Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners

1
1. Nouns

1A. Nouns: count and non-count
Un noun denota una persona, cosa, lugar o idea:
Seventy men bought the newspaper. (contable)
Mary showed great courage.(incontable)

Los nombres pueden ser contables (delante de ellos se puede colocar un numeral y
pueden ser singular o plural): one car, two girls, three houses o incontables (no
pueden ir en plural y no pueden llevar numerales delante:

a. Nombres de ciencias y actividades humanas:
Linguistics
Physics
Mathematics
Politics
Athletics
Tennis
Basketball
Billiards
Hunting
Cycling
Shooting
Football

b. Nombres de solidos, lquidos y gases:
Wood
Sugar
Bread
Cheese
meat
wheat
sand
ink
pork
glass
dust
silver
mud
food
toast
paper
soap
fish
corn
iron
beef
wool
cotton
wine
gold
aluminium

c. Nombres abstractos:
Speed
Strength
Progress
Support
Anger
Heat
Cold
Friendship
Justice
Freedom
beauty
courage
fun
leisure
knowledge
honesty
luck
happiness
business
weather

d. Otros:
Furniture
money
advice
luggage
game (caza)
news
homework




Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
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Determiners:
Incontables Contables Contables/Incontables
A great deal of
A little
Much
Very much
How much?
Many
Very many
A great many
A few
Several
How many?
A lot of
Plenty of
such
What
All

Incontables y contables con significado aproximado:
Bread /a loaf
Clothing/a garment
laughter/a laugh
Luggage/a suitcase
Money/ a coin, a currency
Pay/ a payment
Play/ a game
food/ a meal
Work/ a job, a task
Cooking/ a kitchen
Training/ a training course

Partitivos con incontables:
a) Generales
A piece; an item; a bit
b) Especficos
A slice of (meat/ham/bread/cheese/cake/onion): rebanada, loncha, pedazo, lmina
A sheet of (paper/leather/steel/plastic): hoja, lmina, plancha
A strip of (tape/wood/plastic/chrome/aluminium/lace): tira, listn, faja
A bar of (chocolate/soap/iron/copper/steel): barra (corta y gruesa), pastilla
A scrap of (paper/wood/plastic/stone/rubber/leather/cheese):pedazo, trozo,
fragmento (irregular), retal
A lump of (sugar/cheese/iron/coal/concrete): terrn, trozo, pedazo (irregular pero ms
grande que scrap)
A strand of (hair/wool/cotton/nylon): madeja, hebra, cabo, cordn
A pile of/a heap of (hay/paper/sand/earth/wool/wood/rubbish): montn, pila
A wad of (cotton-wool/paper/notes): algodn en rama, rollo de papel, fajo de billetes
(slidos blandos que se pueden comprimir)
A speck of dust: mota de polvo
A stick of (chewing-gum/cinnamon): un chicle, canela en rama
A head of (cattle/deer/sheep/lettuce/cauliflower/cabbage): cabeza de ganado (res) o
de verduras
A tuft of (grass/greenery/hair): plantas, hierbas, matojos, manojo, mechn
A sprig of (parsley/mace/thyme/lavender): ramas arrancadas
A drop of (water/petrol/oil): gota o poca cantidad
A squirt of (oil/vinegar/milk): un chorrito de
A jet of (water/oil/fuel/acid/steam/gas/smoke): chorro, surtidor, cao
A stream of (water/milk/bad language/nonsense): chorro (mucho caudal y poca
presin); emisin verbal rpida y ofensiva, sarta
A cloud of (smoke/steam/insecticide/dust/sand): nube de gas, polvo, etc.
A burst of (laughter/artillery fire/applause/cheering): estallido o explosin de ruidos
repetidos y prolongados.
A clap of thunder: un trueno
A bolt of lightning: un rayo
A flash of (light/electricity/lightning/brilliance): relmpago, llamarada o destello

c) Medidas
A pound of, a litre of, a yard of, a pint of, a gallon of, a foot of, a cubic yard of, a
kilo of

Colectivos:
An army (of soldiers)
A navy (of sailors)
The tribe is/are
The family is/are
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
3
A herd (of cattle)
A flock (of birds)
A crew (of sailors)
A gang (of thieves, bandits)
The committee is/are
The audience is/are
The government is/are
The team is/are
The administration is/are
The staff is/are
The class is/are

