APPENDIX

A. Oliver Twist Source of Frustration

1. Environmental Frustration
through the most crowded and densely inhabited part of the town,
and then, striking down a narrow street more dirty and miserable than
any they had yet passed through. The houses on either side were
high and large, but very old, and tenanted by people of the poorest
class: as their neglected appearance world have sufficiently denoted,
without the concurrent testimony afforded by the squalid looks of the
few men and women. A great many of the tenements had shop
fronts, but these were fast closed, and moldering away, only the upper
rooms were being inhabited. Some houses which had become insecure
from age and decay were prevented from falling into the street, by
huge beams of wood reared against the walls, and firmly planted in the
road, but even these cray dens seemed to have been selected as the
nightly haunts of some houseless wretches, for many of the rough
boards, which supplied the place of door and window, were wrenched
from their positions, to afford an aperture wide enough for the passage
of human body. The kennel was stagnant and filthy. The very rats,
which here and there lay putrefying in its rottenness, were hideous
with famine. !"ickens, #$%&: '()
Although *liver had enough to occupy his attention in keeping sight of
his leader, he could not help bestowing a few hasty glances on either
side of the way, as he passed along. A dirtier or more wretched place
he had never seen. The street was very narrow and muddy, and the air
was impregnated with filthy odours. !"ickens, #$+&:(()
2. Personal Frustration
,e felt cold and stiff, when he got up ne-t morning, and so hungry that
he was obliged to e-change the penny for a small loaf, in the very first
village through which he passed. ,e had walked no more than twelve
miles, when night closed in again. ,is feet were sore, and his legs so
weak that they trembled beneath him. Another night passed in the
bleak damp air, made him worse. when he set forward on his /ourney
ne-t morning he could hardly crawl along. ,e waited at the bottom of
a steep hill till a stage0coach came up, and then begged of the outside
passengers. but there were very few who took any notice of him: and
even those told him to wait till they got to the top of the hill, and then
let them see how far he could run for a halfpenny. 1oor *liver tried to
keep up with the coach a little way, but was unable to do it, by reason
of his fatigue and sore feet. 2hen the outsides saw this, they put their
halfpence back into their pockets again, declaring that he was an idle
young dog, and didn3t deserve anything. and the coach rattled away
and left only a cloud of dust behind. !"ickens, #$%&: (#)
3. onflict Frustration
veins from terror, that he felt as if he were in a burning fire. then,
confused and frightened, he took to his heels. and, not knowing what
he did, made off as fast as he could lay his feet to the ground. This was
all done in a minute3s space. 4n the very instant when *liver began to
run, the old gentleman, putting his hand to his pocket, and missing his
handkerchief, turned sharp round. Seeing the boy scudding away at
such a rapid pace, he very naturally concluded him to be the
depredator. and shouting 3Stop thief53 with all his might, made off after
him, book in hand. !"ickens, #$%&: ++)
!. Oliver Twist Defense "ec#anisms
1. $e%ression
3,ush, "ick53 said *liver, as the boy ran to the gate, and thrust his thin
arm between the rails to greet him. 34s any one up63 37obody but me,3
replied the child. 38ou musn3t say you saw me, "ick,3 said *liver. 34 am
running away. They beat and ill0use me, "ick. and 4 am going to seek
my fortune, some long way off. 4 don3t know where. ,ow pale you
are53 34 heard the doctor tell them 4 was dying,3 replied the child with a
faint smile. 34 am very glad to see you, dear. but don3t stop, don3t stop53
38es, yes, 4 will, to say good0b3ye to you,3 replied *liver. 34 shall see you
again, "ick. 4 know 4 shall5 8ou will be well and happy53 34 hope so,3
replied the child. 3After 4 am dead, but not before. 4 know the doctor
must be right, *liver, because 4 dream so much of ,eaven, and Angels,
and kind faces that 4 never see when 4 am awake. 9iss me,3 said the
child, climbing up the low gate, and flinging his little arms round
*liver3s neck. 3:ood0b3ye, dear5 :od bless you53 !"ickens, #$%&: (#)
2. Dis%lacement
,ere the position of affairs had not at all improved. Sowerberry had
not yet returned, and *liver continued to kick, with undiminished
vigour, at the cellar0door. The accounts of his ferocity as related by
;rs. Sowerberry and <harlotte, were of so startling a nature, that ;r.
