Economic Dispatch
Objective function
Total cost of supplying load from N units
Subject to load balance constraint
Subject to generator limitations
Subject to reserve requirements
Generator Characteristics
Maximum power
Minimum power
Cannot operate regions
Auxiliaries (2 10%)
Fuel Costs
H = heat input per hour into the unit (GJ/h)
(measured in Joules - GJ/h)
FC = Fuel cost (/GJ)
C = Per hour cost of fuel input (/h)
= FC H
P = Electrical power output (MW)
E = Electrical energy output (MWh)
Input-Output Model
Input:
heat energy
cost,
Output
net electrical output
Obtained from
design calculations
heat rate tests
Minimum load
steam generator
turbine
combustion stability
design constraints
Incremental Cost
= Incremental cost of next MWh (/MWh)
F
P
Slope of input-output
curve (derivative)
Cost of next MWh
Economic Dispatch
Meet the load at least cost
Data on generation
Model of input-output characteristics
Incremental costs of units
Different models may require different
solution techniques
Input - output curves
Incremental cost curve
Types of Curves
P
i
(MW)
/h
1. Linear
/MWh
Cost
i
= a
i
+ b
i
p
i
P
i
(MW)
b
i
1. Constant
Input - output curves
Incremental cost curve
Types of Curves
P
i
(MW)
/h
/MWh
P
i
(MW)
2. Piecewise Linear 2. Stepped
Input - output curves
Incremental cost curve
Types of Curves
P
i
(MW)
/h
/MWh
P
i
(MW)
3. Quadratic 3. Linear
Economic Dispatch
Aim: Dispatch the generation to meet
demand in a least cost fashion
Recall
Input = fuel (/h) = F
Output = electrical power (MW) = P
Minimise F while satisfying
P
generation
= P
demand
Economic Dispatch
Objective function:
Total cost of supplying the load, F
T
Sum of the fuel costs (F
i
(P
gen,i
)) for all N
machines being dispatched
,
1
F F( )
N
T i gen i
i
P
=
=
1 ,1 2 ,2 ,
F F( ) F ( ) ..... F ( )
T gen gen N gen N
P P P = + +
Economic Dispatch
Main constraint: load balance :
Total power generated by the N units must
equal the load demand, P
load
,
1
0
N
load gen i
i
P P
=
= =
,1 ,2 ,
( ......... ) 0
load gen gen gen N
P P P P + + =
Constraint:
Economic Dispatch
Minimise F
T
subject to load balance constraint
Neglect
transmission losses
reserve constraint
operating limits, and
transmission constraints
Lagrangian function L
Condition for extreme value of objective function results
when taking first derivative of Lagrangian wrt all
independent variables and setting them equal to zero
Economic Dispatch
Lagrangian function L
Add an (unknown) weighted constraint function
to the objective function
L = objective function + (lambda constraint)
To solve a Lagrangian:
Differentiate L with respect to independent variables
Set the derivatives equal to zero, and
Solve the resulting equations
L F
T
= +
, ,
1 1
L F( ) ( )
N N
i gen i load gen i
i i
P P P
= =
= +
Solving the Lagrangian
Differentiate with respect to N power outputs
(P
gen,i
) and equate to 0
,
, ,
F( )
L
0, 1, 2,....
i gen i
gen i gen i
d P
i N
P dP
= = =
, ,
1 1
L F( ) ( )
N N
i gen i load gen i
i i
P P P
= =
= +
Differentiate with respect to Lagrange multiplier
and equate to zero
,
1
L
0
N
load gen i
i
P P
= = =
Economic Dispatch Examples
Quadratic cost curves
Demand is fixed
Single instant in time
We do not consider:
Network constraints (common bus)
Reserve constraint
Example
Determine the minimum operating cost and unit
schedule to meet a system demand of 850 MW.
Unit 1: P
1,max
= 600 MW, P
1,min
= 150 MW
F
1
= 561 + 7.92P
gen,1
+ 0.001562(P
gen,1
)
2
/h
Unit 2: P
2,max
= 400 MW, P
2,min
= 100 MW
F
2
= 310 + 7.85P
gen,2
+ 0.00194(P
gen,2
)
2
/h
Unit 3: P
3,max
= 200 MW, P
3,min
= 50 MW
F
3
= 78 + 7.97P
gen,3
+ 0.00482(P
gen,3
)
2
/h
Economic Dispatch & Constraints
Constraints (other than load balance)
Maximum & minimum outputs
System reserve requirement
Transmission constraints
Voltage constraints
...
Optimal power flow (OPF)
Previously, just one constraint
including maximum and minimum constraints
Inequalities
= =
= =
=
= =
( , , ) optimal solution P
o o o
Complementary
slackness condition
Kuhn Tucker Conditions
The Kuhn Tucker conditions
Give necessary conditions for a minimum, but
not a precise procedure to find this minimum
Experiment!
by trial and error
The minimum solution will satisfy the KT
conditions
Example
Unit 1: P
1,max
= 600 MW, P
1,min
= 150 MW
F
1
= 459 + 6.48P
gen,1
+ 0.00128(P
gen,1
)
2
/h
Unit 2: P
2,max
= 400 MW, P
2,min
= 100 MW
F
2
= 310 + 7.85P
gen,2
+ 0.00194(P
gen,2
)
2
/h
Unit 3: P
3,max
= 200 MW, P
3,min
= 50 MW
F
3
= 78 + 7.97P
gen,3
+ 0.00482(P
gen,3
)
2
/h
Determine the minimum operating cost and unit
schedule to meet a system demand of 850 MW.
Example
Unit 1: P
1,max
= 600 MW, P
1,min
= 150 MW
F
1
= 459 + 6.48P
gen,1
+ 0.00128(P
gen,1
)
2
/h
Unit 2: P
2,max
= 400 MW, P
2,min
= 100 MW
F
2
= 310 + 7.85P
gen,2
+ 0.00194(P
gen,2
)
2
/h
Unit 3: P
3,max
= 200 MW, P
3,min
= 50 MW
F
3
= 78 + 8.5P
gen,3
+ 0.00482(P
gen,3
)
2
/h
Determine the minimum operating cost and unit
schedule to meet a system demand of 850 MW.