Hay algunos nombres que pueden ser contables e incontables:
Iron (c.): plancha
Iron (i.): hierro

Pot (c.): cacharros de porcelana
Pot (i.): porcelana o arcilla cocida

Glass (c.): vaso
Glass (i.): vidrio
tin (c.): lata
tin (i.): estao, hojalata

work (c.): obras
work (i.): trabajo

rubber (c.):goma de borrar
rubber (i.): caucho

hair (c.): pelo/s
hair (i.): pelo, cabellera
wood (c.): bosque
wood (i.): madera

time (c.): vez
time (i.): hora/tiempo

ice (c.): helado
ice (i.): hielo

paper (c.): peridico
paper (i.): papel

EXCEPCIONES DE NOUNS EN PLURAL (adj.) modificando a OTROS NOUNS
Incluye a sustantivos que no tienen forma de singular (clothes), sustantivos que no se
usan en singular con el mismo significado (customs) y algunos que son ms usados
frecuentemente en el plural que en el singular (savings). En algunos casos e.g. sport(s),
drug(s) el uso est dividido y se encuentran ambas formas. As, el uso del plural es
cada vez ms comn en ingls Britnico .

a clothes shop a savings account
a glasses case the accounts department
a customs officer the sales department
arms control an antique(s) dealer (but an antique shop)

the outpatients department (of a hospital)
a greetings card (US greeting card)
the drug(s) problem (US drug problem)
the arrivals hall (US arrival hall)
a drinks cabinet (US drink cabinet)
a goods train (British English)
a sports car sport(s) shoes


Singular nouns ending in -ics as modifiers
athletics training an economics degree

Men/Women to modify plural nouns when they have a subject
meaning;man and woman to express an object meaning.
Men drivers (=men who drive)
women pilots (=women who fly planes)
man-eaters (=lions or tigers that eat people)
woman-haters (=people who hate women)

List of some count nouns:

accident
account
actor
address
boy
beach
brother
bus
dress
driver
ear
edge
Heart
Hill
Horse
Hospital
mistake
model
month
motor
shop
sister
smile
son
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
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adult
animal
answer
apartment
article
artist
baby
bag
ball
bank
battle
beach
bell
bill
bird
boat
book
bottle
box
country
crowd
cup
daughter
day
bush
camp
captain
car
card
case
castle
cat
chair
chapter
chest
child
cigarette
city
class
club
coat
college
computer
corner
desk
doctor
dog
door
dream
effect
egg
election
engine
eye
face
factory
farm
father
field
film
finger
foot
friend
game
garden
gate
girl
group
gun
hall
hand
handle
hat
head
Hotel
Hour
House
Husband
Idea
Island
Issue
Job
Journey
Judge
Key
King
Kitchen
Lady
Lake
Library
Line
List
Machine
Magazine
Man
Meal
Meeting
Member
Message
Method
Minute
mouth
nation
neck
newspaper
office
page
park
party
path
pciture
plan
plane
plant
problem
product
programme
project
ring
river
road
room
scheme
school
ship
shirt
spot
star
station
stream
street
student
table
task
teacher
tent
thought
tour
town
valley
village
walk
wall
week
window
woman
year

Count nouns with the same form for singular and plural:

bison
deer
greenfly
grouse
moose
reindeer
sheep

cod
fish
goldfish
halibut
mullet
salmon
shellfish
trout
Whitebait

Aircraft
Hovercraft
Spacecraft

Crossroads
Dice
fruit
gallows
grapefruit
insignia
mews
offspring
series
species

bourgeois
chassis
corps
patois
prcis
rendevouz

List of some uncount nouns:

absence
access
age
agriculture
anger
atmosphere
beauty
behaviour
cancer
capacity
childhood
china
comfort
concern
confidence
courage
death
democracy
evil
existence
experience
failure
faith
fashion
fear
finance
fire
flesh
food
freedom
fun
ground
growth
happiness
health
help
loneliness
love
luck
magic
marriage
mercy
music
nature
paper
patience
peace
philosophy
pleasure
policy
poverty
power
pride
protection
security
silence
sleep
strength
snow
spite
status
stuff
teaching
technology
time
trade
training
transport
travel
trust
truth
violence
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
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depression
design
duty
earth
education
electricity
energy
environment
equipment
history
ice
independence
industry
insurance
intelligence
joy
justice
labour
purity
rain
reality
relief
religion
respect
safety
salt
sand
waste
water
wealth
weather
welfare
wind
work
worth
youth

