerful tool for signal processing and finds numerous applications in various fields such
as audio compression, pattern recognition, texture discrimination, computer graphics etc. Specifically the 2-D DWT play a
significant role in many image/video coding applications.

2.1 Types of compressions:
There are two types of compressions
1. Lossless compression
Digitally identical to the original image. Only achieve a modest amount of compression
2. Lossy compression
Discards components of the signal that are known to be redundant. Signal is therefore changed frominput
Lossless compression involves with compressing data, when decompressed data will be an exact replica of the original data.
This is the case when binary data such as executable are compressed.

Figure 2.1 Different Types of Lossy Compression Techniques
2.2 Reviewed Architectures of Discrete wavelet transforms and inverse discrete wavelet transforms :
1) Discrete Wavelet Transform
The Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) is a popular signal processing technique best known for its results in data
compression. As hardware designers, we are concerned more with the algorithmic details of the DWT, rather than the mathematical
details discussed in the many papers which provide the foundations for wavelets. Algorithmically, the DWT is a recursive filtering
process. At each level, the input data is filtered by two related filters to produce two result data-streams. These data-streams are
then sub samples by two (or decimated) to reduce the output to the same number of data-words as the original signal. The low-pass
filter output of this result is then further processed by the same two filters, and this continues recursively for the desired depth or until
no further filtering can occur. This recursive filtering process of the one-dimensional DWT is shown in Figure 1, where z is the input
data-stream, a and d are approximation (low-pass filter output) and difference (high-pass filter output) data-streams respectively.
The subscript values show the level of output.
Hybrid Predictive
Frequency
oriented
Importance
oriented
DCT DWT
Transform
Fractal
Mallat Transversal filter Coedic Lifting Scheme
LOSSY
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Figure 2.2 The DWT filtering process.
The filtering steps are multiply and accumulate operations. A filter in the algorithmic, discrete sense is a number of
coefficient values. The number of these values is referred to as the filter width and these coefficients are also referred to as
taps. At each data-word of the input, the filter spans across that data-word and its neighboring data-words as a window. The
values within this window are multiplied by their corresponding filter coefficient and all the results are added together to give the
filtered result for this data-word. The filtering operation extracts certain frequency information fromthe data depending on the
characteristics of the filter. This filtering operation can be done with a systolic array. It is simple to implement a systolic array for each
level of the DWT, but the arrays are poorly utilized due to the decreasing data-rates of the levels. It is possible, through some
complex timing, to use a single array to performall levels of the DWT.
2) Inverse discrete wavelet transform
The inverse DWT (IDWT) is the computational reverse. The lowest low-pass and high pass data-streams are up-sampled
(ie. a zero is placed between each data-word) and then filtered using filters related to the decomposition filters. The two resulting
streams are simply added together to formthe low-pass result of the previous level of processing. This can be combined with the
high-pass result in a similar fashion to produce further levels, the process continuing until the original data-streamis reconstructed.
This process is shown in figure2

Figure 2.3 The Inverse DWT filtering process.
We have previously developed an array for the DWT and are now designing an array for the IDWT. We present a simple
discussion of the array with no detailed implementation specifics to allow the reader to understand the issues we are dealing with by
the input buffering approach.

