Chapter - 5 Transmission Line Models and Performance Transmission Line Classification

ECE 4300 Electrical Energy Systems
Oct 2014/ Athula Rajapakse

1
Chapter 5
Transmission Line Models and Performance
Transmission Line Classification
Short lines l <80 km (50 miles)
Medium lines 80km <l <250 km (150 miles)
Long lines l >250 km
Three-phase transmission lines are usually represented by single phase equivalent circuits.

Performance indicators
Voltage regulation
- Percentage change in receiving end voltage in going from no-load to full load
100
| |
| | | |
(%)
) (
) ( ) (
=
fl R
fl R nl R
V
V V
VR
Transmission Efficiency
- Indicates real power losses in the transmission line
100
) 3 (
) 3 (
=
|
|
q
S
R
tx
P
P

5.1 Short Line Model
If the line length (l) is less than 80 km and the line-line voltage (V
L
) is less than or equal 69 kV
Capacitance effect can be neglected.
Series resistance and the inductance can be represented by using lumped parameters

jX R l L j r Z + = + = ) ( e

+

V
R

+

V
S

S
R

Z=R+jX
S
S

I
R
I
S

+
V
R

-
+
V
S

-
I
R
I
S

S
e
n
d
i
n
g

e
n
d

R
e
c
e
i
v
i
n
g

e
n
d

S
R

S
S

Tx-Line
model
2

Two-port representation

A, B, C and D are constants such that
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
R
R
S
S
I
V
D C
B A
I
V

For a sort line,
1 = A Z B = 0 = C 1 = D
Since the model is symmetrical A=D
For linear, bilateral, passive networks the determinant of the transmission matrix is unity
1 = BC AD
Performance of short lines
Voltage regulation
V
R(nl)
=V
S

100
| |
| | | |
(%)
) (
) (
=
fl R
fl R S
V
V V
VR
- VR is dependent on the receiving end power factor
Poor VR at low lagging pf
Negative VR with leading pf

Lagging pf

Leading pf
+

V
R

+

V
S

S
R

A B

C D
S
S

I
R
I
S

u
R

I
R

V
R

RI
R

XI
R

V
S

o
u
R

I
R

V
R

RI
R

XI
R

V
S

o
3
5.2 Medium Line Model
When the line length (l) is greater than 80 km line charging currents are significant:
Shunt capacitance cannot be neglected.
However, if the length (l) is shorter than 250 km, the distributed shunt capacitance may
be lumped at the two ends of the line.
A medium line is represented using Nominal t model

jX R l L j r Z + = + = ) ( e
jB G l C j g Y + = + = ) ( e (normally g =0)

R R s
ZI V
ZY
V + |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
1

R R S
I
ZY
V
ZY
Y I |
.
|
\
|
+ + |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
1
4
1
Two-port model

2
1
ZY
A + = Z B =
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
4
1
ZY
Y C
2
1
ZY
D + =
ABCD parameters are complex
Since the model is symmetrical A=D
For linear, bilateral, passive networks the determinant of the transmission matrix is unity
1 = BC AD
Receiving end conditions

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

S
S
R
R
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
1

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
S
S
R
R
I
V
A C
B D
I
V

Voltage regulation
100
| |
| |
(%)
) (
) ( | |
| |
=
fl R
fl R A
V
V
V
VR
S
+

V
R

+

V
S

S
R
Z=R+jX
S
S

I
R
I
S

Y Y
4
5.3 Long Line Model
For lines longer than 250 km:
Shunt capacitance and conductance cannot be neglected.
Parameters cannot be lumped.

x L j r x z A + = A ) ( e
x C j g x y A + = A ) ( e
It can be shown that
) (
) (
x zI
dx
x dV
=
) (
) (
x yV
dx
x dI
=
0 ) (
) (
2
2
= x V
dx
x V d

where | o e e j C j g L j r y z + = + + = = ) )( ( : Propagation constant
Solution of the differential equation will be of the from

x x
e A e A x V

+ =
2 1
) (
Then the current
) ( ) (
1
) (
2 1
x x
e A e A
z
x V
dx
d
z
x I

= =
) (
1
) (
2 1
x x
c
e A e A
z
x I

=
where
y
z
z
c
= : Characteristic impedance
Using the receiving end conditions, constants A
1
and A
2
can be found. This gives
+

