25 October 2014

Bio-Data
Name:
Somefun Oluwasegun Ayokunle

Age:
19 years old (29-06-1994)

University:
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo
State.

Country of Origin:
Nigeria
Email Address:
oluwasegun.somefun@yahoo.co.uk

Telephone Number:
(+234)08185002263

Pages: 7pages

Word Count: about 3476 words
i

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ i
Table of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ii
Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index Table ........................................... iii
Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... v
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................. 1
3.0 Causes of Corruption ........................................................................................................... 2
4.0 Manifestations of Corruption ............................................................................................... 3
4.1 Corruption Stories ............................................................................................................ 4
4.1.1 Case 1 ........................................................................................................................ 4
4.1.2 Case 2 ........................................................................................................................ 4
4.1.3 Case 3 ........................................................................................................................ 5
4.1.4 Case 4 ........................................................................................................................ 5
4.1.5 Case 5 ........................................................................................................................ 5
5.0 Impact of Corruption............................................................................................................ 5
6.0 Making Corruption Unattractive .......................................................................................... 6
7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................... 7
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 8


ii

Table of Figures
Table 1: Corruption Perception Index (African Economic Outlook) ....................................... iv
iii


Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index Table
2011 2012
Index Country Rank /
182
Index Country Rank / 174
Algeria 2.9 112 3.4 105
Angola 2 168 2.2 157
Benin 3 100 3.6 94
Botswana 6.1 32 6.5 30
Burkina Faso 3 100 3.8 83
Burundi 1.9 172 1.9 165
Cameroon 2.5 134 2.6 144
Cape Verde 5.5 41 6 39
Central Afr. Rep. 2.2 154 2.6 144
Chad 2 168 1.9 165
Comoros 2.4 143 2.8 133
Congo 2.2 154 2.6 144
Congo, Dem. Rep. 2 168 2.1 160
Cte dIvoire 2.2 154 2.9 130
Djibouti 3 100 3.6 94
Egypt 2.9 112 3.2 118
Equatorial Guinea 1.9 172 2 163
Eritrea 2.5 134 2.5 150
Ethiopia 2.7 120 3.3 113
Gabon 3 100 3.5 102
Gambia 3.5 75 3.4 105
Ghana 3.9 69 4.5 64
Guinea 2.1 164 2.4 154
Guinea-Bissau 2.2 154 2.5 150
Kenya 2.2 154 2.7 139
Lesotho 3.5 75 4.5 64
Liberia 3.2 91 4.1 75
Libya 2 168 2.1 160
iv

Madagascar 3 100 3.2 118
Malawi 3 100 3.7 88
Mali 2.8 118 3.4 105
Mauritania 2.4 143 3.1 123
Mauritius 5.1 46 5.7 43
Morocco 3.4 80 3.7 88
Mozambique 2.7 120 3.1 123
Namibia 4.4 57 4.8 58
Niger 2.5 134 3.3 113
Nigeria 2.4 143 2.7 139
Rwanda 5 49 5.3 50
So Tom & Prncipe 3 100 4.2 72
Senegal 2.9 112 3.6 94
Seychelles 4.8 50 5.2 51
Sierra Leone 2.5 134 3.1 123
Somalia 1 182 0.8 174
South Africa 4.1 64 4.3 69
Sudan 1.6 177 1.3 173
South Sudan
Swaziland 3.1 95 3.7 88
Tanzania 3 100 3.5 102
Togo 2.4 143 3 128
Tunisia 3.8 73 4.1 75
Uganda 2.4 143 2.9 130
Zambia 3.2 91 3.7 88
Zimbabwe 2.2 154 2 163
Table 1: Corruption Perception Index (African Economic Outlook)






v

Abstract
The cankerworm eating away the African continent today is Corruption, with both internal
and external factors complicity in the problem. Today corruption is King- the human rights
abuser. A documentary with the title of Corruption: The Problem with Africa could be an
apt description of the dire condition of Africa. However, some have argued that Corruption is
not Africas problem. Notwithstanding, the tentacles of Corruption and its manifestations can
be felt even in the remote and unexpected places in Africa, the most common being bribery
and abuse of power in this part of the world. Those abroad have a convoluted one-story
approach to Africa, to them Africa is a country not a continent, the analogy of the pot calling
the kettle black. Stories are strife all about with different touch and flare. The experiences are
here and there, with no practical control. Corruption is not unconnected to the fiasco of
economies and governments of Africa. The race for the accumulation of private gains at the
expense of others grows by the day, with results being the distortion of basic morals and
values that defined the African society.
The continent is now in a war zone, the fight is between Corruption (the societal evil) and the
African society. The African youth should and must be in the forefront of this combat. The
question on the lips of the times and as this paper presents is, How can we make corruption
unattractive in Africa?
1