=umble /udged it prudent to parley, before opening the door. !"ickens,
#$%&: >+)
3. Pro&ection
,ere the position of affairs had not at all improved. Sowerberry had not yet
returned, and *liver continued to kick, with undiminished vigour, at the
cellar0door. The accounts of his ferocity as related by ;rs. Sowerberry and
<harlotte, were of so startling a nature, that ;r. =umble /udged it prudent to
parley, before opening the door. 2ith this view he gave a kick at the outside,
by way of prelude. and, then, applying his mouth to the keyhole, said, in a
deep and impressive tone:
3*liver53
3<ome. you let me out53 replied *liver, from the inside.
3"o you know this here voice, *liver63 said ;r. =umble.
38es,3 replied *liver.
3Ain3t you afraid of it, sir6 Ain3t you a0trembling while 4 speak, sir63
said ;r. =umble.
37o53 replied *liver, boldly.
An answer so different from the one he had e-pected to elicit, and was in the
habit of receiving, staggered ;r. =umble not a little. ,e stepped back from the
keyhole. drew himself up to his full height. and looked from one to another of
the three bystanders, in mute astonishment.
3*h, you know, ;r. =umble, he must be mad,3 said ;rs. Sowerberry.
37o boy in half his senses could venture to speak so to you.3
34t3s not ;adness, ma3am,3 replied ;r. =umble, after a few moments of deep
meditation. 34t3s ;eat.3
32hat63 e-claimed ;rs. Sowerberry.
3;eat, ma3am, meat,3 replied =umble, with stern emphasis. 38ou3ve over0fed
him, ma3am. 8ou3ve raised a artificial soul and spirit in him, ma3am
unbecoming a person of his condition: as the board, ;rs. Sowerberry, who are
practical philosophers, will tell you. 2hat have paupers to do with soul or
spirit6 4t3s quite enough that we let 3em have live bodies.
4f you had kept the boy on gruel, ma3am, this would never have happened.3
3"ear, dear53 e/aculated ;rs. Sowerberry, piously raising her eyes to the
kitchen ceiling: 3this comes of being liberal53
The liberality of ;rs. Sowerberry to *liver, had consisted of a profuse
bestowal upon him of all the dirty odds and ends which nobody else would
eat. so there was a great deal of meekness and self0devotion in her voluntarily
remaining under ;r. =umble3s heavy accusation. *f which, to do her /ustice,
she was wholly innocent, in thought, word, or deed.
3Ah53 said ;r. =umble, when the lady brought her eyes down to earth again.
3the only thing that can be done now, that 4 know of, is to leave him in the
cellar for a day or so, till he3s a little starved down. and then to take him out,
and keep him on gruel all through the apprenticeship. ,e comes of a bad
family. ?-citable natures, ;rs. Sowerberry5 =oth the nurse and doctor said,
that that mother of his made her way here, against difficulties and pain that
would have killed any well0disposed woman, weeks before.3
At this point of ;r. =umble3s discourse, *liver, /ust hearing enough to know
that some allusion was being made to his mother, recommenced kicking, with
a violence that rendered every other sound inaudible. Sowerberry returned at
this /uncture. *liver3s offence having been e-plained to him, with such
e-aggerations as the ladies thought best calculated to rouse his ire, he
unlocked the cellar0door in a twinkling, and dragged his rebellious apprentice
out, by the collar. !"ickens, #$%&: >+)
'. $ationali(ation
*liver wondered what picking the old gentleman3s pocket in play, had to
do with his chances of being a great man. =ut, thinking that the @ew,
being so much his senior, must know best, he followed him quietly to the
table, and was soon deeply involved in his new study.
3"on3t fret your eyelids on that score,3 said the young gentleman. 343ve got
to be in Aondon to0night. and 4 know a 3spectable old gentleman as lives
there, wot3ll give you lodgings for nothink, and never ask for the change
Bthat is, if any genelman he knows interduces you. And don3t he know
me6 *h, no5 7ot in the least5 =y no means. <ertainly not53 !"ickens,
#$+&: (>)
,e could think of no bad ob/ect to be attained by sending him to Sikes,
which would not be equally well answered by his remaining with Cagin.
