02A SEP-602A - Line Distance Protection REL - 670 - 1.1

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2007-10-03 Substation Automation and Protection Training
REL 670 Line Distance
Protection IED
Substation Automation and
Protection Training
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Main application
Line distance protection
terminal for:
Directly earthed networks
Isolated or impedance earthed
networks
OH-lines and Cables
Series Compensated Lines
Double circuit lines
Single-, two- or three pole trip
Quadrilateral (IEC) or MHO
(ANSI) characteristics
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Main characteristics
Line IED for protection,
monitoring and control
Building block in Substation
Automation Systems
Completely full scheme
Functional flexibility
Configuration flexibility
Extensive self- supervision
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Main features in REL 670
Typical operate time: One cycle
Simultaneous measurement in
each loop and advanced phase
selection
Very low requirement of time to
saturation for CTs including
maximum remanence
Complete software library for all
applications
Full Bay control functionality
available.
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Functionality Pre-configured IEDs (IEC)
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Isolated / High Impedance Networks (A21)
UN
3I>
3ph
O->I
79
SC/VC
25/27
A
B
I
load
Z<
21
Zpsb
68PSB
50/51
51N/67N
I
60
59N
FF
3U>
59
3U<
27
3I>BF
50BF
52PD
PD
Contr
Interl
86/94
I->O
Trip
Bus
Single-Breaker application
3 ph trip
60
FF
*)
DR
DR
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Single Breaker (A31, A32)
UN
3I>
1/3ph
O->I
79
SC/VC
25/27
A
B
I
load
Z<
21
Zpsb
68PSB
50/51
51N/67N
I
60
59N
FF
3U>
59
3U<
27
3I>BF
50BF
52PD
PD
Contr
Interl
86/94
I->O
Trip
Bus
Single-Breaker application
3 ph trip
1/3 ph trip
60
FF
*)
*) Only 1/3 ph trip alternative
DR
DR
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Multi-Breaker alternative (B31, B32)
Multi-Breaker application
3 ph trip
1/3 ph trip
DR
UN
3I>
1/3ph
O->I
79
SC/VC
25/27
A
B
I
load
Z<
21
Zpsb
21PSB
50/51
51/67N
I
60
59N
FF
3U>
59
3U<
27
3I>BF
50BF
52PD
PD
3I>BF
50BF
94PD
PD
1/3ph
O->I
79
SC/VC
25/27
3I>
STUB
50STUB
Multi-Breaker add-on:
50STUB
3I>BF
O->I
SC
PD
TRIP
FUSE FAIL
Contr
Interl
86/94
I->O
86/94
I->O
60
FF
60
FF
*)
*) Only 1/3 ph trip alternative
*)
DR
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Functionality Pre-configured IEDs (IEC)
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Measuring algorithm
u = i
.
R +
X
.
di
o
.
dt
I
U
X
S
X
L
R
L
Same reliable
algorithm as REL5xx
Distance Protection algorithm
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Remote back-up Load encroachment
The green area represents the
load encroachment area and
cuts any impedance
protection that might enter in it
(in the example ZM03 and
ZM04).
