Technical note

The eects of distributed masses on acoustic

radiation behavior of plates
Sheng Li
*
, Xianhui Li
Department of Naval Architecture, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Peoples Republic of China
Received 26 April 2006; received in revised form 13 September 2006; accepted 2 November 2006
Available online 17 January 2007
Abstract
The acoustic radiation behavior of a plate with a distributed mass loading is studied. A set of in vacuo normal modes or uid-loaded
undamped normal modes are used for modal analysis of the acoustic radiation from a plate in air or in water. Modal radiation eciency,
modal volume displacement, modal input energy and sound power level are computed to show the eects of size and location of the mass
loading on the acoustic radiation of the plate. It is observed that the acoustic radiation behavior of a mode in both cases will have rel-
atively larger changes if the mass loading is placed on an antinode of the mode shape or the mass loading is more concentrated. The
acoustic radiation behavior of a mode and the radiated power of the plate in water have less change than those in air with the same mass
loading due to the added mass of the water, especially for the rst few modes.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Distributed mass; Acoustic radiation; Fluid-loaded modes; Modal analysis; Sound power level
1. Introduction
Vibration and acoustic radiation problem of plates with
a distributed mass loading is very common in engineering
applications. Refs. [1,2] show that a mass loading can sig-
nicantly aect the natural frequencies and mode shapes
of in vacuo modes of a plate. Ref. [3] uses point masses
to change a mode shape of a plate into a weak radiator
in air and illustrates a design strategy to minimize the
sound power output from a structure based on material tai-
loring. While there are many researches focusing on the
case in air, few works deal with the case in water. In this
paper, a set of in vacuo normal modes or uid-loaded
undamped normal modes are used for modal analysis of
the acoustic radiation from a baed plate surrounded by
air or water. The eects of size and location of the mass
loading on the acoustic radiation behavior of the plate
are investigated.
2. Theory
2.1. Quadratic form of acoustic power
Consider a vibrating structure with time harmonic
dependency for the structural and acoustic quantities.
The total acoustic power radiated by the structure is found
by taking the real part of an integral in terms of surface
quantities
W
1
2
Z
S
Repv

n
dS; 1
where p is the acoustic pressure and v
n
is the normal veloc-
ity on the surface S of the structure,
*
denotes the complex
conjugate. For a plate with a planar surface extends over
an innite half-space, discretisizing the plate surface into
elements and interpolating the structural normal velocity
and surface pressure over each element allow the Rayleigh
integral on the plate surface to be written in terms of the
nodal normal velocity {v
n
} and surface pressure {p} as
fpg Zfv
n
g; 2
0003-682X/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.11.004
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: shengli@dlut.edu.cn (S. Li).
www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 272279
where [Z] is the frequency-dependent acoustic impedance
matrix, {p} and {v
n
} are the vectors of length I consisting
of the eld values at the nodal locations of a grid dening
the surface of the structure for the surface acoustic pressure
and normal velocity, I is the number of nodes. Substituting
Eq. (2) into Eq. (1) leads to a matrix multiplication form
[47]
W
1
2
Re fv
n
g
H
AZfv
n
g

fv
n
g
H
Rfv
n
g; 3
where A
R
S
N
T
N dS, [N] is the matrix of interpolation
functions, the matrix [A][Z] is symmetric based on an
acoustic reciprocal principle [8,9], [R] = ([A]/2)Re([Z]) is a
purely real symmetric matrix. The matrix [R] must be posi-
tive denite on physical grounds since the power output
must be greater than zero unless the normal velocity is zero
(W > 0"{v
n
} 6 0) [5,10].
2.2. Natural frequencies and mode shapes
2.2.1. In air
For a plate in an innite half-space, the air-loaded
modes are reduced to the standard in vacuo modes because
of the light uid loading, the natural frequencies x
i
and
mode shapes {/
i
} (i = 1, . . ., N, N is the number of struc-
tural nite element degrees of freedom) of in vacuo modes
of a structure can be determined by solving a generalized
eigenproblem,
Kf/g x
2
Mf/g 0; 4
where [K] and [M] are the stiness and mass matrices of the
plate with mass loading, respectively. A set of normal
modes (normalized with respect to [M]) with normal mode
shapes {U
i
} are known as
fU
i
g
f/
i
g

