THEORY
C HRISTIAN G ALLAI
M C G ILL U NIVERSITY, M ONTREAL QC, C ANADA
FALL 2011
Christian Gallai
Fall 2011
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.2.
)........................................................................................... 7
3.2.
Phasor Representation.................................................................................................................. 8
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
5.2.
6.2.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
8.2.
8.3.
Input Impedance at
........................................................................................................ 13
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8.4.
8.5.
8.6.
8.7.
9.
9.2.
9.3.
10.
10.1.
10.2.
11.
11.1.
11.2.
12.
12.1.
13.
13.1.
Method # 1 .............................................................................................................................. 19
13.2.
Method # 2 .............................................................................................................................. 20
13.3.
14.
14.1.
14.2.
14.3.
14.4.
14.5.
............................................................................ 21
15.1.
15.2.
15.3.
Impedance in a Dielectric........................................................................................................ 24
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15.4.
15.5.
16.
16.1.
16.2.
16.3.
16.4.
16.5.
17.
17.1.
17.2.
17.3.
17.4.
Example 1 ................................................................................................................................ 27
17.5.
18.
18.1.
18.2.
18.3.
18.4.
19.
Polarization ..................................................................................................................................... 29
19.1.
19.2.
19.3.
20.
20.1.
Boundary Conditions............................................................................................................... 31
20.2.
20.3.
20.4.
20.5.
21.
21.1.
21.2.
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21.3.
21.4.
22.
22.1.
22.2.
22.3.
22.4.
23.
23.1.
24.
24.1.
24.2.
Boundary Conditions............................................................................................................... 36
24.3.
24.4.
24.5.
25.
25.1.
25.2.
26.
26.1.
Dispersion ............................................................................................................................... 38
26.2.
26.3.
27.
27.1.
27.2.
27.3.
Impedances ............................................................................................................................. 40
27.4.
27.5.
Resistance ............................................................................................................................... 40
27.6.
Loss.......................................................................................................................................... 40
27.7.
28.
28.1.
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28.2.
28.3.
28.4.
28.5.
28.6.
Example 1 ................................................................................................................................ 42
29.
29.1.
30.
30.1.
30.2.
30.3.
30.4.
Impedance .............................................................................................................................. 45
30.5.
TM Modes ............................................................................................................................... 45
31.
31.1.
31.2.
31.3.
31.4.
32.
32.1.
32.2.
32.3.
33.
Introduction to Antennas................................................................................................................ 48
33.1.
33.2.
33.3.
33.4.
33.5.
33.6.
33.7.
33.8.
33.9.
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33.10.
33.11.
33.12.
33.13.
33.14.
33.15.
33.16.
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2. Lossless Propagation
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When there is only one frequency present we can represent the signal as a cosine wave
The phasor representation is the complex time independent form
To obtain the time dependent measurable voltage, multiply the phasor by
and take the real
part
Where
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)
(
Where
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Fall 2011
Two voltage waves with equal frequencies and opposite amplitudes are propagating in opposite
directions on a transmission line. Determine the total voltage as a function of time and position:
( )
( )
(
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5. Power Transmission
Time-average power is always positive when net power is flowing along a positive axis
Instantaneous power can be zero, or negative
Power loss is often measured in dB/m
( )
( )
[
6. Wave Reflection
The reflection coefficient defines the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage
There is a corresponding transmission coefficient that defines the ratio of the load voltage to the
incident voltage
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( )
) )
(
(
If
If
we have:
we have:
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)
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8. Input Impedance
Due to reflections the ratio of voltage to current changes along the line
This can be expressed by the wave impedance
At the input we call this the input impedance
The input impedance determines the power that can be delivered to the load
A half-wave line has an input impedance equal to the load impedance
A quarter-wave line can be used for impedance matching
Short and open circuits have purely reactive input impedances
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(
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(
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we have:
This is called a half-wave line, the input impedance is always equal to the load impedance. When we
have
we have:
This is called a quarter-wave line. It can be used for impedance matching. In order to perform
impedance matching we add a line that is a quarter wavelength long with an impedance
8.7.