and after meditating for a long time, concluded that he had been selected
to perform some ordinary menial offices for the housebreaker, until
another boy, better suited for his purpose could be engaged. ,e was too
well accustomed to suffering, and had suffered too much where he was,
to bewail the prospect of change very severely. ,e remained lost in
thought for some minutes. and then, with a heavy sigh, snuffed the
candle, and, taking up the book which the @ew had left with him, began
to read. !"ickens, #$%&: #>()
). *n+oin,
38es. do let me take them, if you please, sir,3 said *liver. 343ll run all the
way, sir.3 The old gentleman was /ust going to say that *liver should not
go out on any account. when a most malicious cough from ;r. :rimwig
determined him that he should. and that, by his prompt discharge of the
commission, he should prove to him the in/ustice of his suspicions: on
this head at least: at once. 38ou shall go, my dear,3 said the old
gentleman. 3The books are on a chair by my table. Cetch them down.3
*liver, delighted to be of use, brought down the books under his arm in a
great bustle. and waited, cap in hand, to hear what message he was to
take !"ickens, #$+&:#%#)
1. $e,ression
The old gentleman stopped, laid down his pen, and looked from *liver to ;r.
Aimbkins. who attempted to take snuff with a cheerful and unconcerned aspect. 3;y
boy53 said the old gentleman, 3you look pale and alarmed. 2hat is the matter63
3Stand a little away from him, =eadle,3 said the other magistrate: laying aside the
paper, and leaning forward with an e-pression of interest. 37ow, boy, tell us what3s the
matter: don3t be afraid.3
*liver fell on his knees, and clasping his hands together, prayed that they would order
him back to the dark roomBthat they would starve himBbeat himBkill him if they
pleasedBrather than send him away with that dreadful man.
32ell53 said ;r. =umble, raising his hands and eyes with most impressive solemnity.
32ell5 of all the artful and designing orphans that ever see, *liver, you are one of the
most bare0facedest.3
3,old your tongue, =eadle,3 said the second old gentleman, when ;r.=umble had
given vent to this compound ad/ective.
2. Su%%ression
*liver wondered, in his own mind, whether it had taken a very long time to
get ;r. Sowerberry used to it. =ut he thought it better not to ask the question.
and walked back to the shop: thinking over all he had seen and heard.32ell,
well,3 said the "odger, recurring to the point from which they had strayed:
with that mindfulness of his profession which influenced all his proceedings.
3This hasn3t go anything to do with young :reen here.3
37o more it has,3 said <harley. 32hy don3t you put yourself under Cagin,
*liver63
3And make your fortun3 out of hand63 added the "odger, with a grin.3And so
be able to retire on your property, and do the gen0teel: as 4 mean to, in the
very ne-t leap0year but four that ever comes, and the forty0second Tuesday
in Trinity0week,3 said <harley =ates.
34 don3t like it,3 re/oined *liver, timidly. 34 wish they would let me go.
4B4Bwould rather go.3
3And Cagin would DAT,?D not53 re/oined <harley. *liver knew this too
well. but thinking it might be dangerous to e-press his feelings more openly,
he only sighed, and went on with his boot0cleaning. !"ickens, #$+&: #'#)
3. Dissociation
4t was a lovely spot to which they repaired. *liver, whose days had been spent
among squalid crowds, and in the midst of noise and brawling, seemed to enter on a
new e-istence there. The rose and honeysuckle clung to the cottage walls. the ivy
crept round the trunks of the trees. and the garden0flowers perfumed the air with
delicious odours. ,ard by, was a little churchyard. not crowded with tall unsightly
gravestones, but full of humble mounds, covered with fresh turf and moss: beneath
which, the old people of the village lay at rest. *liver often wandered here. and,
thinking of the wretched grave in which his mother lay, would sometimes sit him
down and sob unseen. but, when he raised his eyes to the deep sky overhead, he
would cease to think of her as lying in the ground, and would weep for her, sadly, but
without pain. !"ickens, #$%&:E'F)
$. Somatiation
and the /ewels, and the @ew, rushed upon the boy3s mind. ,e stood, for a
moment, with the blood so tingling through all his veins from terror, that he
felt as if he were in a burning fire. then, confused and frightened, he took to
his heels. and, not knowing what he did, made off as fast as he could lay his
feet to the ground. This was all done in a minute3s space. 4n the very instant
when *liver began to run, the old gentleman, putting his hand to his pocket,
and missing his handkerchief, turned sharp round. Seeing the boy scudding
away at such a rapid pace, he very naturally concluded him to be the
depredator. and shouting 3Stop thief53 with all his might, made off after him,
book in hand. !"ickens,#$%&: ++)
1-. Su.stitution
*liver often wandered here. and, thinking of the wretched grave in which his
mother lay, would sometimes sit him down and sob unseen. but, when he
raised his eyes to the deep sky overhead, he would cease to think of her as
lying in the ground, and would weep for her, sadly, but without pain. !"ickens,
#$%&:E'F)
Spiders had built their webs in the angles of the walls and ceilings. and
sometimes, when *liver walked softly into a room, the mice would scamper
across the floor, and run back terrified to their holes. 2ith these e-ceptions,
there was neither sight nor sound of any living thing. and often, when it grew
dark, and he was tired of wandering from room to room, he would crouch in
the corner of the passage by the street0door, to be as near living people as he
could. and would remain there, listening and counting the hours, until the @ew
or the boys returned. !"ickens, #$%&: #EF)
11. I+entification wit# t#e A,,ressor
And when Sunday came, how differently the day was spent, from any
way in which he had ever spent it yet5 And how happily too. like all
the other days in that most happy time5 There was the little church, in
the morning, with the green leaves fluttering at the windows: the birds
singing without: and the sweet0smelling air stealing in at the low
porch, and filling the homely building with its fragrance. The poor
people were so neat and clean, and knelt so reverently in prayer, that it
seemed a pleasure, not a tedious duty, their assembling there together.