Uncount nouns in English but countable in other languages:

advice
baggage
furniture
hair
homework
information
knowledge
luggage
machinery
money
news
progress
research
spaghetti
traffic

List of mass nouns:

adhesive
beer
brandy
cake
cheese
claret
cloth
coal
coffee
cognac
coke
cotton
curry
deodorant
detergent
disinfectant
dye
fabric
fertilizer
fuel
fur
gin
glue
ink
insecticide
iron
jam
jelly
juice
lager
liqueur
lotion
meat
medicine
metal
milk
oil
ointment
ore
paint
perfume
pesticide
plastic
poison
preservative
ribbon
salad
sauce
sherry
soap
soil
soup
steel
sugar
tea
vodka
whisky
wine
wood
wool
yarn
yoghurt

Uncount nouns ending in -s (subjects of study, activities, games,and diseases):

acoustics
aerobics
aerodynamics
aeronautics
athletics
classics
economics
electronics
genetics
linguistics
logistics
mathematics
mechanics
obstretics
physics
politics
statistics
thermodynamics

billiards
bowls
cards
darts
draughts
skittles
tiddlywinks

diabetes
measles
mumps
rabies
rickets
shingles

List of plural nouns that are most commonly used with the:

authorities
foundations
fruits
heavens
mains
odds
pictures
races
rains
sights
waters
wilds

List of plural nouns that are commonly used with a possessive determiner:

activities
attentions
feelings
likes
movements
reactions
terms
travels
troubles
wants

List of plural nouns that are most commonly used without a determiner:
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
6

airs
appearances
events
expenses
figures
goods
matters
refreshments
riches
Solids
Talks
Vermin

List of plural nouns that can be used with or without a determiner:

arms
basics
brains
clergy
costs
directions
essentials
greens
grounds
handcuffs
headquarters
interests
looks
means
morals
papers
particulars
people
police
poultry
premises
proceeds
rates
resources
specifics
spirits
supplies
talks
thanks
tracks
troops
values


List of plural nouns that are rarely used alone without a modifier or qualifier:

affairs
clothes
conditions
defences
demands
details
effects
forces
hopes
lines
manners
materials
matters
pressures
proportions
quarters
relations
remains
sands
services
thoughts
wastes
ways
words
works
writings

List of some plural nouns which refer to clothes and other things that people wear:

bermudas
braces
briefs
cords
corduroys
culottes
dungarees
flannels
flares
galoshes
glasses
jeans
johdpurs
knickerbokers
knickers
leggings
overalls
panties
pants
pyjamas
shorts
slacks
specs
spectacles
sunglasses
tights
trousers
trunks
underpants

List of plural nouns which refer to tools and other things that people use:

binoculars
clippers
compasses
dividers
field-glasses
nutcrackers
pincers
pliers
scales
scissors
secateurs
shears
tongs
tweeezers

1B. ARTICLES: A/AN, THE

A / AN
Se usa delante de nombre singulares contables. A + consonante o palabras que
empiecen por sonido consonntico (university, one-eyed man) y An + vocal o h muda
(hour). Se usa delante de un nombre no especfico o cuando aparece por primera vez.
Se puede aadir un adjetivo o un adverbio entre a/an y el nombre: a new hotel/ an
unusually long book.

A tambin se usa con ciertos nmeros y expresiones de cantidad: a hundred/a couple
of/a bit of.

A/An con ciertas expresiones de velocidad, frecuencia o precio (=per): a hundred
kilometers an/per hour/thre times a/per month/six dollars a/per kilo

Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
7
A/An con nombres que indican oficio, sexo, religin, dignidad, condicin,
nacionalidad, afiliacin poltica: a lawyer/girl/woman/rascal/socialist

El plural de A/An puede ser Some o .

THE

Se usa ante nombres especficos en singular y plural y ante nombres ya mencionados
anteriormente: The moon is very bright tonight/ I think the party was wonderful.
Se emplea con nombres propios de: personas (indicamos una familia por su apellido:
The Smiths), ros (The Nile), mares (The Black Sea), montaas (The Alps), islas (The
Canary Islands), desiertos (The Kalahari), algunos pases (The U.S., the Netherlands).