1.0 Introduction
According to a Nigerian legal icon, Dr Tunji Braithwaite, King Corruption reigns supreme in
every area of governance, legislative and to a less extent, in the administration of justice.
On the 19th of September 2002, the African Union (AU) produced "The Convention on
Preventing and Combating Corruption and Related Offences". It was a milestone in making
corruption unattractive; however, the African continent wallows in the grip of corruption
Many societies today have long acknowledged corruption as a fact, with practical acceptance,
seeing corruption forms such as, bribery as little more than a different way of doing business,
a way to bypass red tape and outclass trade competitors. The cry has gone out- corruption has
found its stand in the intricacies of common public life.
Today, man and indeed the African people have accepted the reality that corruption is not a
private matter between the corrupted and corruptor, but a little fox that distorts and degrades
whole economies and cultures. This paper then presents a perspective on the causes,
manifestations and impact of corruption and corrupt practices with a view to making the
business of corruption unattractive in Africa.
2.0 Definition of Terms
In defining Corruption, the AU has posed the following questions:
WHO can be corrupt?
A public official or any other individual in a position to take or give bribes for
carrying out any activity
Anyone who diverts the ownership of property (e.g. government houses)
Anyone who takes undue advantage (e.g. by offering, promising to give or accepting
money or gifts for the award of a tender or a contract)
WHAT do people do to be corrupt?
Ask for or accept bribes and undue favours
Offer or grant bribes and undue favours
Act or refuse to act because of undue favours
Divert or omit actions to take certain actions
WHICH tools are used in corruption?
Money
Valuable goods or gifts (e.g. land, gold, houses)
Favours (e.g. sexual favours, et al)
Promises and undue advantages
Meanwhile, the lexicon, Macmillan describes a public official as corrupt; if he accepts money
or moneys worth for doing something that, he or she is under duty to do or to exercise a
legitimate discretion for improper motives. (Sabaegereka, 1994)
Transparency International (TI) defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private
gain.
Conversely, Philosophical, Theological, or Moral discussions see corruption as a spiritual or
moral impurity or deviance from the ideal. (Wikipedia)

2


3.0 Causes of Corruption
General Olusegun Obasanjo, a former head of state of Nigeria, once attributed the reason for
corruption in most cases to the context for primitive accumulation, which has led political
parties to become private armies organised to fight electoral warfare in the quest to conquer
the state and political power.
The African Union has estimated that the African continent loses over $148 billion a year to
corruption, money rarely invested in Africa but finds its way into the international banking
system and often into banks in the West. It is essentially a case between a thief and the
supervisor of the loot. (Uzondu, 2013)
Dowler (2005) explains that Corruption plagues Africa, but it is not because of its own
incompetence, but because of how the West has taken undue advantage of its vulnerability.
According to the Editorial: Corruption in Africa:
It is not enough to say Africans are corrupt, but to ask who are corrupting them. Its not
enough to say Africans are stealing money, but to ask who is banking that money". Africas
reputation for corruption, whether justified or not, does a great deal of harm to the people of
Africa. Even Mobutu Sese Seko the kleptocrat of kleptocrats was not Africas doing. He was a
creation of the CIA, with help from Belgium and, later, France. The Cold War produced him
and others like him in Africa: Siad Barr in Somalia and Haile Mariam Mengitsu in Ethiopia,
for example. He was sustained by the IMF and the World Bank and, like many others of his
kind
In addition, Northern countries pay bribes in Africa in order to sell inferior goods or services
or to sell goods or services not needed notably military hardware and aircraft. (Moody-
Stuart, 1994).This has led to serious economic and development implications on African
countries like, Nigeria.
Some factors that encourage systemic corruption include conflicting incentives, discretionary
powers; monopolistic powers; lack of transparency; low pay; and a culture of impunity.
The Nigerian Case- The rise of public administration and the discovery of oil, two major
events seen to have led to a list of base corrupt practices in Nigeria. Over the years, the
country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living conditions of the average
human being. Its late political leader Obafemi Awolowo underscored this issue when he said
that, since independence, our governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for
the strongest and most cunning to milk, under those circumstances everybody runs over
everybody to make good at the expense of others.
According to Thomas Hobbes, life becomes solitary, nasty, brutish, and short", when with
unchecked power, humans become corrupt.
To summarise this section, some of the internal causes of corruption according to Oyinola
(2011) are:
Trade-Restriction-This is government-induced source of rent seeking or corruption,
such as the restriction on importation of foreign goods like automobile.
Government subsidies- When government allocates scarce recourses to individuals
and firms using legal criteria other than the ability or willingness to pay, corruption is
likely to be the result.
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Price controls- The purpose is to lower the price of some goods below market value.
For social and political reason, this is also a cause of corruption.
Low wages in civil service- When public wages are low, public servants may be
compelled to use their official positions to collect bribes as a way of making ends
meet, particularly when the probability of being caught is low.
Sociological factors- Multi-ethnic societies may be more likely to fall victim to
corruption because of failure to manage ethnic conflict in a way that is fair to
everyone.