and though the singing might be rude, it was real, and sounded more
musical !to *liver3s ears at least) than any he had ever heard in church
before. Then, there were the walks as usual, and many calls at the clean
houses of the labouring men. and at night, *liver read a chapter or two
from the =ible which he had been studying all the week, and in the
performance of which duty he felt more proud and pleased, than if he
had been the clergyman himself. !"ickens, #$%&:E'$)
. Ps/c#olo,/ Data
"efense mechanisms are automatic psychological process that protects
the individual against an-iety and from awareness of internal or
e-ternal stressors or dangers !http:GGabess.comGglossary.html).
"efense mechanisms are the immediate reactions to frustrations. They
are employed in order to solve the problems. They help protect the
individualHs self0esteem, and they defend a person against an-iety
when facing continuing frustrations. !?rnest D ,ilgard,#$+E: (##)
Arthur T. @ersild !#$(>:'(() claims that an-iety is related to
interpersonal relationships and feelings or attitude of others toward the
individual
@ohn @anway <onger and Anne <. 1eterson !#$$F:('0(>) suggest that
an-iety is an important element in human behavior. 4t can be aroused
and manifested internal responses such as thoughts, feelings and
physical reactions. The satisfaction of needs or motives can be resisted
by an-iety. 1eople, especially children, may be afraid of doing
something that had caused painful or harmful e-perience in the past.
;oreover, an-iety is a learned response, and it follows the principles
of learning like reinforcement.
=oeree in his online article believes that Anna Creud also called
repression as Imotivated forgettingJ
!http:GGwebspace.ship.eduGcgboerGfreud.html)
Creud in ;unn and Cernald stated that repression as the primary
defense mechanism, not only because it appeared so widespread but
also because it served as a basis for more elaborate mechanisms of
defense !#$+$:(##).
Someone may become se-ually impotent because he is afraid of the
se- impulse, or he may develop arthritis as a consequence of repressing
feelings of hostility !,all and Aindey, #$(&: >$).
The act of converting in reaction formation itself is usually
e-aggerating and compulsive !,all and Aindey, #$(&: F$)
2hen Al <apone, hoodlum and bootlegger, argued that he was only
trying to bring a little pleasure into peopleHs live by selling alcohol to
them. <aponeHs argument may be classified into the rationaliation of
the wrongdoer !Duch, #$&%:>&>)
@ohn ;. :rohol, 1sy." on his article, 15 common defense mechanisms,
said that by KundoingJ the previous action, the person is attempting to
counteract the damage done by the original comment, hoping the two
will balance one another out
Creud in ,avemann and 9agan believed that works of art are often the
result of sublimation !#$+F: '+(). Defocusing such unacceptable or
harmful impulses into productive use helps a person channel energy
that otherwise would be lost or used in a manner that might cause the
person more an-iety.
Anna Creud named this one as a defense mechanism that assumes the
virtues of some admired person or of a group that seems free of such
an-iety !,avemann and 9agan.#$+F: '(&)
Creud in Aundin !#$+$:'E>) states that people frequently reverted back
to modes of ad/ustment typical of an earlier period in their lives.
<ompensation is defense mechanism that helps reinforce a personHs
self0esteem and self0image.
*r we might say that a child can be regarded as an adult miniature
!2atson, #$($: ()