9. Smith Charts
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The Smith Chart is a graphical representation of the complex quantities involved in transmission
line calculations
It plots the reflection coefficient as a function of load impedance
It plots the normalized input impedance as a function of distance from the load
It also allows the standing wave ratio to be determined
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12.
( )
( )
13.
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13.1. Method # 1
The first method is based on calculating the power flowing into the line:
1. Power at the load:
(
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2. In steady state this is equal to the power delivered by the generator at the input:
(
3. To calculate and
at the generator:
4. Note that
account.
(the voltage and current at the input) we can apply the standard circuit laws
is the input impedance (calculated in the usual way). This takes the line length into
13.2. Method # 2
The second method makes use of the reflection coefficient.
1. Again, power at the load:
(
2. Now recognize that load voltage and current are given by (Where
voltage and current amplitudes):
(
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:
(
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and
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14.
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Constitutive relations:
and
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( )
( )
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is the
The existence of an electric field implies the existence of a magnetic field. For the Harmonic wave,
travelling in the z direction, we have the Electric field in the x direction of:
( )
This gives us a magnetic field of:
( )
( )
( )
Where
15.
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[ ]
:
[ ]
This means that the ratio of the electric to the magnetic field will change.
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16.
))
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Use the ratio of conduction to displacement current to determine the degree of loss:
[ ]
[ ]
17.
):
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( )
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17.4. Example 1
The transmitter mast on Mount Royal is specified as
(
). How close can you stand to the transmitter? How much power reaches us here? What is the
Power Density:
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18.
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19.
Polarization
Defined by direction of electric field
Different states:
o Unpolarized light: no constant E-field direction
o Linear polarization: E-field always remains in the same direction
o Circular polarization: E-field direction rotates in a circle; amplitude remains constant
o Elliptical polarization E-field direction and magnitude traces an ellipse
Angle:
( )
Magnitude:
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Right Circular:
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Left Circular:
Sum:
(
( )
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21.
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)
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24.
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. So the wave must start in a higher index material. This is also described as
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26.1. Dispersion
In free space all frequencies travel at the same speed the phase velocity . However, in materials, the
phase velocity, and hence the phase constant is a nonlinear function of frequency.
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27.
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27.3. Impedances
27.5. Resistance
27.6. Loss
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28.
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Phase constant:
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28.6. Example 1
What is the lowest frequency transverse mode that will propagate in a planar waveguide 5 mm thick,
filled with a dielectric material with relative permittivity 2.25? For a frequency 20% above this, calculate
the guide wavelength, phase velocity, and group velocity. What is the frequency of the next highest
mode?
TM1 and TE1 both have the same cut-off frequency:
( )
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29.
Waveguides are usually dispersive. Also, signals that travel in different modes will suffer from a group
delay difference:
(
30.
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As we have seen, for planar waveguides there are two families of solutions (TE and TM)
which are distinguished by their eigenvalues
These are the TE1, TE2, , TEn and TM1, TM2, , TMn modes
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30.4. Impedance
30.5. TM Modes
We can follow a similar route to derive the equations for TM modes:
(
( )
( )
31.
Rectangular Waveguides
Rectangular waveguides provide confinement in both x and y
We assume conducting boundary conditions
They are single conductor waveguides
Rectangular waveguides do not support TEM waves. Nor do any other single conductor
waveguides.
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Cut-Off Frequency:
( )
( )
( )
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32.
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33.
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Introduction to Antennas
The elemental dipole antenna is the basic element of all linear antennas
Its just a short length of wire!
Changing the current in it changes the external E and H fields
There is a lag between the current changing and the external fields changing
The information about the changing current travels as a wave into space
In the far-field, the waves look like plane waves
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The elemental dipole antenna is the basic element of all linear antennas
Its just a short length of wire!
Changing the current changes the external E and H fields
There is a lag between the current changing and the external fields changing
The information about the changing current travels as a wave into space
In the far-field, the waves look like plane waves
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is retarded
) we can write:
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H-plane patterns are often more complex than that of the simple elemental dipole
Antenna arrays have directed patterns
Since the antenna is radiating power, it must present a resistive load to the source
We can introduce a radiation resistance
This is the resistance that would dissipate the same power
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