V
R

+

V
S

S
R
zAx
S
S

I
R

I
S

yAx
.
.
.
.
I(x+Ax) I(x)
+

V(x+Ax)

+
V(x)
x
x+Ax
l
5

x R c R x R c R
e
I z V
e
I z V
x V

|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
| +
=
2 2
) (

x R c R
c
x R c R
c
e
I z V
z
e
I z V
z
x I

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| +
=
2
1
2
1
) (
Rearranging the equations we can obtain

R c R
I x z V x x V ) sinh( ) cosh( ) ( + =

R R
c
I x V x
z
x I ) cosh( ) sinh(
1
) ( + =
Sending end conditions (x = l)

R c R S
I l z V l V ) sinh( ) cosh( + =

R R
c
S
I l V l
z
I ) cosh( ) sinh(
1
+ =
ABCD parameters
) cosh( l A = ) sinh( l z B
c
=
) sinh(
1
l
z
C
c
= ) cosh( l D =
Equivalent t model for long lines

It can be shown that

l
l
Z Z
) sinh(
= '
( )
( )
2
2
tanh
2 2
l
l
Y Y
=
'

5.3.1 Voltage and Current Waves
Rms phasor value of the voltage at any given point
x j x x x
e e A e e A x V
| o | o
+ =
2 1
) (
Instantaneous value of the voltage at any given point
} Re{ 2 } Re{ 2 ) , (
2 1
t j x j x t j x j x
e e e A e e e A x t v
e | o e | o
+ =
) cos( 2 ) cos( 2 ) , (
2 1
x t e A x t e A x t v
x x
| e | e
o o
+ + =

+

V
R

+

V
S

S
R
Z
S
S

I
R
I
S

Y
Y
6
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 1
x t v x t v x t v + =
v
1
and v
2
are two waves traveling in opposite directions
To observe a fixed point on the sine wave, say the peak
) ( 2 K x t t | e =
|
t
|
e ) ( 2 K
t x =
The speed at which the wave travel (rate at which the observing point move)
|
t
|
e f
dt
dx
v
2
= = = velocity of propagation
Wavelength : Distance x on the wave which results in a phase shift of 2t
|
t
2
=
5.4 Lossless Lines
When line losses are neglected g=0 and r=0.
LC j j C j L j e | e e = = + + = ) 0 )( 0 ( : imaginary

C
L
C j
L j
z
c
=
+
+
=
e
e
0
0
: real
LC
v
1
=
LC f
1
=
Under loss less conditions, characteristic impedance is purely resistive and is commonly
known as Surge Impedance.
Consider the hyperbolic terms
) cos( ) cosh( ) cosh( x x j x | | = =
) sin( ) sinh( ) sinh( x j x j x | | = =
Line equations

R c R
I x jz V x x V ) sin( ) cos( ) ( | | + =

R R
c
I x V x
z
j x I ) cos( ) sin(
1
) ( | | + =
At sending end

R c R S
I l jz V l V ) sin( ) cos( | | + =

R R
c
S
I l V l
z
j I ) cos( ) sin(
1
| | + =
7
5.5 Surge Impedance Loading of a Lossless Line

Receiving end current:
c
R
R
z
V
I =
For a lossless line characteristic impedance,
C
L
z
c
= (pure resistance)
The 3-phase load corresponding to surge impedance at rated voltage is called Surge Impedance
Loading (SIL):

c
R
c
R R
R R
z
V
z
V V
I V SIL
2
*
*
*
| |
3 3 3 = = =

c
L L R
z
V
SIL
2
) (
| |

= W

( )
c
rated L L
z
kV
SIL
2
) (
= MW
Voltage distribution along the line under surge impedance loading:

c
R
c R
z
V
x jz V x x V ) sin( ) cos( ) ( | | + =
| |
R
V x j x x V ) sin( ) cos( ) ( | | + =
x V x V
R
| Z = ) (
Voltage magnitude does not depend on x and is equal to the receiving end voltage
magnitude.
Current along the line:

R R c
c
I x I z x
z
j x I ) cos( ) sin(
1
) ( | | + =
| | x I I x j x x I
R R
| | | Z = + = ) sin( ) cos( ) (
Since z
c
is purely resistive Q
R
=0 and Q
S
=0
o Reactive power loss in the line inductance is supplied by the line capacitance:

