Motorola Golay Sequential Code

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SENSAR
Tone-Only Pager
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ENVOY
Tone-Only Pager
OPTRX Display
Radio Receiver
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PRIVATE PAGING PRODUCTS, BOYNTON BEACH, FL
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DIMENSION 1000
Radio Pager
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DIMENSION 2000
Display Pager
RS-1-67A

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Introduction
SECTION
A
"""1 GSC Terminology .............................................................................. 0 ........ ... .... . ........... B
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Larger Number of Codes ............... .. ...................................... ......... .. ....................... ... ................. :. C
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... Group Call Flexibility and Expanded Group Call Size ........ ........ ...... . ...... ...... .. . ... .... ... ... . ..... ...... ..... 0
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Multi-Function Capability.............. ..... ......... . .... ........ ..... ..... ....................... .... ....... .... ... ... ... ........ ..... E

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J Efficient Battery Saver Operation ... .... .......... ..... ..... ... ........... ... ...................................................... F
Fast Signalling Speed ................................................................................................................... .
]
Code Word Automatic Reset ...................... ......... ....... ...... ... ................. ......... ... ..... .. .... ........ ... ...... .

! Invalid GSC Codes (Appendix I) .................................................................................................... .
Code Assignment Plans (Appendix II-A) ....................................................................................... .
] Code Assignment Procedures (Appendix II-B) ..... ......... ............. : ......................................... .. ...... .
Preamble Management (Appendix II-C) ....................................................................................... .

Available Codes and Addresses for Pagers (Appendix III) ................................................... .... ... .
-; Programming Equipment for GSC Code Plugs (Appendix III-A) ... ........... ............ ............ .......... ... .
Terminal/Encoder Capacity/I nputs (Appendix IV) .......................................................................... .
i GSC'vs. POCSAG (Appendix V) ............................... ........... ........... ................... ... ... .. ... ...... ..... ... . .