f/
i
g
T
fMgf/
i
g
q : 5
2.2.2. In water
The water-loaded modes cannot be adequately repre-
sented by the above in vacuo modes due to heavy uid
loading. The problem of determining uid-loaded modes
has been addressed by a number of publications [1116].
State-space coupling methods [1113], singular value
decomposition [14] and modal reduction method [15] are
used to compute uid-loaded modes. The uid-loaded
modes are complex modes. The uid-loaded natural fre-
quencies and modal damping ratios are obtained from
the complex eigenvalues and the uid-loaded mode shapes
are given by the complex eigenvectors. A complex mode
shape can be presented separately by the real and imagi-
nary plots or the magnitude and phase plots. However,
the above methods have some diculties to get normal
modes because the added mass of the acoustic uid is fre-
quency dependent and there are no explicit mass matrices
in the coupled equations. For a uid-loaded mode with
natural frequency x
i
, the correct added mass matrix [M
a
]
is given as [16]
M
a

G
T
AZx
i
G
x
i
; 6
where [G] is a matrix to transform a vector of forces to a
vector of normal forces. In this paper, we rst use the meth-
od described in Ref. [12] to determine the natural frequen-
cies x
i
and modal damping ratio of water-loaded plate,
then we determine the normal mode shapes {U
i
} corre-
sponding to x
i
from the stiness matrix [K] and the mass
matrix [[M] + [M
a
]]. It should be noted that the eect of
the radiation damping is ignored in deriving the normal
modes, hence the mode shapes obtained are uid-loaded
undamped real mode shapes. As we know, while an in va-
cuo undamped mode is in the synchronous motion, a
damped complex mode may not. However, if the radiation
damping is small, a uid-loaded damped mode can be well
approximated by the uid-loaded undamped real mode.
2.3. Modal analysis of acoustic radiation
2.3.1. Modal volume displacement
Volume displacement or volume velocity is an index to
indicate the capability of sound radiation from a structure.
A weak radiator is a structure which radiates sound very
ineciently due to a correspondingly low net volume veloc-
ity [3,12]. The volume velocity ^v is directly related to the
volume displacement
^
d of the structure by [3]
^v
Z
v
n
dS ix
Z
d
n
dS ix
^
d; 7
where d
n
is the normal displacement on the surface S. Since
the components of {U
i
} are proportional to the nodal dis-
placements of the ith mode, {U
i
} is used to compute the
modal volume displacement of the ith mode according to
Eq. (7).
2.3.2. Modal radiation eciency
The radiation eciency is used to describe the capabil-
ity of a structure to radiate sound and is generally
dened as
r
W
qcS
0
hv
2
n
i
; 8
where W is the radiated sound power, q is the density of the
acoustic medium, c is the sound speed in the acoustic med-
ium, S
0
is the total surface area of the structure, and hv
2
n
i is
space average mean-square velocity dened as
hv
2
n
i
1
2S
0
Z
jv
n
j
2
dS: 9
The vector of normal velocity {v
n
} can be written in terms
of the vector of modal velocity {r} as
fv
n
g GUfrg: 10
Substitution of Eq. (10) into Eq. (3) gives [4,17]
S. Li, X. Li / Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 272279 273
W frg
H
Tfrg
X
N
i1
X
N
j1
T
ij
r