2 2
| | | |
R R
V C I L e e =
+

V
R

+

V
S

z
c
=characteristic
impedance
I
R
I
S

8
| |
| |
| |
c
R
R
z
C
L
I
V
= =
Typical SIL values
o 230 kV line ~ 150 MW
o 765 kV line ~ 2000 MW

Generally the transmission line full load is much higher than SIL.
Load =SIL:
R S
V V =
o no net reactive power consumption in the line.
Load >>SIL:
R S
V V >
o higher inductive reactive power loss in the line, shunt capacitors are needed to
minimize the voltage drop.
Load <<SIL:
S R
V V >
o reactive power supplied by line capacitance is higher than the reactive power
consumed by loss in the line, shunt inductors may be needed to keep |V
R
| at an
acceptable level.

5.6 Complex power flow

Since we have generators connected to busbars 1 and 2, the voltages at the two busbars can be
independently supported. Assume both V
R
and V
S
are known.
Take:
S S S
V V u Z =
R R R
V V u Z =
Also take:
A
A A u Z = ,
B
B B u Z = ,
c
C C u Z = ,
A D
A D D u u Z = Z =
Unlike the case when line is terminated by a load, now the receiving end current is determined
by the relative voltage between the sending and receiving end, and the line parameters.
G
G
V
R

Tx-line
S
R

S
S

V
S

+
V
R
-
+
V
S
-
S
R
A B

C D
S
S

I
R
I
S
9
If we take V
R
as the reference, u
R
=0, and u
S
=o :

B A
R
B
S
R
B
V A
B
V
I u u u o Z Z =
Three-phase complex power at the receiving end:
( ) ( )
A B
R
B
S R
R R R
B
V A
B
V V
I V S u u o u
|
Z Z = =
2
*
) 3 (
3 3 3
In terms of line voltages
( ) ( )
A B
L R
B
L S L R
R
B
A V
B
V V
S u u o u
|
Z Z =
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) 3 (

Three-phase real and reactive power at the receiving end:
( ) ( )
A B
L R
B
L S L R
R
B
A V
B
V V
P u u o u
|
= cos cos
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) 3 (

( ) ( )
A B
L R
B
L S L R
R
B
A V
B
V V
Q u u o u
|
= sin sin
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) 3 (

Sending end current
( )
B
R
B A
S
S
B
V
B
A V
I u u u o Z + Z =
Three-phase complex power at the sending end:
( ) ( ) o u u u
|
+ Z Z = =
B
R S
A B
S
S S S
B
V V
B
A V
I V S 3 3 3
2
*
) 3 (

( ) ( ) o u u u
|
+ Z Z =
B
L R L S
A B
L S
S
B
V V
B
A V
S
) ( ) (
2
) (
) 3 (

Three-phase real and reactive power at the sending end:
( ) ( ) o u u u
|
+ =
B
L R L S
A B
L S
S
B
V V
B
A V
P cos cos
) ( ) (
2
) (
) 3 (

( ) ( ) o u u u
|
+ =
B
L R L S
A B
L S
S
B
V V
B
A V
Q sin sin
) ( ) (
2
) (
) 3 (

10
5.7 Power transfer capability
Power handling capability of a line is limited by two factors
Thermal limit
Stability limit
5.7.1 Thermal limit
Thermal limit is normally specified by the conductor manufacturer and denoted by
I
thermal

thermal rated L thermal
I V S
) (
3 | | =

5.7.2 Stability limit
Consider a lossless line
) cos( l A | = ; = 0
A
u
X j l jz B
c
' = = ) sin(| ; = 90
B
u
( ) o
|
sin
) ( ) (
) 3 (
X
V V
P
L S L R
R
'
=
Theoretical maximum power transfer occurs when = 90 o .
However, practical operating load angle for a transmission line < 45 30 o
- Angle o will be close to 90
o
when add the generator and transformer impedances.
- Adequate margin of safety must be allowed for synchronous generators to be able to
withstand sudden changes in load, generation and faults.
In terms of SIL:
( ) o
|
|
sin
) sin(
) ( ) (
) 3 (
SIL
l
V V
P
pu S pu R
R
=

Real
power
loss
High
conductor
temperature
Increased
conductor
length
Increased
conductor
sag
Violation of safe ground clearance
Irreversible stretching of conductors
11

- For short and medium lines, thermal limit dictates the power transmission capability
- For long lines, the practical stability limit dictates the power transmission capability

5.8 Line compensation

5.8.1 Shunt reactors
Shunt reactors are used to control high voltages at the receiving end under light load or
no load conditions.
Compensate for line capacitance.

