13 2

13-2.
doc -KEP 2001-09-12 1

FORMING 3, HEADBOX
1. Headbox, generally................................................................................................... 2
2. Flow spreader (cross direction distributor)............................................................... 4
3. Middle chamber...................................................................................................... 10
4. Headbox nozzle ...................................................................................................... 14
5. Hydraulic headboxes .............................................................................................. 24
6. Hydraulic headboxes with air cushion.................................................................... 29
7. Hydraulic boxes with local stock dilution .............................................................. 31
CEPATEC AB
Knut-Erik Persson
Glossary Gallery Main reg
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 2
1. Headbox, generally
The task of the headbox is to distribute the fibres evenly over the
wire and give them a desired orientation.
At one time the
headbox was really
a box: an open box
at the entrance of
the paper machine.
Even if the headboxes used today
look differently, the task is the same,
to distribute the stock evenly over
the wire.
To make this possible the stock jet
must have an even thickness and
concentration and it must stream out
with the same velocity and direction
in every position.
Fig. 1. Old type of an open headbox.
(13-001.tif)
Fig. 2. The outflow of the stock
jet on a Fourdrinier wire.
(13-002.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 3
The headbox, on this sack paper
machine, can be seen as an
example of a box type used for a
long time.
The stock comes into the flow
spreader. This part distributes the
stock across the machine.
The stock leaves the box through the
headbox nozzle. In this part the jet is
formed.
Between the flow spreader and the
headbox nozzle there is an
equalisation chamber.
It is, above all, the size of this
chamber that separates the box
type from the box mostly used
today.
Fig. 3. The headbox on a sack paper
machine. (13-003.tif)
Fig. 4. Headbox. Marking of the
flow spreader. (13-004.tif)
outflow nozzle. (13-005.tif)
equalisation chamber. (13-006.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 4
2. Flow spreader
On old paper machines the stock
was distributed to the box by
branching off the feeder tube in a
number of smaller tubes, ending
on different spots across the
headbox.
The flow spreaders used today
look almost in the same way.
The stock is lead into the thick
end of a tapered channel with
rectangular, or sometimes
circular cross-section.
The flow is then pressed through a thick
plate with drilled holes or through a tube
bank. In modern headboxes the diameter
of the holes or tubes expands step by step.
This type of tube is called step diffusor.
Fig. 7. Old type of flow spreader.
(13-007.tif)
Fig. 8. Modern type of a flow spreader.
(13-008.tif)
Fig. 9. Tube parcel, a section cut
out. (Seen obliquely from above.)
(13-009.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 5
The reason for the tapered form
of the entrance channel is that
the static pressure should be the
same across the whole machine
width.
If the flow spreader does not
taper, the pressure would be
lower in the outlet end.
The lower pressure in the outlet
end would make the stock
velocity slower.
Fig. 10. Illustration. A tapered flow
spreader. The static pressure is the same
in all positions. (13-010.tif)
Fig. 11. Illustration showing what would
happen to the static pressure if the flow
spreader did not taper. (13-011.tif)
Fig. 12. Illustration showing what would
happen to the flow velocity through the
tubes if the static pressure was lower in
the end. (13-012.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 6
It is not easy to get the same
pressure over the whole width. If
the flow to the flow spreader
increases, the pressure increases
the most in the outlet end.
To avoid the undisirable pressure
difference there must be an
overflow from the outlet of the
flow spreader.
How much stock that has to pass
through the outflow valve to
even out the pressure difference,
can be seen in the sight glass, a
small piece of a glass tube, in the
thin bypass pipe connecting the
inlet and outlet ends of the flow
spreader. What is to be done is to
open the outflow valve until the
flow in the sight glass stops.
On modern machines the outflow valve is regulated by signals from
pressure gauges mounted on the front and back parts of the flow
spreader.
Fig. 13. Illustration showing what
happens to the static pressure when the
stock flow increases. (13-013.tif)
Fig. 14. Illustration. The static pressure
in the tapered flow spreader is kept
equal by regulation of the outflow from
the distributors outlet side. (13-014.tif)
Fig. 15. Illustration. Pressure check
tube with a sight glass. (13-015.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 7
In spite of all the static pressure at the entrance of the tubes will not be
exactly the same in all positions. What now has to be done is to get the
pressures after the tubes as equal as possible. Only when the pressures
are the same, the stock speed out of the tubes will be the same all along
the whole tube bank.