i
r
j

X
N
i1
X
N
j1
W
ij
; 11
in which
T U
T
G
T
RGU; 12
[T] is also symmetric due to symmetric [R] and must be po-
sitive denite on physical grounds since W > 0, "{r} 6 0. It
can be seen from Eq. (11) that the modes do not radiate
independently and the o-diagonal elements of [T] indicate
acoustic interaction between modes. It also should be
noted that W
ii
= T
ii
jr
i
j
2
> 0, "{r
i
} 6 0 since [T] is positive
denite.
In terms of Eq. (8), the self-radiation eciency of the ith
mode can be written as
r
i
2T
ii
=qcS
0
; 13
and the mutual-radiation eciency of the ith mode and jth
mode can be dened as
r
ij
j2T
ij
=qcS
0
j: 14
It can be seen that the modal radiation eciency can be
used to evaluate the power radiated by a mode.
2.3.3. Modal input energy
The modal volume velocity and the modal radiation e-
ciency describe the ability of a mode to radiate sound, but
the acoustic radiation behavior of a mode also largely
depends on the driving force f. As we know, when a force
acts on a node or a nodal line of a mode, this mode will not
be driven and then no peak of radiated sound power is gen-
erated at the resonance frequency of the mode. Modal
input energy or modal input power can be used to indicate
the energy or the power input to a mode. The modal input
energy ^e is directly related to the modal input power ^p by
^p f jv
n
j f jixd
n
j x^e: 15
3. Numerical results and discussion
The eects of size and location of distributed mass load-
ing on vibration behavior of a plate are investigated in Ref.
[1] and similar congurations of distributed mass loadings
are used in this paper. The four dierent cases of mass
loading are shown in Fig. 1. The additional mass loading
in loading cases 13 is 10% of the mass of the unloaded
plate and in loading case 4 is 50%. The dimensions of the
simply supported plate are L
x
= 0.455 m, L
y
= 0.379 m,
and thickness h = 0.003 m. The plate is made of steel with
density q
s
= 7850 kg/m
3
, Youngs modulus E = 2.1
10
11
N/m
2
, and Poisons ratio m = 0.3. The plate is assumed
to be vibrating either in air with a density q = 1.21 kg/m
3
and a sound speed c = 343 m/s or in water with a density
q = 1000 kg/m
3
and a sound speed c = 1500 m/s. The crit-
ical frequency of the plate is about 4.01 kHz in air and
76.84 kHz in water. To show the damping levels caused
by the radiation loading, no structural damping is consid-
ered in determining the natural frequencies and modal
damping ratios of the water-loaded modes. In the forced
response analysis of the plate, a structural damping coe-
cient of 0.01 is used for the plate in water and a modal
damping ratio of 0.01 is assumed for all modes of the plate
in air. The plate is modeled by 16 16 four-noded quadri-
lateral isoparametric elements and this structural nite ele-
ment model is valid up to 1 kHz according to the
commonly applied rule of thumb to use six linear elements
per structural wavelength. The nite element is based on
Mindlin plate theory (rst-order shear deformation the-
ory.). The Rayleigh integral on the plate surface is calcu-
lated by discretisizing the plate surface with the same
mesh as the plate nite element mesh. The total number
of structural DOFs is N = 803 and the total number of
nodes is I = 289. Water-loaded natural frequencies and
modal damping ratios in the frequency band (10, 560) Hz
are obtained using 12 evenly distributed interpolation fre-
quencies and ve probing vectors based on the model
reduction method [15].
The changes of the rst 10 in vacuo natural frequencies
for the four loading cases are given in Table 1. The rst 10
water-loaded natural frequencies and modal damping
ratios are shown in Table 2. It can be seen that the natural