4.0 Manifestations of Corruption
Corruption can occur on many different scales. It may be petty corruption, grand corruption,
or systemic corruption. (Wikipedia)
Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale. It includes the exchange of small improper gifts or
the use of personal connections to gain favours. This form of corruption is common in
developing countries.
Grand corruption occurs at the highest levels of government in a manner that necessitates
significant rebellion of the political, legal and economic systems. It is common in countries
with authoritarian or dictatorial governments.
Systemic corruption also referred to as endemic corruption is primarily due to the weaknesses
of an organization or process. It presents corruption as the rule rather than the exception.
On the other hand, Riley classifies corruption in three levels. The first is incidental
corruption (small-scale). It involves junior public officials; which produce intense public
disaffection; it has little macro-economic cost, and is often hard to curtail. The next is
systematic corruption, which affects a whole organisation or government department; it has a
substantial effect on government revenues; it may divert trade and/or development. The last is
systemic corruption, that is, government by theft; in this state, honesty becomes illogical.
(Evans, 1999)
The acts of corruption vary; some of which are- bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism,
patronage, graft, and embezzlement, etc. (Wikipedia)
The most common form of corruption, Bribery, also known as kickbacks is the improper use
of gifts and favours in exchange for personal profit. The favours given are diverse, involving
money, gifts, sexual favours and political benefits. It can be a part of the systemic use of
corruption for other ends.
Embezzlement and theft involve someone with access to an asset, but illegally taking control
of them. Fraud entails the use of deception to induce the owner of an asset to transfer them to
an illegal person or group. Good examples are the intentional transfer of company funds into
shadow accounts (and then into the pockets of corrupt employees), the skimming of foreign
aid money, and other corrupt activity, etc.
Extortion and blackmail revolve around the use of intimidations and demanding money or its
equivalent in return. It can be the threat of violence or the exposure of an individual's secrets
or crimes, etc.
4

The misuse of one's powers and decision-making capacities known as the abuse of power is
another corrupt act. Models of this act may include a judge improperly dismissing a criminal
case or a customs official using their discretion to allow a banned substance through a port or
a police officers forceful detention or harassment of an innocent citizen or by collecting an
illicit fee before granting bail to anyone arrested.
Favouritism and nepotism involve inappropriate favouring of relations, such as a friend,
family member or member of an association. Instances would include hiring a family member
to a position they are unqualified for or promoting a staff member who belongs to the same
group or political party as you, regardless of merit.
Another is the use of contributions to political parties to secure illicit power. An example
would be tobacco or alcohol companies backing major political parties as a way of
influencing the regulation of their industry.