When the stock streams through the tubes a certain back-pressure will
be formed. The higher the back-pressure is, the higher the pressure drop
will become and the better the tubes will even out the inlet pressure
differences in the stock before the tubes.
Earlier the tubes were totally
straight, but they could be
slightly conical, too.
The reason for making the tubes
conical was to increase the pressure
drop over the tubes. The higher the
pressure drop is, the more it will even
out the pressure at the discharge side.
The conical form made it possible to
increase the pressure drop without, at
the same time, increasing:
The velocity of the stock streaming
out of the tubes.
The distance between the mouths
of the tubes.
Fig. 16.
Illustration. Tube
bank with totally
straight tubes.
(13-016.tif)
Fig. 17.
Illustration.
Tube bank with
conical tubes.
(13-017.tif)
Fig. 18. Illustration. Pressure
drop over straight and conical
tubes. (13-018.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 8
The lower the velocity is when
the stock streams out, and the
smaller the distance between
the tubes, the smaller the cross
flows on the discharge side of
the tubes will be.
The tubes must not be too conical. If
they are, the stock may no longer follow
the tube wall. The distance between the
flow streams leaving the tubes would
increase and the undisired cross flows
would be back again.
In modern headboxes the tubes are longer
and the risk for the stock to release the
tube wall is not as great as in the older
tube types.
Fig. 19.
(13-019.tif)
Fig. 20.
(13-020.tif)
Figure set. Illustrations. Flow streams
after straight and after conical tubes.
Fig. 21. Illustration. Flow
streams after conical tubes
where the stock does not follow
the tube wall. (13-021.tif)
Fig. 22. Illustration. Prolonged
tubes. (13-022.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 9
Another change is that the tube diameter in
most cases is increasing step by step.
When the stock passes such a step zone,
small whirls, micro turbulence, will be
formed.
The micro turbulence is meant to disperse
the fibre flocs in the stock.
Fig. 23. Illustration. Tubes with a
sudden increase of diameter.
(13-023.tif)
Fig. 24. Illustration. Forming of
micro turbulence in the tube where
the diameter increases step by step.
(13-024.tif)
Fig. 25.
(13-025.tif)
Fig. 26.
(13-026.tif)
Figure set. Illustrations.
Fibre flocs are broken down by
micro turbulence.
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-08 10
3. Equalisation chamber
The task of this chamber (sometimes called reception chamber, stilling
pond, etc.) is to eliminate the pressure differences, if the pressures on
the discharge side of the tubes still are not identical.
However, the pressure levelling out in this chamber is always achieved
at the price of undesired cross streams. If these cross streams do not
disappear, there may be problems with both the basi s weight and the
fibre orientation in the paper.
The velocity of stock jet has to follow the wire speed. In the first totally
open headboxes only the force of gravity gave the stock jet the desired
velocity. The higher the stock height in the chamber is, the higher the
velocity will be.
If the wire speed increases, it
is not enough to increase the
stock height in a direct
proportion to the increase in
speed. If e. g. the wire speed is
doubled, the stock height must
be four times as high as
before. The stock height
increases with the square of the
wire speed increase.
Already at a low machine speed,
the limit is reached when the stock
height is no longer large enough to
give the jet the desired velocity.
Fig. 27.
(13-027.tif)
Fig. 28.
(13-028.tif)
Figure set. Illustration of the
connection between the stock height
and the velocity of the stock jet.
V =
V = m/min
g = 9.81 m/sec
2
h = m
( 2 g h) 60
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 11
The next development step
was to close the boxes and to
make them work under pressure.
It was not very easy to get a completely even stock flow to the headbox.
Pressure pulses were easily formed after pumps and screens. The open
chamber moderated the pulses and levelled out the flow. It was
therefore desirable to keep the moderating effect of the air in the new
closed boxes, too.
A way to make this possible is to
keep a constant stock height and to
work with a pressurised air cushion
over the stock. This type of box was
therefore called air cushion box.
The stock height in the chamber may
be rather high, in most cases between
500 and 1000 mm.
Fig. 29. Illustration. Closed headbox.