Lsh
R
R
jX
V
I =
For lossless line

R
Lsh
c
S
V l
X
z
l V
(
+ = ) sin( ) cos( | |
l(km)
Practical
stability limit
P
R(3|)
Thermal
limit
Theoretical
stability limit
400
800 1200
x
Heavy
load
V
SIL
Light
load
l
V
rated

+

V
R

-
+

V
S

-
Z
I
R

I
S

Y
Y
jXLsh
12
No real power transfer since V
S
and V
R
are in-phase.

( )
c
V
V
Lsh
z
l
x
X
R
S
=
) cos(
) sin(
|
|

For V
S
=V
R
, required reactance

c Lsh
z
l
x
X
=
) cos( 1
) sin(
|
|

This reactance will lead to
R S
I I =

5.8.2 Shunt capacitors
Shunt capacitors are used to jack up the voltage drop due to heavy inductive loads.
Reactive power supplied from the Tx line at a given V
S
and the required value of |V
R
|:
( ) ( )
A B
L R
B
L R L S
R
B
A V
B
V V
Q u u o u
|
= sin sin
2
) ( ) ( ) (
) 3 (

Note that the angle o in the above equation is determined by the real power flow:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

) ( ) (
) 3 (
) (
) (
1
| |
cos cos
L R L S
R
A B
L S
L R
B
V V
B P
V
A V
|
u u u o
The reactive power required from the capacitor can be found considering the reactive power
balance at the receiving end: Q
R
=Q
Csh
+Q
Load

x
V
|V
R
| =V
rated

l
|V
S
| =V
rated

+

V
R

+

V
S

Load

A B

C D
Q
R
I
R
I
S

-jX
Csh
Q
Csh
Q
Load

13

5.8.3 Series capacitors
Series capacitors are connected in series with the line, usually at the mid point.
Series capacitance results in
- Improved transient and steady state stability
- More economic loading
- Reduced voltage dip in load buses.


( )
( ) o
|
sin
) ( ) (
) 3 (
Csr
L S L R
R
X X
V V
P
'
=
Receiving end real power can be increased by increasing X
Csr
.
Percentage compensation:
100 (%)
'
=
X
X
pc
Csr
(normally 25-70%)
Problems with series capacitors are:
- Protection of capacitors during faults
- Establishment of series resonance circuit which gives rise to sub-synchronous
resonance (SSR).

+

V
R

+

V
S

Z I
R
I
S

Y
Y
jXCsr
Z
14
Examples:
1) A 50 Hz transmission line 300 km long has a total series impedance of 40+j125 O and a total
shunt admittance of j0.001 S. The receiving end load is 50 MW at 220 kV with 0.8 lagging
power factor. Find the sending end voltage, current and power factor using
i. short line approximation
ii. nominal t equivalent circuit (medium line model)
iii. exact transmission line equation (long line model)

2) A three-phase power of 700 MW is to be transmitted to a substation located 315 km from the
source of power. For a preliminary line design assume the following:
V
S
=1.0 pu , V
R
=0.9 pu
Zc = 320 O, = 5000 km
oc = 36.87
o

i. Based on the practical line loadability, determine the nominal voltage level for the
transmission line.
ii. For the transmission voltage level obtained in (i) calculate the theoretical maximum
power that can be transferred by the transmission line.

3) A 220 kV, 60 Hz, three-phase transmission line has the following ABCD parameters:
A = D =0.9951+j0.000544
B =4+j36 O
C =j0.0002713 S
i. Find the sending end voltage, current and voltage regulation when the load is 200
MVA, 0.8 pf lagging.
ii. If the sending end voltage is 220 kV, determine the shunt capacitors need to be
installed at the receiving end to raise the voltage at the receiving end to 220 kV, when
the above line is delivering a load of 200 MVA, 0.8 pf lagging.

Chapter - 5 Transmission Line Models and Performance Transmission Line Classification

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ECE 4300 Electrical Energy Systems

Oct 2014/ Athula Rajapakse

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