4.1 Corruption Stories
4.1.1 Case 1
Protesters in Nairobi, Kenya released almost a dozen pigs outside parliament to show their
anger at newly elected MPs (Members of Parliament) asking for higher salaries. The
statement they were making was that the MPs are like pigs because of their greed. The
association with pigs is apt given that politicians have many similarities with pigs.
The saying, Dont ever wrestle with a pig. Youll both get dirty, but the pig will enjoy it.
Nothing is more truer when dealing with politiciansActually ever noticed how, of the many
sayings about politicians/politics there are a significant number that make reference to pigs
e.g. you can put lipstick on a pig but its still a pig. It seems the Kenyan brothers took this
a bit literally. That said the act of standing up against these pi.oops, I meant politicians is
commendable because far too much is spent by our politicians on personal development and
not on nation building. (Category Archives: Corruption, 2013)
4.1.2 Case 2
A friend of mine, a senior official of an American university, obtained a considerable grant
for education in Africa. Naturally keen to make an important contribution to the sector in
Nigeria, he made preliminary contacts with the Federal Ministry of Education.
It is the concept of WIIIFME, that is, What-Is-In-It-For-Me? It defines Nigerian public life
and is responsible for our failure to rise. Subsequently, he arrived in Nigeria for planning
meetings with federal education officials. The first surprise was to find them dressed in an
admixture of impatience and coldness, barely interested in the proposals he had discussed
with them.
They repeatedly made it clear they wanted their share of the money before they could show
interest in the projects, he told me.
When he demonstrated his horror, they told him that his most realistic approach was to hand
them the money, as they knew Nigerias education programmes and challenges better than he
did. After a second fruitless trip to Nigeria, and with time ticking on the grant, my friend
went to Plan B: Ghana.
When he got in touch with the Ministry of Education, it was an entirely different world, he
said. Officials welcomed him warmly, they were deeply grateful that their country had been
5

considered for the opportunity, and pledged every cooperation to ensure that Ghana education
was enhanced by the effort. He went ahead. (Olumhense, 2013)
4.1.3 Case 3
Corruption, Kagame told me, is like a weevil. It eats its way into the flesh of a country and
just kills a nation The next morning, I met another Hutu man, this one much more critical.
This man vented that the government for everything from college scholarships to high-
ranking jobs favoured Tutsis, under the guise of an affirmative-action program designed to
help genocide survivors who by definition- are Tutsis. The whole system was rigged to
keep Tutsis up and Hutus down, he said, and during the elections, party agents would tear up
your ballot if you didnt vote for KagameDuring the last election, in 2010, Kagame won 93
percent of the vote after his government effectively banned any major opposition parties from
running. (Gettleman, 2013)
4.1.4 Case 4
One month after immigration confiscated my passport, July 11, I had it returned to me. I
thought about the brief moment when the immigration officers drove me downtown. We
made a brief stop at the Njiro shopping complex, where there are restaurants and shops inside.
One man flung my car door open and gave me a chance to bribe him. Of course, I acted as if I
had no idea what was happening.
It went something like this; Were very hungry, do you want to get out of this situation? I
replied; Yes, of course. Then as I tried to exit the vehicle with no money for him and the
others, he told me to sit back down. He slammed the door shut and I was whisked away to the
Arusha immigration office. I could have paid them off and be on my way for a fraction of the
cost I ended up paying, but Im 100 per cent against corruption and in no way would I
support this activity.
Since then I have heard many stories from ex-pats living in Arusha, who have been
approached by immigration, deviously posing as potential supporters or donors to foreign
organizations based in Tanzania. This is shameful. If I was Tanzanian, I would be disgraced
by the acts of government institutions and no longer support these illicit activities. Hey, who
am I to judge? (Bemma, 2013)
4.1.5 Case 5
Taking a close look at the Nigerian system- A good friend of mine went to the filling station,
to buy just 2 litres of petrol. Actually, a litre cost N100, but the petrol station attendant told
him that he had to pay N220 or leave it. He was shocked; it meant he had to pay the illicit
extra charge of N20 in order to buy the 2 litres of petrol successfully. He paid N200, which
was the ideal amount he had at that moment for the sale of 2 litres of petrol. The petrol station
attendant sold about 1.81 litres of petrol in his container, which originally read about N181
on the fuel pump calculator. He walked away cheated, after he realised the act had become a
culture.
This is a clever form of entrenched systemic corruption for an oil rich country.

5.0 Impact of Corruption
Corruption is a global phenomenon is an obstacle to development and has serious
implications and consequences for the growth of democracy, promotion and protection of
fundamental human rights. (Sabaegereka, 1994). She adds, Corruption has also undermined
6