2.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform Architecture :
The discrete wavelet transform(DWT) is being increasingly used for image coding. This is due to the fact that DWT
supports features like progressive image transmission (by quality, by resolution), ease of compressed image manipulation, region of
interest coding, etc. DWT has traditionally been implemented by convolution. Such an implementation demands both a large number
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of computations and a large storage features that are not desirable for either high-speed or low-power applications. Recently, a
lifting-based scheme that often requires far fewer computations has been proposed for the DWT. The main feature of the lifting based
DWT scheme is to break up the high pass and low pass filters into a sequence of upper and lower triangular matrices and convert the
filter implementation into banded matrix multiplications. Such a scheme has several advantages, including in-place computation of
the DWT, integer-to-integer wavelet transform(IWT), symmetric forward and inverse transform, etc. Therefore, it comes as no
surprise that lifting has been chosen in the upcoming.
The proposed architecture computes multilevel DWT for both the forward and the inverse transforms one level at a time, in
a row-column fashion. There are two row processors to compute along the rows and two column processors to compute along the
columns. While this arrangement is suitable or filters that require two banded-matrix multiplications filters that require four
banded-matrix multiplications require all four processors to compute along the rows or along the columns. The outputs generated by
the row and column processors (that are used for further computations) are stored in memory modules.
The memory modules are divided into multiple banks to accommodate high computational bandwidth requirements. The
proposed architecture is an extension of the architecture for the forward transformthat was presented. A number of architectures
have been proposed for calculation of the convolution-based DWT. The architectures are mostly folded and can be broadly classified
into serial architectures (where the inputs are supplied to the filters in a serial manner) and parallel architectures (where the inputs are
supplied to the filters in a parallel manner).

Figure 2.4 Lifting Schemes. (a) Scheme 1. (b) Scheme 2.
The basic principle of the lifting scheme is to factorize the poly phase matrix of a wavelet filter into a sequence of alternating
upper and lower triangular matrices and a diagonal matrix. This leads to the wavelet implementation by means of banded-matrix
multiplications.
Let and be the low pass and high pass analysis filters, and let and be the low pass and high pass
synthesis filters. The corresponding poly-phase matrices are defined as

If is a complementary filter pair, then can always be factored into lifting steps as

Where K is a constant. The two types of lifting schemes are shown in Figure
Scheme 1 which corresponds to the factorization consists of three steps:
Predict step, where the even samples are multiplied by the time domain equivalent of and are added to the odd
samples.
Update step, where updated odd samples are multiplied by the time domain equivalent of and are added to the even
samples.
Scaling step, where the even samples are multiplied by 1/k and odd samples by k.
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The inverse DWT is obtained by traversing in the reverse direction, changing the factor K to 1/K, K factor to 1/K, and
reversing the signs of coefficients in and . In Scheme 2 which corresponds to the factorization, the odd
samples are calculated in the first step, and the even samples are calculated in the second step. The inverse is obtained by traversing
in the reverse direction.
The lifting scheme is a technique for both designing wavelets and performing the discrete wavelet transform. Actually it is
worthwhile to merge these steps and design the wavelet filters while performing the wavelet transform. This is then called the second
generation wavelet transform. The technique was introduced by WimSweldens.
The discrete wavelet transformapplies several filters separately to the same signal. In contrast to that, for the lifting scheme
the signal is divided like a zipper. Then a series of convolution-accumulate operations across the divided signals is applied.
The basic idea of lifting is the following: If a pair of filters (h,g) is complementary, that is it allows for perfect
reconstruction, then for every filter s the pair (h',g) with allows for perfect reconstruction,
too. Of course, this is also true for every pair (h,g') of the form . The converse is also true:
If the filter banks (h,g) and (h',g) allow for perfect reconstruction, then there is a unique filter s with
.
Each such transformof the filter bank (or the respective operation in a wavelet transform) is called a lifting step. A sequence
of lifting steps consists of alternating lifts, that is, once the low pass is fixed and the high pass is changed and in the next step the high
pass is fixed and the low pass is changed. Successive steps of the same direction can be merged. [6]