The + adjetivo = expresar una clase de gente o animales: the rich, the Americans, the
German Shepherd.

The + instrumentos musicales .Ojo! no con deportes.

Con palabras como chapel, church, prison, hospital, school, market no se pone el
artculo si se va a ellas con el fin para que se construyeron aunque si vamos de visita o
con otro fin, s que se pone: Students go to school but parents go to the school to meet
their children`s teachers.

Tambien con el superlativo: the best/worst/highest

The + pesos y medidas: Petrol is sold by the litre.

The + groups or classes of people: The young get impatient at school = Young
people

The + unique objects, points of the compass: The sun / moon / earth / world /
north / east / west/east .

The + past/present/future: in future (from now on) in the future (at some future
time)

Se omite the con:

1. Games and sports
2. Subjects of study (physics, chemistry, etc.)
3. Languages (*The English: national group - English people/ I am English)
4. Meals: breakfast, lunch, supper, dinner..
5. Clock times: at eight oclock
6. Gerunds: He likes skiing.
7. Collocations (preposition + noun): common phrases made up of a preposition and
a noun not talking the:
bed (in, go to)
church (at, in = inside )
court (in take to)
dock (in)
harbour (in, sail to)
home (at)
hospital (in, go to)
market (at, go to)
paper (on)
prison (in, go to)
school (at, go to)
sea (at, go to)
university (at, go to)
work (at, go to)
Slo usamos the cuando nos referimos claramente a un colegio concreto, etc: My
mother is in hospital, Im going to the hospital to take Mary some flowers.
*Con medios de transporte: by air(plane), by road (car) pero on foot.


Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
8
1C. THE PLURAL FORM

El plural se suele formar aadiendo s al nombre (cat cats): slo los nombres
contables. Hay una serie de reglas ortogrficas:
1. Si el nombre acaba en s,z,ch,x,sh y o (dependiendo: piano /pianos, cargo /
cargos / cargoes , zoo / zoos) se aade es: bus buses, church churches,
bush bushes, box boxes, tomato tomatoes.
2. Si el nombre singular acaba en vocal o y se aade s: table tables,
key keys aunque si la y va precedida de consonante se transforma la y en i
aadindose es: lady ladies.
3. Unos pocos nombres acaban en f y fe cambindose la f y fe por v y se aade
es : thief thieves, knife knives, wife wives, leaf leaves, loaf loaves,
half halves, wolf wolves, shef shelves, life lives, self selves.
(*roof roofs, belief beliefs, laugh laughs, waif waifs, cliff cliffs,
**hoof hoofs,hooves, scarf scarves, wharf warfs,warves.)
4. Plurales irregulares: man men, woman women, child children, foot feet,
tooth teeth, mouse mice, goose geese, ox oxen, louse lice.
5. Algunos nombres tienen la misma forma en singular que en plural: one
deer two deer, one salmon two salmon, fish para peces, pescado / fishes
para clases de peces.
Nombre con slo una forma plural y que van seguidos de verbo en plural: glasses,
savings, trousers, scissors, binoculars, pyjamas. ( a pair of).
Ciertos nombres que acaban en s parecen plurales pero van con el verbo en
singular: mathematics, gymnastics, politics

1D. POSSESSION
Para expresar la posesin de personas, animales o pases se suele emplear:
Poseedor + apstrofe + morfema s + posedo
Se usa s despus de un nombre que no acabe en s y si acaba en s slo se pone el
apstrofe (aunque hay excepciones:The Stevenss /iz/ o The Stevens): The birds
wing is broken, the girls cat, the girls cat.
Con nombres compuestos se aade s: my brother-in-laws birthday, the Queen of
Englands yacht.
Si dos personas poseen la misma cosa se pone s detrs de la ltima: Mary and
Peters books. Si cada una posee una cosa diferente se pone s a cada una: Marys
and Peters books.
Frases que lo utilizan:
a) expresiones de tiempo: A weeks holiday, twenty minutes break, todays
paper.
b) vehculos: the car`s engine
c) organizaciones: the governments policy / jury / firm / nation /
department / group
d) personificaciones, temas artsticos, literarios y cientficos: Spains
enemies, the plays plot, in freedoms name, the bodys needs, the brains
functions
e) Se puede omitir a veces la cosa poseda si se trata de una casa, tienda o
algo ya nombrado anteriormente: Davids (house), I am going to my
mothers, the butchers, St Pauls (Cathedral).