the morals and ethics of traditional African cultures where people felt embarrassed to
demand bribes or misuse resources placed in their hands on behalf of society.
The AU has identified some of the impact of corruption:
It halts or undermines development (e.g. money intended for schools, roads and
hospitals goes to individuals), undermines democracy and good governance(e.g.
corruption during elections results in candidates with most votes not taking office)
and erodes the legitimacy of governments, because they are not the peoples choice
absence of transparency and accountability results in suspicion and mistrust
It impacts negatively on the rule of law (e.g. corruption in the judiciary can result in
court judgements not being implemented)
It destroys the capacity of institutions to perform well (e.g. corruption in civil service
promotions results in less qualified people making decisions and controlling how
resources are used)
It destroys competition
It increases the costs of business
It destroys the capacity of individuals to perform well (e.g., people who are skilled,
honest and able remain unemployed, while those who are dishonest or connected have
jobs).
Oyinola (2011) noted that corruption has an adverse effect on social and economic
development and in nation building, which has led to the diversion of development resources
for private gain, misallocation of talent, lost tax revenue, negative impact on quality of
infrastructure and public services and slowing of economic growth.
The most damaging effect of corruption on democracy is perhaps not to do with the
undermining of the economic viability of the state; it is in the distortion of the values
of societyA democratic society has certain values, which characterise it. It exposes
the virtues of hard work, self-application, sacrifice and self-denial. Corruption
negates all these values. It spurns these virtues giving respectability to such others as
craftiness, usury, arrogance and dishonesty of trickery. It distorts the perception of
the people so that society ceases to regard as success any achievements that are not
translated into material gains. Public service ceases to have any meaning or purposes
unless it can be used to open channels of accumulation of wealth. Societys view of
what is right and what is wrong is similarly corrupted so that we begin to praise those
who have prospered by evil means and to disparage those who have sacrificed to
remain on the straight paths. (Muthoga, 1994)


6.0 Making Corruption Unattractive
There is a common saying that, power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts
absolutely. Corruption has eaten deep into the African society. It has become an attractive act
perpetrated by all and sundry including the youth, they have gone haywire in order to get
money, fashion, cheap popularity, even if it is through wrongdoing. Therefore, the youth
should be educated and re-oriented to fight for social justice, equity and societal
transformation against corruption. The fight against corruption requires a collective approach
of all parties involved in the procurement and building processes.
7

Using a holistic approach, Evans (1999) identified the following reforms in order to combat
corruption:
Civil service reform(reduction in the unrestricted powers allowed to bureaucrats and a stress
on accountability; abolition of unnecessary procedures and licences; requirements to disclose
assets and liabilities).
Tax reform(removal of the tax deductibility of bribes and definition of a bribe as against
legitimate broker fees and commissions).
Freedom of information is a powerful tool in making corruption unattractive, so that those
who seek information do not have to explain why they want it, but rather the officials who
seek to suppress that information must make a clear case for doing so. This underscores the
role of the investigative media in checkmating corruption in the society.
Legal reform(outlawing of the payment of bribes; strengthening cross-border co-operation
on such matters as extradition; adoption of powers to undo corrupt trusts and gifts;
measures to tackle complicity so that individuals become constructive trustees, that is, liable
for the corrupt gains of the group; measures to strengthen judicial autonomy).
In addition, the West should practically engage the African region in development
discussions instead of releasing aids and loans laced with convoluted conditions intentionally
aimed to enslave the continent.


7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
There might never be a full realisation of a utopian society, but in order to make the African
society, a better and ideal place to live in, then the war to make corruption unattractive should
be a part of the fight to transform society. It should be a fight for humanity. It should be a
fight that will challenge both internal and external forces, power relations, institutions,
mechanisms and systems that promote corruption. It should be a fight against political
corruption and its cheap manifestations and lead to the empowerment of citizens in the fight
against corruption. It should be a fight against a system of mediocrity that produces fast-lane
billionaires. It should be a fight for value re-orientation where African citizens will begin to
see their respective governments as their own. The war against corruption should be a
collective and holistic approach that transcends the intricacies of fundamental societal
processes and systems.
Sadly, it seems that we find corruption, wherever there are human beings. Therefore, this
paper recommends that: corruption and its forms must be exposed for its serious abuse of
human right. The developed world must not be allowed to use the corruption issue as a way
to attach the blame for development failures wholly on the developing world. A collective
approach against corruption must be actively promoted by all sectors of the society. The
government and society should immensely support the role of the media in the promotion of
freedom of information. Citizens, especially youths should be educated about what they can
do to help fight corruption.
Finally, the African people especially, its youth must remember that Evil thrives while Good
People do nothing. Corruption is a societal evil and until there is a rise in active collective
actions on the part of the people that make up the society, it will continue to thrive. A Society
is what its People make it.
8


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