2.4 Lifting Implementation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform :
The DWT has been traditionally implemented by convolution or FIR filter bank structures. The DWT implementation is
basically a frame-based as opposed /to the block-based implementation of discrete cosine transforms (DCT) /or similar
transformations. Such an implementation requires both a large number of arithmetic computations and a large memory for storage
features /that are not desirable for either high-speed or low-power image and /video processing applications. Recently, a new
mathematical formulation for /wavelet transformation has been proposed by Swelden based on spatial construction of the wavelets
and a very versatile scheme for its factorization /has been suggested in. This new approach is called the lifting-based /wavelet
transform, or simply lifting. The main feature of the lifting-based DWT scheme is to break up the high-pass and low-pass wavelet
filters into a sequence of smaller filters that in turn can be converted into a sequence of upper and lower triangular matrices, which
will be discussed in the subsequent section.
This scheme often requires far fewer computations compared to the convolution-based DWT, and its computational
complexity can be reduced up to 50%. It has several other advantages, including in-place computation of the DWT,
integer-to-integer wavelet transform(IWT), symmetric forward and inverse transform, requiring no signal boundary extension, etc.
As a result, lifting-based hardware implementations provide an efficient way to compute wavelet transforms compared to traditional
approaches. So it comes as no surprise that lifting has been suggested for implementation of the DWT in the upcoming JPEG2000
standard [8]. In a traditional forward DWT using a filter bank, the input signal (x) is filtered separately by a low-pass filter ( h ) and
a high-pass filter ( g ) at each/transformlevel. The two output streams are then sub sampled by simply dropping the alternate output
samples in each streamto produce the lowpass ( y ~a)nd high-pass ( y ~su) b bands as shown in Figure 4.6. These two filters (k , i j
) formthe analysis filter bank. The original signal can be reconstructed by a synthesis filter bank (h,g) starting fromy~ and Y H as
shown in Figure 4.6. We have adopted the discussion on lifting fromthe celebrated paper by Daubechies and Sweldens (141. It
should also be noted that we adopted the notation (h, g ) for the analysis filter and (h, g ) as the synthes is filter in this section and
onward in this chapter. Given a discrete signal x ( n ) , arithmetic computation of above can be expressed as follows:

Where TL arid TH are the lengths of the low-pass (K) and high-pass ( 3 ) filters respectively. During the inverse transform
to reconstruct the signal, both y~ and Y H are first up-sampled by inserting zeros between two samples and then they are filtered by
low-pass (h) and high-pass (9) filters respectively. These two filtered output streams are added together to obtain the reconstructed
signal (2') as shown in Figure 4.6.

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Figure 2.5 Signal Analysis and Reconstruction in DWT
There are two types of lifting. One is called primal lifting and the other is called dual lifting. We define these two types of lifting
based on the mathematical formulations shown in the previous section.
I II II I. . P PR RO OP PO OS SE ED D A AR RC CH HI IT TE EC CT TU UR RE E
3.1 Discrete Wavelet Transforms :
The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) became a very versatile signal processing tool after Mallat proposed the
multi-resolution representation of signals based on wavelet decomposition. The method of multi-resolution is to represent a function
(signal) with a collection of coefficients, each of which provides information about the position as well as the frequency of the signal
(function). The advantage of the DWT over Fourier transformation is that it performs multi-resolution analysis of signals with
localization both in time and frequency, popularly known as time-frequency localization. As a result, the DWT decomposes a digital
signal into different sub bands so that the lower frequency sub bands have finer frequency resolution and coarser time resolution
compared to the higher frequency sub bands. The DWT is being increasingly used for image compression due to the fact that the
DWT supports features like progressive image transmission (by quality, by resolution), ease of compressed image manipulation]
region of interest coding, etc. Because of these characteristics, the DWT is the basis of the new JPEG2000 image compression
standard.
3.2 One dimensional DWT :
Any signal is first applied to a pair of low-pass and high-pass filters. Then down sampling (i.e., neglecting the alternate
coefficients) is applied to these filtered coefficients. The filter pair (h, g) which is used for decomposition is called analysis filter-bank
and the filter pair which is used for reconstruction of the signal is called synthesis filter bank.(g`, h`).The output of the low pass filter
after down sampling contains low frequency components of the signal which is approximate part of the original signal and the output
of the high pass filter after down sampling contains the high frequency components which are called details (i.e., highly textured parts
like edges) of the original signal.
This approximate part can still be further decomposed into low frequency and high frequency components. This process can
be continued successively to the required number of levels. This process is called multi level decomposition, shown in Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 One dimensional two level wavelet decomposition
In reconstruction process, these approximate and detail coefficients are first up-sampled and then applied to low-pass and
high-pass reconstruction filters. These filtered coefficients are then added to get the reconstructed version of the original image. This
process can be extended to multi level reconstruction i.e., the approximate coefficients to this block may have been formed frompairs
of approximate and detail coefficients. Shown in Figure 3.2