ZM03
ZM02
ZM01
ZM04
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Export and import of load
ZL
Z<
Um
Um
A
B
Z<
Export
Import
X
R
ZL
Export
X
R
Import
Adaptive
compensation
No compensation
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ZM: Operation characteristic for Ph-Ph loops
RFPP/2 R1
L
X1
jX
R
ArgDir
ArgNegRes
X1
R1+RFPP/2
RFPP/2
RFPP/2
) / ( phase
) / ( phase
Characteristic for Ph-Ph loops
Fault resistance for reverse
direction is defined from the Y-
axes
Few setting parameters = easy
handling
Setting parameters for forward
direction in blue
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ZM: Operating characteristic Ph-E
Quadrilateral characteristic
improves sensitivity
Independent setting of:
Reactive reach direction
Resistive reach direction
Directionality
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ZM: Setting parameters
Positive sequence resistive reach:
R1 (/phase)
Positive sequence reactive reach:
X1 (/phase)
Zero sequence resistive reach:
R0 (/phase)
Zero sequence reactive reach:
X0 (/phase)
Fault resistance for phase-phase fault:
RFPP (/loop)
Fault resistance for phase-earth fault:
RFPE (/loop)
Setting parameters for measuring zones:
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ZM: Setting parameters
Each zone can
be set On/Off
be set NonDir/ Forw/Rev
For each zone
The Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loops can individually be set On/Off
Individual timers for Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loop
Both Ph-Ph and Ph-E fault loops have a settable
minimum operating current IMinOpPP, respective
IMinOpPE and IMinOpIN
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Phase selection (PS)
The main objective is
To release the Measuring zones for phase selective tripping
To give indication of faulty phase(s)
To ensure secure operation of the phase selector in
case of combination of line to earth fault and phase to
phase fault there is a check of the relation between IN
and Iph which is used to release the correct fault loop
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Kr = 1 / tan(60deg)
RFFwPE
X1+XN
R
X
RFRvPE
KrX1 RFRvPE
KrX1
X1+XN
RFFwPE
60 deg
60 deg
Kr = 1 / tan(60deg)
RFFwPP/2
X1
R
X
RFRvPP/2
KrX1 RFRvPP/2
KrX1
X1
RFFwPP/2
60 deg
60 deg
Phase to earth fault Phase to phase fault
Phase selection
/loop
/loop
/phase
/phase
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General Fault & Phase Selection
R
X
RFFwPPK3
K3 = 2 / sqrt(3)
2X1K3
90 deg
RFRvPPK3
30 deg
Three phase fault
R
X
Easy to coordinate GFPS-ZM
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X
ZM1
LOAD
Minimum Load Resistance
Maximum Load Angle

Fault Resistance
(RFPE, RFPP/2)
ZM2
ZM3
ZM4
R
Load encroachment
TRIP ZM4
ZM5
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Load encroachment
Load encroachment allows
better fault resistance
coverage without interference
with load
Releases the measuring zones
including the phase selection
for phase selective tripping
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Isolated Networks Phase preference Logic
After the trip of one of the faulted
lines it is possible to keep the rest of
the power system in operation with a
single phase to ground fault.
With a phase prreference logic
there is the possibility to detect a
cross country fault and to trip one
of the faulted lines only.
With the phase preference logic it is possible to choose that ONLY ONE
faulted line WILL BE TRIPPED.
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Distance protection - Communication schemes
The communication schemes are
of two basic types:
Permissive schemes, where a
permissive condition to trip is
sent. Gives high security but lower
dependability.
underreaching,
overreaching,
Blocking schemes, where a
blocking signal preventing
"instantaneous tripping" is sent.
Gives high
dependability but lower security.
Carrier send CS = Z< Forward, under- or overreach
Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received
Permissive system
A B
Carrier send CS = Z< Reverse zone
_____________
Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received &T0
Blocking system
Z<
A B
Z<
Z< Z<
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Distance protection - Unblocking schemes
The loss of communication
guard is considered equal to a
received signal and accelerate
the tripping
Continuously
During a time window
The signal PLC Guard is
connected to the GRG input in
ZCOM logic.
Carrier send CS = Z< Forward, under or overreach
Trip = Z< Forward Z1, Z2 or Z3 & Carrier received
or Loss of PLC Guard signal.
Permissive system
A B
Z<
21
Z<
21
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Local acceleration logic
Features
Instantaneous trips for faults on the whole line length
without telecommunication
Operation mode zone extension
An overreaching zone allows to trip instantaneous
Operation mode loss of load
An overreaching zone allows to trip instantaneous if
the current in one or two phases get low
Selective trip at auto reclosing
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Current reversal logic
Z< Z<
Z< Z<
CS CR
21 21
21 21
ZM2
CR
ZM3R
40
60
&
&
&
Carrier
send
Trip
Z< Z<
Z< Z<
CR? CS
21 21
21 21
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Weak-End Infeed
For cases when one side has a weak, or non-existant source a WEI logic is
advantageous.