frequencies of water-loaded plate have relatively less
change than those of the air-loaded plate with the same
mass loading due to the large added mass of the water.
Also it is shown that the radiation damping caused by
the water is small and the mode with high radiation e-
ciency has high modal damping ratio. That is, the odd
odd modes with high radiation eciencies have large
damping ratios, the eveneven modes with low radiation
eciencies have small damping ratios, the radiation
eciencies and the damping ratios of the evenodd or
Fig. 1. Rectangular plates with distributed mass loadings of dierent size and location.
274 S. Li, X. Li / Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 272279
Table 1
Natural frequencies of the plate loaded with dierent distributed masses in vacuo
Mode Unloaded plate Loading case 1 Loading case 2 Loading case 3 Loading case 4
Modal indices
(m,n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Modal indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Modal indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Modal indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Modal indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
1 (1, 1) 86.7 (1, 1) 77.1 (1, 1) 73.5 (1, 1) 82.3 (1, 1) 49.8
2 (2, 1) 193.4 (2, 1) 179.3 (2, 1) 190.6 (2, 1) 173.1 (2, 1) 179.4
3 (1, 2) 241.0 (1, 2) 223.3 (1, 2) 237.5 (1, 2) 226.0 (1, 2) 223.6
4 (2, 2) 344.6 (2, 2) 328.3 (3, 1) 324.8 (2, 2) 308.3 (3, 1) 272.6
5 (3, 1) 373.6 (3, 1) 351.9 (2, 2) 344.2 (3, 1) 366.2 (2, 2) 342.7
6 (1, 3) 501.3 (1, 3) 472.7 (1, 3) 463.6 (1, 3) 476.2 (1, 3) 446.4
7 (3, 2) 519.7 (3, 2) 500.1 (3, 2) 512.8 (3, 2) 501.6 (4, 1) 461.0
8 (2, 3) 600.0 (2, 3) 570.3 (2, 3) 580.0 (2, 3) 576.5 (3, 2) 477.1
9 (4, 1) 631.2 (4, 1) 596.5 (4, 1) 611.7 (4, 1) 612.0 (2, 3) 606.6
10 (3, 3) 766.7 (4, 2) 733.7 (3, 3) 712.6 (3, 3) 730.5 (3, 3) 674.5
Table 2
Natural frequencies and modal damping rations of the plate loaded with dierent distributed masses in water
Mode Unloaded plate Loading case 1 Loading case 2 Loading case 3 Loading case 4
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Damping
ratio (%)
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Damping
ratio (%)
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Damping
ratio (%)
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Damping
ratio (%)
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Frequency
(Hz)
Damping
ratio (%)
1 (1, 1) 30.4 0.60198 (1, 1) 30.0 0.57445 (1, 1) 29.7 0.56430 (1, 1) 30.2 0.59085 (1, 1) 27.3 0.42890
2 (2, 1) 93.9 0.00226 (2, 1) 92.2 0.00200 (2, 1) 93.6 0.00218 (2, 1) 91.7 0.00313 (2, 1) 92.4 0.00205
3 (1, 2) 121.6 0.00380 (1, 2) 119.2 0.00343 (1, 2) 121.2 0.00373 (1, 2) 118.9 0.00426 (1, 2) 119.5 0.00339
4 (2, 2) 193.6 0.00007 (2, 2) 190.7 0.00002 (2, 2) 193.5 0.00008 (2, 2) 184.0 0.00162 (3, 1) 154.4 1.00770
5 (3, 1) 210.3 0.42042 (3, 1) 205.0 0.47378 (3, 1) 195.3 0.61393 (3, 1) 208.5 0.38214 (2, 2) 193.3 0.00008
6 (1, 3) 295.5 0.44250 (1, 3) 288.1 0.44265 (1, 3) 281.6 0.30631 (1, 3) 291.7 0.33365 (1, 3) 265.0 0.11186
7 (3, 2) 320.7 0.00839 (3, 2) 315.6 0.00903 (3, 2) 319.0 0.00880 (3, 2) 312.3 0.05194 (3, 2) 311.2 0.01059
8 (2, 3) 376.3 0.02386 (2, 3) 367.7 0.03571 (2, 3) 372.2 0.03342 (2, 3) 367.7 0.03141 (4, 1) 339.2 0.03669
9 (4, 1) 401.3 0.03540 (4, 1) 390.2 0.02042 (4, 1) 395.2 0.02068 (4, 1) 396.3 0.04091 (2, 3) 386.6 0.00078
10 (3, 3) 511.0 0.12139 (3, 3) 503.0 0.14833 (3, 3) 481.7 0.20338 (3, 3) 501.2 0.04667 (3, 3) 440.7 0.31850
S
.
L
i
,
X
.
L
i
/
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
A
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
s
6
9
(
2
0
0
8
)
2
7
2