Figure 3.2 One dimensional inverse wavelet transforms
3.3 Two-Dimensional DWT :
One dimensional DWT can be easily extended to two dimensions which can be used for the transformation of two
dimensional images. A two dimensional digital image which can be represented by a 2-D array X [m,n] with mrows and n columns,
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where m, n are positive integers. First, a one dimensional DWT is performed on rows to get low frequency L and high frequency H
components of the image. Then, once again a one dimensional DWT is performed column wise on this intermediate result to formthe
final DWT coefficients LL, HL, LH, HH. These are called sub-bands.
The LL sub-band can be further decomposed into four sub-bands by following the above procedure. This process can
continue to the required number of levels. This process is called multi level decomposition. A three level decomposition of the given
digital image is as shown. High pass and low pass filters are used to decompose the image first row-wise and then column wise.
Similarly, the inverse DWT is applied which is just opposite to the forward DWT to get back the reconstructed image, shown in
Figure 3.3

Figure 3.3 Row-column computation of 2-D DWT

Figure 3.4 Two channel filter bank at level 3

Various architectures have been proposed for computation of the DWT. These can be mainly classified as either
Convolutional Architectures or Lifting Based Architectures. The number of computations required to find the DWT coefficients by
the filter method is large for higher level of decomposition. This leads to the implementation of new technique called lifting scheme
for computing DWT coefficients. This scheme reduces the number of computations and also provides in-place computation of DWT
coefficients.

3.4 GENERAL IMPLEMENTATION FLOW :
The generalized implementation flow diagramof the project is represented as follows.
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Figure 3.5 General Implementation Flow Diagram
Initially the market research should be carried out which covers the previous version of the design and the current requirements on
the design. Based on this survey, the specification and the architecture must be identified. Then the RTL modeling should be carried
out in VERILOG HDL with respect to the identified architecture. Once the RTL modeling is done, it should be simulated and verified
for all the cases. The functional verification should meet the intended architecture and should pass all the test cases.
Once the functional verification is clear, the RTL model will be taken to the synthesis process. Three operations will be carried out
in the synthesis process such as
Translate
Map
Place and Route
The developed RTL model will be translated to the mathematical equation format which will be in the understandable format of the
tool. These translated equations will be then mapped to the library that is, mapped to the hardware. Once the mapping is done, the
gates were placed and routed. Before these processes, the constraints can be given in order to optimize the design. Finally the BIT
MAP file will be generated that has the design information in the binary format which will be dumped in the FPGA board.

3.5 Implementation
The 2D (5, 3) wavelet transformblock and for the recovery stage 2D (5, 3) Inverse wavelet transformwere designed.
3.5.1 Integer Wavelet Transform
In conventional DWT realizations, partial transformresults need to be represented with a high precision. This raises storage and
complexity problems. On the other hand, the Integer Wavelet Transform(IWT) produces integer intermediate results. Thus, it is
possible to use integer arithmetic without encountering rounding error problems. There are different types of integer transforms like
S(sequential) transformwhich is popularly known as Haar wavelet transform, S(sequential)+P(prediction) transform, CDF(4,4),
CDF(2,2) also known as (5,3) transformetc.
The two filter banks supported by JPEG2000 standard are Debauchies (9, 7) and Debauchies (5, 3) filter banks. Since the integer
to integer wavelet transformcoefficients are integers, it can be used in lossless compression. Since the aimof the thesis is to suggest
a reversible (lossless) watermarking method so we will consider only (5, 3) Integer Wavelet Transform.
2-D (5, 3) DWT Lossless Transformation
The analysis and the synthesis filter coefficients ( both low pass and high pass) for Le Gall 5/3 Integer Wavelet Transform
are as shown in the table 3.1.
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Table 3.1 Le Gall 5/3 Analysis and Synthesis Filter coefficients [17].
Analysis Filter Coefficients
n Low Pass filter h(n) High pass filter g(n)
0 6/8 1
+ 2/8 -1/2
+ -1/8
Equation 3.1 and Equation 3.2 shows the lifting steps for the 5/3 le Gall Integer Wavelet Transform. The rational
coefficients allow the transformto be invertible with finite precision analysis, hence giving a chance for performing lossless
compression. The equations show the lifting steps for (5, 3) le gall Integer Wavelet Transform. The even and odd coefficient
equations for (5, 3) Inverse Integer Wavelet Transformare
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+ +
+ = +
2
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
n n x
n x n y
.. (3.1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 1 2 1 2 2 2 + + + = n y n y n x n y .. (3.2)