Strong side will send Permissive OVERREACH signal.
At Weak-end the signal received will be
mirrored back on detection of low voltage to accelerate the strong end
tripping
Tripping with local undervoltage (Ph-Ph, Ph-E) check logic
Z<
WEI
Z<
WEI
Z<
Z<
L1N
L1N/L2N
Forw
A
B
L1N/L2N
G
G
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Power swing detection
Based on the same
principles as REL5xx
but:
Load encroachment
algorithm introduced
Allows better fault
resistance coverage
without interference with
load
X1InFw
RLdOutFw
ARGLd
X1InRv
RLdOutRv
R1LIn
ZL
R1FInFw R1FInRv
KLdRRv*RLdOutRv
L
L
KLdRFw*RLdOutFw
jX
R
L
X1InFw * KLdRFw
X1InRv * KLdRRv
R1FInRv * KLdRRv
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Switch On To Fault (SOTF)
A basic protection function which enables
instantaneous trip at closing of breaker.
Non directional to cover zero voltage due
to forgotten earthing switch
Two versions:
A binary input (bc) which releases
the SOTF overreaching zone at
breaker closing command
Internal measurement detects that
no voltage and no current is
available for a certain time(DLD).
The instantaneous, non directional
measurement is then activated
internally.
Internal fault detection, based on U
and I check.
Z<
U=0 V
L

jX
R
ArgDir
ArgNegRes
Zone1
) / ( phase
) / ( phase
Zone2 or Zone3
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STUB protection
Instantaneous overcurrent
protection of busbar
connection (STUB) when a
line disconnector is open
Required in Multi-breaker
arrangements with CVT
(VT) on line side of DS
Z< (21) function cannot
measure when line
disconnector is open and
must be blocked.
open
I STUB >
&
25 ms
Trip
Line discon.
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Fuse Failure Supervision
Measuring quantities are selectable
between:
zero sequence voltage and
current:
U
0
> U
ref
and I
0
= 0
negative sequence voltage and
current:
U
2
> U
ref
and I
2
= 0
Sudden change in current and
voltage:
DI/Dt and DU/Dt
Boolean or smart combination of
measuring principles is possible.
I
L
> Z
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Single Pole Tripping
Simultaneous and independent
measurement for all fault loops
in separate phase selectors is
necessary for correct phase
selection and single pole tripping
because:
Line faults represent 85% of all
faults in power systems
75% of the line faults are single
phase to earth faults
5% of the line faults are evolving
faults
80-95% are transient.
R
S
T
T
R
S
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Auto-Recloser
Single-/ Two-/ Three-phase reclosing programs
3 phase
----
----
3 phase
----
----
1 phase
2 phase
3 phase
1/2/3 phase 6
3 phase
3 phase
----
3 phase
3 phase
----
1 phase
2 phase
3 phase
1/2/3 phase 5
3 phase
----
3 phase
----
1 phase
2 phase
1/2 phase
(No 3 phase)
4
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
1 phase
2 phase
1/2 phase
(No 3 phase)
3
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
3 phase
1 phase
2 phase
3 phase
1/2/3 phase 2
3 phase 3 phase 3 phase 3 phase 1
3
rd
and 4
st
attempt 2
nd
attempt 1
st
attempt Program
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Start Quick AR without
synchrocheck
Auto-Recloser
Put AR on hold e.g. waiting
for Thermal relays to reset
to have less sag before
reclosing
Skip a step and continue
with next (at multiple shots)
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Synchrocheck function
Energizing check
Synchronism Check
Synchronizing
Voltage Selection
BLOCK
SYNC
Line
reference
voltage
Fuse fail
U-Bus
U-Line
U-Bus
U
SLIP
Freq bus
Freq-Line
SYN1
1 U
1 U
3 U
B2Q B1Q
UB1 UB2
ULN1

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