(13-029.tif)
Fig. 30. Illustration. Air cushion head-
box. Normal stock height. (13-030.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 12
The higher the stock height is, the
more slowly the stock will stream
through the chamber. The residence
time will be longer.
The stock turbulence forces become
weak and the fibres easily form
flocs.
To break down the developed fibre
flocs, perforated rolls, so-called
rectifier rolls, are used in the pond.
The turbulence generated by the
perforated rolls becomes coarse.
Because of the coarse scale of the
turbulence the fibre flocs are only
partly broken down.
Fig. 31. Illustration. Building up of a
fibre floc. (13-031.tif)
Fig. 32. Photo. Interior picture of a head-
box with perforated rolls, rectifier rolls.
(Photo, KMV) (13-032.tif)
Fig. 33.
(13-033.tif)
Fig. 34.
(13-035.tif)
Figure set. Illustration. Fibre floc broken
down by a coarse-scale turbulence.
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 13
To prevent the fibres from
getting stuck over the hole
edges the rolls are slowly
rotating.
However, the primary reason
for having rectifier rolls is not
to break down flocs. When the
stock streams through the holes,
a pressure drop is generated.
The pressure drop helps to even
out the flow velocity in different
positions across the box.
The hole area of the rolls is in
most cases smaller than half the
total area. In other words
the relative open area is
less than 50%.
Fig. 35. Illustration. Perforated rolls.
(13-035.tif)
Fig. 36. Illustration. The velocity of the
stock flow in various positions across the
headbox, before and after the perforated
rolls. (13-036.tif)
Fig. 37. The surface of the rectifier
roll. (13-037.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 14
When the stock streams through
the holes, the velocity increases to
more than the double. The flow
also changes its direction. This
creates whirls and cross streams;
turbulence.
The turbulence downstream the
rectifier roll is coarse. If it is not
eliminated, it is to be found in the
stock jet, when it is ejected to the
wire.
Thus, the perforated rectifier rolls may create streaks, local regions,
where the basis weight and the fibre orientation in the paper become
different. The higher the flow velocity is, the greater the problem will be.
Another problem is the difficulty in preventing the sticking of the fibres
over the hole edges. When the fibres then leave, hard flocs are formed,
which may influence the paper quality or at worst give web breaks.
4. Headbox nozzle
The nozzle is the converging
channel forming the stock jet.
Fig. 38. Illustration. Streams created
when the stock passes through a hole in
a perforated rectifier roll. (13-038.tif)
Fig. 39. The nozzle part of a headbox
with perforated rectifier rolls.
(13-039.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 15
The nozzle itself consists of a
lower lip and an upper lip,
sloping to create a converging
channel.
The pressure in the headbox deter-
mines the velocity of the stock jet
when it leaves the nozzle. The
height of the nozzle opening or
the discharge opening, as often
said, determines how much stock
that will stream out.
The discharge opening is not the factor that determines the amount of
fibres streaming out on the wire. That amount is already determined by
the regulation of the flow from the machine chest.
Fig. 40. Illustration. Headbox nozzle.
The top and the bottom lips are marked.
(13-040.tif)
Fig. 41. Headbox. (13-041.tif)
P = pressure
V = the stock jet velocity
h = discharge opening
Q= stock flow
(b= lip width)
V = (P)
Q = (P h)
V
h
Q=
V h b
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 16
When the discharge opening
increases, the flow area increases,
too, and more stock immediately
streams out on the wire.
However, when the back-pressure in
the nozzle drops, the pressure in the
headbox drops, too, and the stock
jet velocity decreases. The speed
difference between the wire and the
stock jet is changed.
Sometimes, instead of difference, you talk about the jet to wire speed
ratio or the discharge ratio.
The speed difference is small and even a small change of the difference
may influence the paper formation. On most paper machines there is an
automatic control system keeping the desired speed difference constant.
Fig. 42.
(13-042.tif)
Fig 43.
(13-043.tif)
Figure set. Illustration. Increased
discharge opening increases the flow.
Fig. 44.
(13-044.tif)
Fig. 45.
(13-045.tif)
Figure set. Illustration.
Increased discharge opening lower
back-pressure.
Lower back-pressure lower P
Lower P lower V.
V
V
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-14 17
When the box pressure decreases a
pressure gauge in the headbox sends a
signal to the fan pump. The rotation
speed increases. More white water is
added and the flow to the box
increases.