3.5.2 The 2-D (5, 3) Discrete Wavelet Transform
Initially the Pixel values of any image will be taken with the help of MATLAB, which will be used as the primary inputs to
the DWT Block.
Basically 1-D (5, 3) DWT block diagramis developed based on the equations (2) and (3). The registers in the top half will
operate in even clock where as the ones in bottomhalf work in odd clock.
The input pixels arrive serially row-wise at one pixel per clock cycle and it will get split into even and odd. So after the
manipulation with the lifting coefficients a and b is done, the low pass and high pass coefficients will be given out. Hence for every
pair of pixel values, one high pass and one low pass coefficients will be given as output respectively.

Figure 3.6 Computation of Basic (5, 3) DWT Block in which a and b are lifting coefficients (a =-1/2 and b =1)

The internal operation of the DWT block has been explained above and hence the high pass and low pass coefficients of the
taken image were identified and separated. The generated low pass and high pass coefficients are stored in buffers for further
calculations.
IV. I IM MP PL LE EM ME EN NT TA AT TI IO ON N R RE ES SU UL LT TS S A AN ND D D DI IS SC CU US SS SI IO ON NS S
The DWT process and the developed architecture for the required functionality were discussed in the previous chapters.
Now this chapter deals with the simulation and synthesis results of the DWT process. Here Modelsimtool is used in order to simulate
the design and checks the functionality of the design. Once the functional verification is done, the design will be taken to the Xilinx
tool for Synthesis process and the netlist generation.
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The Appropriate test cases have been identified in order to test this modelled DWT process architecture. Based on the
identified values, the simulation results which describes the operation of the process has been achieved. This proves that the modelled
design works properly as per its functionality.