2
7
9
2
7
5
oddeven modes are between the above two kinds of mode
groups. The self-radiation eciencies of the oddodd
modes (1, 1), (3, 1) and (1, 3) in air and in water are plotted
in Fig. 2. The modal volume displacements of the rst 10
modes in air and in water are shown in Tables 3 and 4,
respectively. It can be seen that the modal radiation e-
ciency of a mode is mainly inuenced by its volume dis-
placement. The volume displacement show the same
change trends for these four loading cases in both air and
water. Relatively large changes are observed in the acoustic
radiation behavior of a mode both in air and in water when
the mass loading is placed on an antinode of the mode
shape or the mass loading is more concentrated. However,
it should be noted that the mass loading may decrease (e.g.
for mode (1, 1)) or increase (e.g. for mode (3, 1)) the radia-
tion eciency or the volume displacement. It is observed
from Fig. 2 that the radiation eciency in water is much
lower than that in air and the acoustic radiation behavior
of a mode in water has relatively less change than that in
air with the same mass loading. It can be concluded, at
least for the particular cases be studied, that the acoustic
radiation behavior of a plate is more sensitive to mass load-
ing in air than in water.
The mutual-radiation eciencies of mode (1, 1) and
mode (3, 1) in air and in water are plotted in Fig. 3. It
can be seen that the mutual radiation between these modes
has very high eciency both in air and in water and the
mass loading signicantly aects the mutual-radiation e-
ciency. At resonance, the acoustic radiation is dominated
by one mode and the mutual radiation between modes at
(a) mode (1,1) in air (b) mode (1,1) in water
(c) mode (3,1) in air (d) mode (3,1) in water
(e) mode (1,3) in air (f) mode (1,3) in water
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1E-8
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 2. The self-radiation eciency of mode (1, 1), (3, 1) and (3, 1) in air and in water.
276 S. Li, X. Li / Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 272279
Table 3
Modal volume displacement and modal input energy of the plate loaded with dierent distributed masses in air
Mode Unloaded plate Loading case 1 Loading case 2 Loading case 3 Loading case 4
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
1 (1, 1) 6.89E 02 1.00E + 00 (1, 1) 6.11E 02 8.88E 01 (1, 1) 5.78E 02 8.64E 01 (1, 1) 6.52E 02 9.30E 01 (1, 1) 3.81E 02 5.99E 01
2 (2, 1) 2.41E 06 6.73E 03 (2, 1) 2.78E 06 6.43E 03 (2, 1) 1.07E 05 6.95E 03 (2, 1) 1.25E 02 2.44E 01 (2, 1) 5.83E 05 7.45E 03