When the flow increases, the flow
resistance in the nozzle increases, too,
and the pressure in the headbox is
soon back on the same level as before.
The stock jet recovers its former
velocity.
When the rotation speed of the feeder pump increased, the stock from
the machine chest was diluted with more white water and the
concentration in the headbox decreased. Thus, by adjusting the
discharge opening the desired headbox concentration was achieved.
If, on the other hand, the discharge opening was changed only locally?
What would then happen?
Fig. 46. Short circulation. A signal from a
pressure gauge in the headbox changes
the pump rotation speed to achieve the
correct headbox pressure. (13-046.tif)
Fig 47.
(13-047.tif)
Fig.48.
(13-048.tif)
Increased Q
in
increased P
increased V
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 18
The outflow nozzle is equipped with a
number of adjusting screws. With the
help of these screws it is possible to
adjust the discharge opening across the
web.
By locally changing the discharge
opening it is possible to adjust how
much stock that will stream out on the
wire in that specific area and of course,
the basis weight in that area will be
influenced.
On big paper machines the top lip is stiff
and therefore impossible to bend.
Instead there is a thin, deformable metal
strip at the edge of the top lip: the slice
bar.
Fig. 49. Adjusting screws for local
adjustment of the discharge opening.
(13-049.tif)
Fig. 50. Illustration. The stock jet
streaming out from an outflow
nozzle. (13-050.tif)
Fig. 51. Illustration. Marking of the
slice bar. (13-051.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 19
The discharge opening is regulated by
bending the slice bar only.
Adjustment of the discharge opening
influences adjoining areas, too.
If the discharge opening is decreased,
the stock streams towards the places
where the discharge opening is larger
and cross streams are formed. When
dewatering on a Fourdrinier waves
on the wire may be developed.
If these waves meet other similar
waves, they may reinforce each other.
The cross streams make it difficult to adjust the correct basis weight
profile. The cross streams also influence the fibre orientation in the sheet.
The conclusion is that it is impossible to change the basis weight within an
area without influencing the fibre orientation.
Fig. 52. Illustration. A straight slice.
(13-052.tif)
Fig. 53. Illustration. A local
adjustment of the regulating lip
causes cross streams on a Four-
drinier wire: wave forming.
(13-053.tif)
Fig. 54. Waves overlaying and
reinforcing each other. (13-054.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 20
The top lip can not be adjusted to
increase and decrease the discharge
opening, only. The top lip can be
pushed forwards and backwards, too.
The longer it is moved forwards,
the more steeply the stock jet
will go down.
However, it is not only the
horizontal position of the
top lip that determines the
angle of the jet. The smaller
the discharge opening is,
the more the jet angle will
be influenced at a certain
horizontal adjustment.
Fig. 55. Outflow from a headbox
nozzle. The top lip can be horizon-
tally adjusted. (13-055.tif)
Fig. 56.
(13-056.tif)
Fig. 57.
(13-057.tif)
Figure set. The angle of the stock jet
against the wire. Influence at a
horizontal displacement of the top lip.
Fig. 59.
(13-059.tif)
Fig. 58.
(13-058.tif)
Figure set. Illustration. Influence on the angle of
the stock jet against the wire at a constant
Land a decreasing h.
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-07 21
The angle of the stock jet
determines the location of
the jet landing on the wire
and by which force it will
press against the wire. The
more the angle is increased,
the higher the force will be.
Thus, the discharge opening determines the flow from the headbox. If the
opening is locally changed, the fibre orientation will be influenced, too.
If the discharge opening then is horizontally adjusted, the angle of the
jet landing on wire will be influenced as well. The smaller the discharge
opening is, the more the angle will be changed at a certain horizontal
adjustment of the upper lip.
The discharge opening influences the stock jet in another way, too.
When the discharge opening
decreases, the stock flow will
contract even more, on its way
through the headbox nozzle.
The more the stock flow contracts,
the more the stock velocity will
increase. The flow will accelerate.
When the stock accelerates, it will
be drawn out in the stream
direction. The flow elongates.
Fig. 60.
(13-060.tif)
Fig. 61.
(13-061.tif)
Figure set. Illustration. The yellow arrow
describes the direction of the stock jet.
Increased shorter L
h
and higher F.