4.1 Simulation Results
The test bench is developed in order to test the modeled design. This developed test bench will automatically force the
inputs and will make the operations of algorithmto perform.
Behavioral Simulation (RTL Simulation):
This is first of all simulation steps; those are encountered throughout the hierarchy of the design flow. This simulation is performed
before synthesis process to verify RTL (behavioral) code and to confirmthat the design is functioning as intended. Behavioral
simulation can be performed on either VHDL or Verilog designs. In this process, signals and variables are observed, procedures and
functions are traced and breakpoints are set. This is a very fast simulation and so allows the designer to change the HDL code if the
required functionality is not met with in a short time period. Since the design is not yet synthesized to gate level, timing and resource
usage properties are still unknown.
4.1.1 DWT Block
The initial block of the design is that the Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT) block which is mainly used for the
transformation of the image. In this process, the image will be transformed and hence the high pass coefficients and the low pass
coefficients were generated. Since the operation of this DWT block has been discussed in the previous chapter, here the snapshots of
the simulation results were directly taken in to consideration and discussed.
The input is 16 bits each input bit width is 20 bit width. The DWT consists of registers and adders. When ever the input is
send, the data divided into even data and odd data. The even data and odd data is stored in the temporary registers. When the reset
is high the temporary register value consists of zero when ever the reset is low the input data split into the even data and odd data.
The input data read up to sixteen clock cycles after that the data read according to the lifting scheme. The output data consists of low
pass and high pass elements. This is the 1-D discrete wavelet transform. The 2-D discrete wavelet transformis that the low pass and
the high pass again divided into LL, LH and HH, HL. The output is verified in the Modelsim.
For this DWT block, the clock and reset were the primary inputs. The pixel values of the image, that is, the input data will
be given to this block and hence these values will be split in to even and odd pixel values. In the design, this even and odd were taken
as a array which will store its pixel values in it and once all the input pixel values over, then load will be made high which represents
that the systemis ready for the further process.
Once the load signal is set to high, then the each value fromthe even and odd array will be taken and used for the Low Pass
Coefficients generation process. Hence each value will be given to the adder and in turn given to the multiplication process with the
filter coefficients. Finally the Low Pass Coefficients will be achieved fromthe addition process of multiplied output and the odd pixel
value.
Again this Low Pass Coefficient will be taken and it will be multiplied with the filter coefficients. The resultant will be added
with the even pixel value which gives the High Pass Coefficient. Hence all the values fromeven and odd array will be taken and then
above said process will be carried out in order to achieve the High and Low Pass Coefficients of the image.
Now these low pass coefficients and the high pass coefficients were taken as the input for the further process. Hence for the
DWT-2 process, low pass coefficients will be taken as the inputs and will do the process in order to calculate the low pass and high
pass coefficients fromthe transformed coefficients of DWT-1. In DWT-2, the same process as in DWT-1 will be carried out. Hence
the simulated waveformis shown in the figure 4.2.

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Figure 4.1 Simulation Result of DWT-1 Block with Both High and Low Pass Coefficients


Similarly the high pass coefficients fromthe DWT-1 block were taken as input to the DWT-3 block and hence further transformed
low pass and high pass coefficients will be obtained.

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4.3 Introduction to FPGA
FPGA contains a two dimensional arrays of logic blocks and interconnections between logic blocks. Both the logic blocks
and interconnects are programmable. Logic blocks are programmed to implement a desired function and the interconnects are
programmed using the switch boxes to connect the logic blocks.
To be more clear, if we want to implement a complex design (CPU for instance), then the design is divided into small sub
functions and each sub function is implemented using one logic block. Now, to get our desired design (CPU), all the sub functions
implemented in logic blocks must be connected and this is done by programming the Internal structure of an FPGA is depicted in the
following figure.

FPGAs, alternative to the customICs, can be used to implement an entire SystemOn one Chip (SOC). The main advantage
of FPGA is ability to reprogram. User can reprograman FPGA to implement a design and this is done after the FPGA is
manufactured. This brings the name Field Programmable.
CustomICs are expensive and takes long time to design so they are useful when produced in bulk amounts. But FPGAs are
easy to implement with in a short time with the help of Computer Aided Designing (CAD) tools (because there is no physical layout
process, no mask making, and no IC manufacturing).
Some disadvantages of FPGAs are, they are slow compared to customICs as they cant handle vary complex designs and
also they draw more power.
Xilinx logic block consists of one Look Up Table (LUT) and one FlipFlop. An LUT is used to implement number of
different functionality. The input lines to the logic block go into the LUT and enable it. The output of the LUT gives the result of the
logic function that it implements and the output of logic block is registered or unregistered out put fromthe LUT.
SRAM is used to implement a LUT.A k-input logic function is implemented using 2^k * 1 size SRAM. Number of different
possible functions for k input LUT is 2^2^k. Advantage of such an architecture is that it supports implementation of so many logic
functions, however the disadvantage is unusually large number of memory cells required to implement such a logic block in case
number of inputs is large.

Figure below shows a 4-input LUT based implementation of logic block

LUT based design provides for better logic block utilization. A k-input LUT based logic block can be implemented in
number of different ways with trade off between performance and logic density. An n-LUT can be shown as a direct implementation
of a function truth-table. Each of the latch holds the value of the function corresponding to one input combination. For Example:
2-LUT can be used to implement 16 types of functions like AND , OR, A+not B .... Etc.