3 (1, 2) 2.50E 06 8.07E 03 (1, 2) 2.84E 06 7.74E 03 (1, 2) 1.31E 05 8.42E 03 (1, 2) 5.36E 03 1.63E 01 (1, 2) 9.96E 05 9.36E 03
4 (2, 2) 7.80E 11 5.60E 05 (2, 2) 2.88E 10 5.70E 05 (3, 1) 4.24E 02 8.39E 01 (2, 2) 1.21E 03 3.70E 01 (3, 1) 6.07E 02 4.08E 01
5 (3, 1) 2.24E 02 1.00E + 00 (3, 1) 2.72E 02 9.12E 01 (2, 2) 4.72E 08 5.70E 05 (3, 1) 1.99E 02 9.35E 01 (2, 2) 2.18E 07 6.90E 05
6 (1, 3) 2.24E 02 1.00E + 00 (1, 3) 2.45E 02 8.37E 01 (1, 3) 2.00E 02 4.77E 01 (1, 3) 8.56E 03 5.65E 01 (1, 3) 1.61E 02 1.69E 01
7 (3, 2) 1.56E 06 8.19E 03 (3, 2) 6.63E 06 7.95E 03 (3, 2) 4.22E 05 8.36E 03 (3, 2) 1.63E 02 7.07E 01 (4, 1) 1.09E 04 1.54E 02
8 (2, 3) 2.08E 06 6.97E 03 (2, 3) 1.17E 05 1.17E 02 (2, 3) 4.66E 05 1.52E 02 (2, 3) 8.27E 03 2.80E 01 (3, 2) 2.83E 04 9.61E 03
9 (4, 1) 1.25E 05 1.27E 02 (4, 1) 1.36E 05 6.36E 03 (4, 1) 2.60E 05 6.73E 03 (4, 1) 1.86E 03 8.78E 02 (2, 3) 2.45E 05 1.20E 03
10 (3, 3) 7.26E 03 1.00E + 00 (4, 2) 1.27E 08 1.19E 04 (3, 3) 8.54E 03 5.96E 01 (3, 3) 3.82E 03 5.68E 01 (3, 3) 5.11E 03 1.81E 01
Table 4
Modal volume displacement and modal input energy of the plate loaded with dierent distributed masses in water
Mode Unloaded plate Loading case 1 Loading case 2 Loading case 3 Loading case 4
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
Modal
indices
(m, n)
Volume
displacement
Input
energy
1 (1, 1) 2.43E 02 3.45E 01 (1, 1) 2.39E 02 3.40E 01 (1, 1) 2.37E 02 3.39E 01 (1, 1) 2.41E 02 3.42E 01 (1, 1) 2.17E 02 3.17E 01
2 (2, 1) 3.81E 07 3.20E 03 (2, 1) 4.22E 07 3.17E 03 (2, 1) 7.12E 07 3.23E 03 (2, 1) 6.04E 04 1.31E 02 (2, 1) 3.30E 06 3.36E 03
3 (1, 2) 7.68E 07 3.98E 03 (1, 2) 7.94E 07 3.94E 03 (1, 2) 1.16E 06 4.03E 03 (1, 2) 4.61E 04 2.35E 02 (1, 2) 5.73E 06 4.27E 03
4 (2, 2) 4.15E 09 2.80E 05 (2, 2) 2.62E 12 2.82E 05 (2, 2) 2.05E 07 1.45E 05 (2, 2) 4.64E 04 1.18E 01 (3, 1) 1.41E 02 5.29E 01
5 (3, 1) 7.85E 03 6.47E 01 (3, 1) 8.37E 03 6.40E 01 (3, 1) 9.81E 03 6.70E 01 (3, 1) 7.52E 03 6.36E 01 (2, 2) 3.34E 08 3.24E 05
6 (1, 3) 6.88E 03 6.02E 01 (1, 3) 6.86E 03 5.59E 01 (1, 3) 5.83E 03 4.69E 01 (1, 3) 6.00E 03 5.57E 01 (1, 3) 3.59E 03 2.09E 01
7 (3, 2) 9.73E 07 5.11E 03 (3, 2) 1.31E 06 5.13E 03 (3, 2) 4.20E 06 5.23E 03 (3, 2) 2.19E 03 1.61E 01 (3, 2) 1.47E 05 6.06E 03
8 (2, 3) 6.49E 07 5.46E 03 (2, 3) 1.39E 06 6.85E 03 (2, 3) 4.56E 06 7.45E 03 (2, 3) 1.18E 03 7.52E 02 (4, 1) 2.70E 05 1.10E 02
9 (4, 1) 2.34E 06 7.46E 03 (4, 1) 2.50E 06 5.80E 03 (4, 1) 5.73E 06 6.85E 03 (4, 1) 3.72E 04 1.68E 03 (2, 3) 1.11E 05 2.83E 03
10 (3, 3) 2.98E 03 6.97E 01 (3, 3) 3.17E 03 6.90E 01 (3, 3) 3.96E 03 6.13E 01 (3, 3) 1.82E 03 5.43E 01 (3, 3) 5.11E 03 3.59E 01
S
.
L
i
,
X
.
L
i
/
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
A
c
o
u
s
t
i
c
s
6
9
(
2
0
0
8
)
2
7
2