Fig. 62. Illustration. The acceleration
of the stock in a headbox nozzle.
(13-062.tif)
L
h1
L
h2
F
1
F
2
2
L
v1
L
v2
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 22
The flow elongation is always in the
machine direction, which makes the
fibres orientate in the same direction.
If there are fibre flocs in the
stock, they are stretched.
As a result of the stretching,
the fibre flocs break down.
When the stock flow elongates, the
turbulence whirls are also extended.
As they do so, the energy in the whirl
decreases. The turbulence declines.
Fig. 63. Illustration. Elongational flow
in a headbox nozzle. At the flow
acceleration the stock stretches out
and the fibres orientate in the flow
direction. (13-063.tif)
Fig. 64.
(13-064.tif)
Fig. 65.
(13-065.tif)
Figure set. Illustration. Fibre flocs are broken
down when the stock elongates in the nozzle.
Fig. 66. Illustration. A turbulence
whirl stretching out in a contracting
headbox nozzle. (13-066.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-08 23
Thus, a small discharge opening is good, if it is desirable to orientate
the fibres in the machine direction, disperse the fibre floc, and reduce
the coarse scale turbulence in the stock.
However, it is not possible to reduce the discharge opening too much
There is a limit for that.
A smaller discharge opening means
that the pressure in the headbox will
increase. Then the velocity of the jet
leaving the discharge opening will
increase.
The velocity of jet has to follow the
wire speed and must not be changed.
Therefore, the signal from the
pressure gauge will reduce the rotary
speed of the fan pump. If the
speed decreases, the amount of
diluting white water decreases and the
concentration in the stock to the
headbox increases.
Fig. 67.
(13-067.tif)
Fig. 68.
(13-068.tif)
A reduced discharge opening
higher P higher V
Fig. 69. If the velocity of the stock jet
becomes too high, the rotary speed of
the fan pump decreases until the
pressure in the headbox is correct.
(13-069.tif)
V
V
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 24
However, an increased stock
concentration means an increased
risk for creation of new fibre
flocs. Consequently, decreasing
the discharge opening is always
connected with an increased risk for
distroying the formation.
If the discharge opening is reduced, the fibre concentration will increase
and the fibres will form flocs more easily. Indeed, the flocs are easier
broken down again, but the most important is always to prevent fibres from
forming flocs, that is to keep the fibre concentration as low as possible.
To find the optimal discharge opening is always a compromise between
the risk of building flocs in the sheet and the need of reducing the coarse-
scale turbulence.
5. Hydraulic headboxes
The development of
headboxes has continued and
today a new type of headbox
is mostly used.
The equalisation chamber is
much smaller and sometimes
there is none. In most cases
the box is completely filled
with stock. These types
are called hydraulic head-
boxes.
Fig. 70.
(13-070.tif)
Fig. 71.
(13-071.tif)
Figure set. Photos. A well dispersed stock
and a floced stock.
Fig. 72. An example of modern
hydraulic headboxes. (13-072.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 25
The hydraulic headbox is
easier to place in small spaces
and therefore it is suitable in
such machines where the
stock is dewatered between
two wires.
In this type of box there is no
air cushion that can reduce
the pressure variations of the
stock.
The space between the flow
distributor and the outflow
nozzle is small and the time
it takes for the stock passing
through a hydraulic headbox
is short.
Fig. 73. The placing of a hydraulic headbox in a
modern twin wire former. (13-073.tif)
Fig. 74. Exploded view. Hydraulic headbox.
(13-074.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 26
The desired turbulence is
achieved when the stock streams
through narrow tubes.
To create the desired fine-scale
turbulence the tube diameter
increases stepwise.
The small chamber levels out the
pressure after the tubes and is
therefore called equalisation
chamber.
Fig. 75. Exploded view of the inside of a
hydraulic headbox. Marking of the first tube
package. (13-075.tif)
hydraulic headbox. The enlargement of the
first step zone in the tube bank. (13-076.tif)
hydraulic headbox. The equalisation
chamber. (13-077.tif)
Equalisation
chamber.
Tube package
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 27
In some hydraulic
headboxes there is no
equalisation chamber.
A small equalisation chamber, or sometimes no such chamber at all,
reduces the possibility of evening out the pressure variations after the
tube bank. Conseqently, the demand for equal pressure in all positions
when the stock leaves the flow spreader is even more important.