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Interconnects
A wire segment can be described as two end points of an interconnect with no programmable switch between them. A
sequence of one or more wire segments in an FPGA can be termed as a track.
Typically an FPGA has logic blocks, interconnects and switch blocks (Input/Output blocks). Switch blocks lie in the
periphery of logic blocks and interconnect. Wire segments are connected to logic blocks through switch blocks. Depending on the
required design, one logic block is connected to another and so on.
FPGA DESIGN FLOW
In this part of tutorial we are going to have a short intro on FPGA design flow. A simplified version of design flow is given in the
flowing diagram.

FPGA Design Flow
Design Entry
There are different techniques for design entry. Schematic based, Hardware Description Language and combination of both
etc. . Selection of a method depends on the design and designer. If the designer wants to deal more with Hardware, then Schematic
entry is the better choice. When the design is complex or the designer thinks the design in an algorithmic way then HDL is the better
choice. Language based entry is faster but lag in performance and density.
HDLs represent a level of abstraction that can isolate the designers from the details of the hardware
implementation. Schematic based entry gives designers much more visibility into the hardware. It is the better choice for those who
are hardware oriented. Another method but rarely used is state-machines. It is the better choice for the designers who think the
design as a series of states. But the tools for state machine entry are limited. In this documentation we are going to deal with the HDL
based design entry.
Synthesis
The process which translates VHDL or Verilog code into a device netlist formate. i.e a complete circuit with logical
elements( gates, flip flops, etc) for the design.If the design contains more than one sub designs, ex. to implement a processor, we
need a CPU as one design element and RAM as another and so on, then the synthesis process generates netlist for each design
element Synthesis process will check code syntax and analyze the hierarchy of the design which ensures that the design is optimized
for the design architecture, the designer has selected. The resulting netlist(s) is saved to an NGC( Native Generic Circuit) file (for
XilinxSynthesis Technology (XST)).

FPGA Synthesis

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Implementation
This process consists a sequence of three steps
Translate
Map
Place and Route
Translate:
Process combines all the input netlists and constraints to a logic design file. This information is saved as a NGD (Native
Generic Database) file. This can be done using NGD Build program. Here, defining constraints is nothing but, assigning the ports in
the design to the physical elements (ex. pins, switches, buttons etc) of the targeted device and specifying time requirements of the
design. This information is stored in a file named UCF (User Constraints File). Tools used to create or modify the UCF are PACE,
Constraint Editor etc.

FPGA Translate

Map
Process divides the whole circuit with logical elements into sub blocks such that they can be fit into the FPGA logic blocks.
That means map process fits the logic defined by the NGD file into the targeted FPGA elements (Combinational Logic Blocks (CLB),
Input Output Blocks (IOB)) and generates an NCD (Native Circuit Description) file which physically represents the design mapped
to the components of FPGA. MAP programis used for this purpose.

FPGA map

Place and Route:
PAR programis used for this process. The place and route process places the sub blocks fromthe map process into logic
blocks according to the constraints and connects the logic blocks. Ex. if a sub block is placed in a logic block which is very near to IO
pin, then it may save the time but it may effect some other constraint. So trade off between all the constraints is taken account by the
place and route process
The PAR tool takes the mapped NCD file as input and produces a completely routed NCD file as output. Output NCD file
consists the routing information.