2
7
9
2
7
7
resonance is negligible. At o-resonance, the contribution
of the mutual radiation may be of importance to the radi-
ated power.
The sound power level (dB, re:10
12
W) of the plate
excited by a concentrated force is shown in Fig. 4, which
shows the eects of the distributed mass loading on the
forced response. The modal input energy of the rst 10
modes in air and in water is shown in Tables 3 and 4,
respectively. The concentrated force is located at the plate
center with amplitude 1 N. From Tables 3, 4, and Fig. 4, it
can be observed that for the mode (1, 3) in the fourth load-
ing case, the mass loading decreases the modal input energy
a lot and reduces radiated sound power. For the third load-
ing case the modes other than odd-odd modes are also
excited due to a change of location of the node lines caused
by the mass loading. It is clear that the radiated power at
resonance frequencies depends on both the modal radia-
tion eciency and the modal input energy. An optimiza-
tion procedure can be applied to implement an eective
design strategy to determine the size and location of the
mass loading to suppress the acoustic radiation [3]. It is
also clear that the radiated power in water has less change
than in air for dierent loading cases, especially for the rst
few modes due to the large added mass of the water. How-
ever, it also can be seen that the eects of mass loading on
acoustic radiation behavior in water will be more obvious
with increasing frequency due to the decreasing eect of
the added mass of the water.
4. Conclusions
The eects of the distributed mass loading on the acous-
tic radiation from a plate are investigated. The nite ele-
ment method is employed for discretisizing the structure.
The Rayleigh integral is used for modeling the acoustic
uid. Modal radiation eciency, modal volume displace-
ment, modal input energy and sound power level are com-
puted to show the eects of size and location of the mass
loading on the acoustic radiation of a baed plate both
in air and in water. The normal mode shapes of the uid-
loaded undamped modes are used to compute the modal
radiation eciency, modal volume displacement, modal
input energy of the plate in water. It is observed both in
air and in water that the acoustic radiation behavior of a
mode will have relatively larger changes if the mass loading
is placed on an antinode of the mode shape or the mass
loading is more concentrated. The mass loading may
decrease or increase the acoustic radiation from the plate
at resonance frequency and the radiated power at reso-
nance frequencies depend on both the modal radiation e-
ciency and the modal input energy. At o-resonance
frequency, the added mass generally reduces the radiated
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
0.1
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
1E-7
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
R
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
Frequency (Hz)
(a) in air (b) in water
Fig. 3. The mutual-radiation eciency of mode (1, 1) and (3, 1) in air and in water.
(a) in air
(b) in water
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S
o
u
n
d

p
o
w
e
r

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)
Frequency (Hz)
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
S
o
u
n
d

p
o
w
e
r

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)
Frequency (Hz)
Unloaded plate
Loading case 1
Loading case 2
Loading case 3
Loading case 4
Fig. 4. The sound power level.
278 S. Li, X. Li / Applied Acoustics 69 (2008) 272279
power. However, the acoustic radiation behavior of a mode
and the total radiated power in water is less sensitive than
in air to the mass loading due to the large added mass of
the water, especially for the rst few modes.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful for the support of the National
Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.
10402004.
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