1E. COMMON NOUN ENDINGS
-ce independence
-cy consistency
-ity facility
-ness happines
-ster youngster
-age breakage
-ance abundance
-al refusal
-cy privacy
-ian librarian
-ist violinist
-ism socialism
-ship friendship
-ster gangster
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
9
-er/ar/or director,liar,player
-ee referee
-ment argument
-ster spinster
-ant inhabitant
-tion exploration
-sion conversion
-hood childhood
-er teenager
-dom freedom
-ery slavery
-ette starlette
-ful mouthful

1F. QUANTIFIERS

SOME, ANY, NO, NONE (OF) CON CONTABLES E INCONTABLES

Some/any se usan para hablar sobre nmeros y cantidades indefinidas: some con
oraciones afirmativas y any con negativas e interrogativas. Pero tambin hay casos
en que some se emplea en frases interrrogativas: Al hacer ofrecimientos y se espera
respuesta afirmativa: Would you like some tea? (ofrecimiento) / Can I have some
more tea? (peticin).
Any se emplea:
a. Cuando queremos expresar cualquiera: Take any magazine you want /
Any person can do it.
b. Despus de if: If there are any calls, take a message (si hay alguna llamada,
coge le mensaje)
Estas mismas reglas se aplican para los compuestos anybody, anyone, anything,
somewhere, anywhere,something, someone, somebody, etc.
Si el verbo va en forma afirmativa se pone no + nombre, nothing, nobody o no-
one. None no va seguido de nombre. None of va seguido de nombre plural o de
pronombre: I do not have any money = I have no money /How much money do you
have?. None / None of the pupils arrived on time.

MUCH/MANY, (A) FEW/ (A) LITTLE, A LOT OF/LOTS OF/PLENTY OF

Much / little / a little se usan con incontables. Little tiene significado negativo
(poco) y a little tiene sentido positivo (un poco).: She does not have much money /
She has little money /I have a little money left. Much se suele emplear con frases
negativas: She has not had much luck lately. Compuestos de much: very much
(muchsimo), so much (tanto), too much (demasiado), how much (cunto), far too
much (con exceso).
Many / few / a few con contables: Few tiene sentido negativo y a few positivo:
She has many friends (muchos) / They have few friends (pocos) / We have a few
books (no muchos pero algunos). Too much y too many expresan ms de lo
necesario: I have spent too much money on it / There are too many books on the
table. Compuestos de many: very many (muchsimos), so many (tantos), (far) too
many (demasiados), how many (cuntos), a good/great many (muchsimos), many
a (muchos) (slo es determinante).
A lot of/lots of/plenty of se pueden usar con incontables y contables en plural:
There is a lot/plenty of/lots of food; There are a lot/plenty of/lots of people
outside.
A great deal (of), a great amount (of) y a great quantity of =mucho-a. Pueden ser
determinantes y pronombres y se usa slo con incontables.
Most es tambin un adverbio y significa sumamente, muy: It is a most difficult
exercise. Most (of) con contables e incontables y pronombres: He drank most of it.
Several es determinante y pronombre y puede ir con of. Significa varios: Several
(of the) passengers panicked.
Several Some A few
Varios Algunos Unos pocos
All se usa poco y en su lugar se prefiere everything: Give me everything/all of it.
All puede ir con contables e incontables y puede ir seguido de of + sust./pron. obj.
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
10
BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER
Both, neither y either se usan para hablar de dos cosas o personas. Both of,
neither of y either of requieren el artculo the o un pronombre: Both hotels/both
of the hotels are very expensive; The two girls arrived. Both of them were very
tired; Neither colour/neither of the colours suits you; You will enjoy either
film/either of the films.
Either or = el uno o el otro. Neither nor = ni el uno ni el otro: I have either
fish or meat for dinner/I drink neither coke nor water for lunch.