FPGA Place and route

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Device Programming:
Now the design must be loaded on the FPGA. But the design must be converted to a format so that the FPGA can accept it.
BITGEN programdeals with the conversion. The routed NCD file is then given to the BITGEN programto generate a bit stream(a
.BIT file) which can be used to configure the target FPGA device. This can be done using a cable. Selection of cable depends on the
design.
4.4 Synthesis Result
The developed DWT, is simulated and verified their functionality. Once the functional verification is done, the RTL model
is taken to the synthesis process using the Xilinx ISE tool. In synthesis process, the RTL model will be converted to the gate level
netlist mapped to a specific technology library. Here in this Spartan 3E family, many different devices were available in the Xilinx ISE
tool. In order to synthesis this DWT and IDWT design the device named as XC3S500E has been chosen and the package as
FG320 with the device speed such as -4.
The design of DWT is synthesized and its results were analyzed as follows.
4.4.1 DWT Synthesis Result
This device utilization includes the following.
Logic Utilization
Logic Distribution
Total Gate count for the Design

Device utilization summary:

The device utilization summery is shown above in which its gives the details of number of devices used fromthe available
devices and also represented in %. Hence as the result of the synthesis process, the device utilization in the used device and package
is shown above.

Speed Grade: -4
Timing Summary:
Minimum period: 10.081ns (Maximum Frequency: 99.197MHz)
Minimum input arrival time before clock: 4.252ns
Maximum output required time after clock: 14.421ns
Maximum combinational path delay: No path found
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In timing summery, details regarding time period and frequency is shown are approximate while synthesize. After place and
routing is over, we get the exact timing summery. Hence the maximumoperating frequency of this synthesized design is given as
99.197 MHz and the minimumperiod as 10.081ns. Here, OFFSET IN is the minimuminput arrival time before clock and OFFSET
OUT is maximum output required time after clock.

The RTL (Register Transfer Logic) can be viewed as black box after synthesize of design is made. It shows the inputs and outputs
of the system. By double-clicking on the diagramwe can see gates, flip-flops and MUX.
RTL Schematic

Figure 4.9 DWT Schematic with Basic Inputs and Output
Here in the above schematic, that is, in the top level schematic shows all the inputs and final output of DWT design.

Figure 4.10 Blocks inside the Developed Top Level DWT Design
The internal blocks available inside the design includes DWT-1, DWT-2 and DWT-3 which were clearly shown in the above
schematic level diagram. Inside each block the gate level circuit will be generated with respect to the modelled HDL code.

4.5 Summary
The developed DWT are modelled and are simulated using the Modelsimtool.
The simulation results are discussed by considering different cases.
The RTL model is synthesized using the Xilinx tool in Spartan 3E and their synthesis results were discussed with the help of
generated reports.

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 Conclusion :
Basically the medical images need more accuracy without loosing of information. The Discrete Wavelet Transform(DWT)
was based on time-scale representation, which provides efficient multi-resolution. The lifting based scheme(5, 3) (The high pass
filter has five taps and the low pass filter has three taps) filter give lossless mode of information. A more efficient approach to lossless
whose coefficients are exactly represented by finite precision numbers allows for truly lossless encoding.
This work ensures that the image pixel values given to the DWT process which gives the high pass and low pass coefficients of the
input image. The simulation results of DWT were verified with the appropriate test cases. Once the functional verification is done,
I
N
P
U
T
S
O
U
T
P
U
T
S
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discrete wavelet transformis synthesized by using Xilinx tool in Spartan 3E FPGA family. Hence it has been analyzed that the
discrete wavelet transform(DWT) operates at a maximumclock frequency of 99.197 MHz respectively.
5.2 Future scope of the Work :
As future work,
This work can be extended in order to increase the accuracy by increasing the level of transformations.
This can be used as a part of the block in the full fledged application, i.e., by using these DWT, the applications can be
developed such as compression, watermarking, etc.

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About Authors:

M. JANARDAN, graduated from Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology in Electronics &
Communications Stream. Now pursuing Masters in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems (DECS) from
Sri Indu College of Engineering & Technology and interested in Wireless Technology & Information Security.

I express my gratitude to Dr. K ASHOK BABU Professor & Head of the Department (ECE) of and
for his constant co-operation, support and for providing nnecessary facilities throughout the M.tech
program. He has 15 Years of Experience, at B.Tech and M.tech Level and working as a Professor
in Sri Indu College of Engg.& Technology.

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