After the chamber the flow must
again be directed and the stock
therefore passes through a
secondary tube bank.
The inlet side of the tubes are
round but later they become
increasingly square.
Square tubes can be positioned
closer to each other than round
ones.
Fig. 78. Example of a hydraulic headbox without any
equalisation chamber. (Escher Wyss) (13-078.tif)
Fig. 79. Exploded view of the inner part of a
hydraulic headbox. Secondary tube bank.
(13-079.tif)
hydraulic headbox. Enlarged picture of the
finishing tube bank. (13-080.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-14 28
When the stock streams out from the
square holes, the jets come closer to each
other and the cross flows become smaller.
In a hydraulic headbox the stock streams
rapidly through the tubes. The turbulence
becomes high and the narrow flow
channels limit the whirl sizes. The
turbulence becomes fine-scale.
Developing the right turbulence is very
important. The contraction in the nozzle
of a hydraulic headbox is much less
pronounced than in the older air cushion
box and therefore the stretch forces
breaking down the fibre flocs become
weaker.
The low contraction in the nozzle of the hydraulic headbox makes the
stretching forces, being able to break down the fibre flocs, weak.
Consequently, the turbulence in the initial tubes must be so strong
that the flocs are broken down, and the stock is well dispersed before
entering the out flow nozzle.
Fig. 81. Illustration. Outflow
from tube bank with finishing
square flow channels. (13-081.tif)
Fig. 82. Illustration. Fine-scale
turbulence. (13-082.tif)
Fig. 83. Exploded view. The out-
flow nozzle in a hydraulic head-
box. (13-083.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 29
A way to prevent the fine-
scale turbulence from
getting weaker is to install
thin partition walls in the
outflow nozzle. The small
contracting flow channels
create turbulence and limit
the size of the formed
turbulence whirls.
However, the turbulence must not be too strong. If it is too strong it
breaks up the stock jet and the paper easily becomes grainy. If the
dewatering is done on a twin wire machine it may be difficult to
orientate the fibres enough in the machine direction.
6. Hydraulic headboxes with air cushion
Working without air cushion is possible if the dewatering is done
between two wires. On a single wire the absence of the cushion created
a problem. The air cushion came back.
One way of getting back the
pulsation moderating effect was to
place an airfilled vessel on top of
the headbox.
Fig. 84. The outflow nozzle with thin partition
walls. (13-084.tif)
Fig. 85. Exploded view. A hydraulic headbox
with a pulsation moderating pressure vessel.
(13-085.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 30
Another way is to place a tank
before the headbox.
The aim of the perforated plate in
the tank is to eliminate the coarse-
scale turbulence.
The hole diameter increases step
by step to increase the fine-scale
turbulence.
Fig. 86. Photo. Pressure levelling out tank
before the flow spreader. (13-086.tif)
Fig. 87. Exploded view. Pressure tank
with a perforated plate. (13-087.tif)
Fig. 88. Exploded view. Perforated plate
in a pressure tank. (13-088.tif)
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-11-14 31
7. Hydraulic headboxes with local stock dilution
Adjusting the basis weight profile with the help of the slice was not an
easy operation. Even if the profile finally was correct, the problem with
the fibre orientation was still there. In the last developed headboxes
there is no possibility to adjust the slice, but in return a totally new
procedure is used.
A straight lip means that the stock
flow can not be locally changed.
Instead of changing the stock flow
the stock concentration is changed in
a certain position across the
machine.
The local stock concentration is
changed by dilution with different
quantities of white water in the tubes
from the flow spreader.
The flow out of the tubes has to
remain constant in all positions.
Fig. 89. Example of a headbox with a
straight lip. (13-089.tif)
Fig. 90. Photo. Dilution equipment for
a local adjustment of the stock
concentration. (13-090.tif)
A = incoming stock flow
B = white water flow
C = outgoing stock flow
C= A+B = constant
Fig. 91. Exploded view. Dilution
arrangement for local adjutsment of the
stock concentration. (13-091.tif)
A
B
C
13-2.doc -KEP 2001-09-12 32
The stock is now distributed over the dewatering wire or wires. Now it is
necessary to keep that distribution until the stock is dewatered and all
the fibres are fixed in the created network.

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