EVERY, EACH
Every es un determinante con contables en singular y los verbos y posesivos que le
siguen van en singular: Every person is doing his duty.
Each como pronombre significa cada uno: They (each) took an apple (each).Ms
distribuidor que every. Tom examined everyone (a todos a la vez) /each one (uno a
uno)

1G. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS
Muchos nombres no tienen gnero: teacher, student, friend, doctor, lawyer, artist,
enemy, reader, European, owner, musician, person neighbour, foreigner, cousin,
guest (pueden ser hombre o mujer). Se recurre,entonces, a male/female,
man/woman o boy/girl: a male nurse, a schoolgirl, a woman-doctor. Para
animales se usa he/she: a he-bear. A she-wolf, a tom-cat, a tabby-cat De todas
formas se puede saber por el contexto: A friend is coming tonight; she is a doctor.

Hay nombres que tienen forma masculina y femenina:
Masculino
duke
god
waiter
emperor
baron
prince
lion
tiger
bull
steward
poet
author
heir
Femenino
duchess
goddess
waitress
empress
baroness
princess
lioness
tigress
cow
stewardess
poetress
authoress
heiress
Masculino
man
lord
landlord
monk
bridegroom
son
uncle
nephew
brother
bachelor
husband
widower
dog
cock
peacock
Femenino
woman
lady
landlady
nun
bride
daughter
aunt
niece
sister
spinster
wife
widow
bitch
hen
peahen

No marcada
parent
child
child
monarch
fowl
spouse
horse
sheep
pig
masculino
father
son
boy
king
cock
husband
stallion
ram
boar
femenino
mother
daughter
girl
queen
hen
wife
mare
ewe
sow

1H. COMPOUND NOUNS
Un nombre compuesto est formado por dos o ms nombres: pueden escribirse juntos
en una sola palabra (housewife), separados (bank account) o con guin entre ambas
(pen-name).
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
11
Para formar el plural se aade una s al segundo nombre (excepciones: a sports car, a
customs officer, a games rooms, the drinks table): Which youth hostels did you enjoy
most?

1I. PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Pronombres personales sujeto y objeto
Subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
Object
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO:
El pronombre tiene la funcin de sustituir al nombre evitando su repeticin en el
discurso para dar variedad e impedir la monotona.
I siempre en mayscula.
YOU tambin tiene valor impersonal equivaliendo a one y a everybody (se traduce por
se, uno)
HE para masculino pero tambin se aplica a algunos animales domsticos y en poesa
al referirse a Time, Love, Death, etc. de carcter abstracto y a palabras concretas como
sun, mountain, river, etc. siempre que las personifiquemos.
SHE para femenino y animales domsticos hembras. Tambin se aplica a coches,
barcos, motores, pases, ciudades, the earth, the sea, the Church y al personificar
conceptos como Beauty, Peace, Liberty, Value, etc.
IT para cosas, animales no domsticos ( cuando no se especifica el sexo de estos), para
recin nacidos y como sujeto de muchas expresiones impersonales (Its
cold/raining/late/ early/Sunday/a shame).
WE
THEY
Tambin se puede incluir aqu la palabra there que aparece en posicin de sujeto como
es el caso de there to be (haber) o (there to exist/live/dwell/lie/stand)

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES OBJETO:
Se emplean en cualquier posicin de la oracin distinta a la de sujeto (complemento
directo, complemento indirecto o regido por una preposicin): They have invited me to
the party (OD), Id like to tell you the truth (OI), I am tired of it (con prep.)
Ojo! He is a better swimmer than I am/me

PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS

Possessive
adjective
My
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
Possessive
pronoun
mine
yours
his
hers
- *
ours
yours
theirs
*Apenas se usa el pronombre posesivo de 3 persona singular (its): A bull may often
use its horns but a cow almost never uses its y se prefiere ,en cambio: but a cow
almost never does/but cows almost never use theirs.
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
12
Los pronombre posesivos van en lugar del nombre indicando posesin (I have a car.It
is mine=car) y los adjetivos posesivos acompaan al nombre indicando pertenencia (I
have a car. It is my car).
Frases como Una amiga ma se traducen de dos maneras: A friend of mine / One of my
friends y mi amiga: my friend.
Los adjetivos posesivos se emplean con prendas de vestir y partes del cuerpo: He
put his hat on /She broke her leg. Tambin se usan con gerundio: I like his swimming
(la forma en que nada) con el sentido de la forma en que, el modo en que, el hecho
de que, etc.

PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS

myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Tiene tres usos:
a) Como objeto de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto es la misma persona:
He cut himself last month.
b) Despus de preposicin, cuando el sujeto de un verbo y el objeto de la
preposicin es la misma persona: It is unbelievable! She was talking to
herself. Pero si el reflexivo va precedido de by se traduce por slo, sin
ayuda: I like to do it by myself.
c) Para dar nfasis a un pronombre: The king himself called me up/ He wrote it
himself El reflexivo se puede colocar despus del nombre, del pronombre
o al final de la frase.
Estos pronombres son principalmente enfticos.
En castellano muchos reflexivos se traducen al ingls por expresiones formadas con
get: get tired/married/bored/fed up with/lost/divorced/excited/wet/drunk, etc.
Expresiones de uso diario con los pronombres reflexivos:
Help yourself
Suit yourself
Make yourself at home
Get a grip on yourself
He was beside himself
He was beside himself with laughter
Srvete. Coge lo que quieras
Lo que te venga bien
Ests en tu casa
Contrlate
Se sinti fuera de s
Se parta de risa

LOS PRONOMBRES RECPROCOS
Reciprocidad entre dos: each other y para ms de dos: one another.: They love/hate
each other /They fought against one another.

PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS
Who, whom, whose, which y what (who, whom y whose slo para personas):
Who saw you?
Who(m) did you see?
What happened?
What book did you read?
How much fell?
How many came?
Whose book is this?
What is she/the weather like?
How is she/the film/the steak?
Which one is yours?
With whom did he come?
Se pregunta por el sujeto
Se pregunta por el OD o el OI
Se pregunta por el sujeto
Se pregunta por el objeto



Cmo es.?
Cmo est?
(Seleccin de entre un grupo)
Who did he come with?


PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS
Nouns and pronouns; articles and determiners
13
This (este,-a,-o)
That (ese,-a,-o, aquel,-lla,llo)
These (estos, -as)
Those (esos, -as, aquellos, -as)

This (lo prximo) y That (lo alejado) y para una posicin ms alejada
(That/thoseover there).
This y that son determinantes y sus pronombre correspondientes son: this one y that
one. Tambin pueden ser pronombres neutros para frmulas de presentacin de
personas, anomales y cosas: Who is that? That`s Mrs Smith/This is Spain calling
Europe.
These y those son pronombres y determinantes.
Para frases como La de mi hermano (my brother`s o That of my brother) Los de
Picasso (Picassos o Those by Picasso)

PRONOMBRES RELATIVOS
Se refieren a un antecedente anterior.
Whoever quien/Sea quien sea Whoever comes, let me know.
Whatever Lo que I never believe whatever he says
Whichever El que Catch whichever one comes first
Estos mencionados son relativos independientes. (funcin de nexo concesivo).
Los relativos principales son: he/those who/the one/ones who (para
personas)/ Those.. whichthe one/ones which (animales y cosas). Si el antecedente es
una oracin se usa which. (Tambin whom/that/when/where/why)

PRONOMBRES INDEFINIDOS
somebody (alguien)

someone (alguien)
something (algo)
somewhere(adv.) (En alguna parte)

nobody (nadie)

no-one (nadie)

nothing (nada)

nowhere (adv.) (en ninguna parte)
anybody (alguien) (?) /nadie con negacin (Con frases
+ no importa cual
anyone (alguien) (?) /nadie con negacin
anything (algo) (?) /nada con negacin
anywhere (adv) (?) (en cualquier parte)

everybody (todos, todo el mundo) (=People) pero
verbo en singular
everyone (todos, todo el mundo) (=People) pero verbo
en singular
everything (todo, todas las cosas) (=All) pero verbo
en singular
everywhere (en todas partes)

1. Everyone y everybody son sinnimos pero el primero es ms distributivo que el
segundo: Everyone of you y no, everybody of you, que es incorrecto.
2. Everybody/one, somebody/one, anybody/one van seguidos de them y their al
referirse a personas o se desconoce el sexo.
3. Everybody/one tienen valor impersonal equivalente a one, you.
4. Los compuestos de some, any, no y every van seguidos de un adjetivo y de
infinitivo con to: Tell us something interesting/ Give me something to eat.