Additional References (Appendix VI) ................................................................ : ........................... .
. . Index
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SECTION A
PREFACE
COOING FOR PAGING SYSTEMS
A paging system consists of a base station, a terminal
or encoder, and a number of pagers sharing a common
RF frequency. Coded signals are used to selectively alert
one pager in the system, and each pager has a unique
, code traditionally determined by plug-in reeds, active fil-
ters, or a code plug.
.:..
Radio group call is a variation of the individual selective
alerting in that several people are alerted and paged
simultaneously on a common code. Terminal group call
enables the formation of groups at the terminal by special
programming of the terminal to signal two or more indi-
vidually assigned codes. Group call will be explained in
detail subsequent sections.
The principles listed above pertain to all types of coding.
Since the Golay Sequential Code (GSC) is new to most
Motorola personnel , this booklet was prepared to help
you understand it sufficiently enough to answer the ques-
tions your customers are most likely to ask. The Golay
Sequential Code is used in the DIMENSION 1000 Radio
Pager, the BPR 2000 Display Pager, the OPTRX Display
Receiver, the ENVOY Radio Pager, the SENSAR Radio
Pager, and the DIMENSION 2000 Display Pager .
INTRODUCTION
METRO-PAGEBOY and METRX pagers have been avail-
able' for a number of years with binary digital coding; hun-
dreds of thousands of such pagers are presently in use.
The Motorola binary coding used in these systems has
been improved to enable more flexibility in systems de-
new binary format is called Golay Sequential
Code (GSC). GSC (named after the inventor of the word
structure, Marcel Golay) provides the following improve-
ments and features over conventional coding schemes.
1. Larger number of codes with multiple address
capability
2. Expanded group call size and flexibility
3. Multi-function capability; tone alert , tone and voice,
and data paging
4. EHicient battery saver operation
5. Fast signalling speed
6. Code Word Automatic Reset for voice paging
7. Excellent falsing protection
Before continuing with a further explanation of the points
listed above, it will be helpful to define some terminology
used in the Golay Sequential Code.
lConsult Subscriber Marketing when uSing GSC and preViously used
binary digital coding In the same system.
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GSC TERMINOLOGY
GSC BINARY WORD - A GSC binary word is a group
of 23 binary bits where each bit , or segment of informa-
tion, can have a value of 0 or ,. A string of O's and , 's
and their respective position define a particular GSC bi-
nary word.
GSC CODE - A GSC code is a unique GSC binary word
, (W1) and GSC binary word 2 (W2) combination that
can be assigned to a pager. Some GSC pagers may be
assigned two codes (see Appendix III).
CODE DESIGNATION - Each GSC code is designated
by a five-digit decimal number (preceded by N) for non-
battery saver operation or a six-digit decimal number for
battery saver operation.
(N) G, Go A2 A, Ao - For Non-Battery Saver
I G, Go A2 A, Ao- For Battery Saver
e.g. Non-Battery Saver = NO'360
Battery Saver = 001360
I = Preamble Index
(only used for battery saver)
G, Go = Group Digits
A2 A, Ao = Address Digits
ADDRESS - Each GSC code is capable of providing
four different addresses. The pager decoder can detect
two binary words, and it can also detect inverse words
or complements. Inverse binary words are created by
sLbstituting , 's for O's and O's for 1's within the binary
string. The first of the four addresses is defined by W1
W2 designated by the five- or six-digit GSC code. Three
more addresses are created by inverting one or both of
the binary words. (W1 = inverse word '; W2 = inverse
word 2).
Address' W1 W2
Address 2 W1 W2
Address 3 W, W2
Address 4 W1 W2
Figure B-1
Binary Word
Address Format
0
1 W1W2
N
E
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2 W1W2
G G,
S Go
3 W1W2
C A2
A,
--
C Ao
4 W1W2
0
0
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tUNCTION - Function describes how a pager responds .
Each address listed above may be assigned a function
at the time of ordering a pager. The function for GSC
pagers may be:
1. Tone
2. Tone and Voice
3. Data (numeric or alphanumeric)
(See Appendix III, page M-' for details)
FUNCTIONAL ADDRESS - A functional address is the
complete definition of how the radio responds, or the de-
scription of a function assigned to a specific address.
For example, address 2 above might be assigned a func-
tion of tone and voice for a particular pager, thus the
functional address is address 2 (wo"rd 1, inverse word
2), function; tone and voice. The pager signalled in this
i n s t n c ~ would "beep" and be ready for a voice message
to follow.
FUNCTION PLANS - Since one GSC code may have
four addresses, it is important that we select a systematic
way of describing each of the four addresses and their
accompanying functions ' (functional addresses). Each
functional address is described by the GSC code (I G"
Go A2 A, Ao) and a function digit (f) from Function Plan
"A" or Function Plan "B". The suffix digit (f) defines the
function and which of the four possible GSC addresses
the function corresponds to.
Function Plan "An SuHix
Function Plan "A" Suffix tfl
If Function If Function If Function
is Tone & is Data, is Tone
Voice, f = f = Only, f =
1 5 9
2 6 0
3 7 N/A
.- 4 8 N/A
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Figure S-2
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Functtonal Acdress Functton Plan "A" Suffix (f)
GSC Code
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If Function If Function
I I I I
If Function
Function WI O Function
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is Tone & is Data, is Tone
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Address Assigned Plan "A" Suffix I I G, I Go I A
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I A, I Ao I (I) Address VOice, I = f = Only, f-
1 Tone & Voice 010362 0
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2 Tone Only 010362 0
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3 Tone & Voice 010362 0
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4 Data 010362 0
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FUNCTION PLAN "A"
The preceding table (see Figure B-1) lists the (fJ digits
for Function Plan "A" and shows how they are suffixed
to a GSC code to describe one of the four addresses
and its accompanying function.
The preceding charts (see Figure B-2) exemplifies the
assignment of tone and voice, tone only, tone and voice,
and data respectively to the four addresses related to
one GSC code (010362) . As you will learn when using
the ordering guides and price pages for pagers that use
the GSC code, the assignment of functional addresses
for your customers' pagers is accomplished by using "R---"
options.
FUNCTION PLAN "S"
Function Plan "S" utilizes the same suffix digits as those
used in Function Plan "A" except that addresses 3 and
4 are used for the tone-only function with the "S" plan.
The "B" plan was created to accommodate GSC four ad-
dress tone-only pagers, such as SENSAR and ENVOY.
(See Figure B-3).
AC/TIVATION CODE - The activation code is transmitted
after a GSC address to initiate the alert tone in voice
pagers. It is also used to squelch the pager's audio after
completion of the voice message (see Code Word Auto-
matic Reset , p. H-1).
START CODE - The start code is a GSC binary word
that is used to delimit the end of a preamble (for battery
saver) and supply timing information for batch mode de-
coding (see Batch Mode Transmission, p. G-2) .
0
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0 2 2 6 (0) I
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PREAMBLE - A preamble consists of a repeated GSC
word which precedes the transmission of an address for
a particular radio. The preamble provides battery saver
information for a particular GSC code.
CAP CODE - A cap code is the number on the outside
of the radio, usually related to the number entered into
the encoder or terminal to call a particular radio. Depend-
ing upon the specific encoder or terminal used in the
system, the cap code mayor may not bear any resem-
blance to the actual GSC code or functional address.
For systems which utilize the automatic terminals, "work-
ing" cap codes depend on how the terminal is pro-
grammed. Ideally, the pager (user) code represents a
"working" cap code which can be entered into a terminal
to access a particular GSC code or address. Pager (user)
codes can only be determined after your customer deter-
mines how he will program his terminal. Cap codes can
be ordered as "blank" and filled in after your customer
receives his pagers and programs his terminal (see Ap-
pendix IV, Terminal Inputs).
After gaining an understanding of the terminology associ-
ated with GSC, let's now consider some of the unique
features and benefits this coding/si gnalling format
provides.
Figure B-3 Function Plan "B" Suffix
Function Plan "A" Suffix (I)
If Function If Function If Function
Binary Word is Tone & is Data, is Tone
Address Format Voice, f = f - Only, f-
0
1 W1W2 1 5
N
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2 W1 W2 2 6 0
G G,
S
Go
C A
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3 WTW2 N/ A 7 3
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0
Ao
4 WTW2 N/A 8 4
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SECTION C
LARGER NUMBER OF CODES
The Golay Sequential Code (GSC) provides 100,000
different codes for non-battery saver systems. Since
each code provides four different addresses, total ad-
dress capacity for non-battery saver systems is 400,000
addresses.
Battery saver systems utilize ten different preambles, and
this expands the total number of available codes to
1,000,000 (10 x 100,000). With four addresses per code,
the total number of available battery saver addresses is
4,000,000.
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With GSC code capacity, co-channel users will be able
to add many, many pagers before code duplication be-
comes a problem. Also, the development of nationwide
paging systems without code duplication is now possible.
Although GSC provides code and address capacity as
described above, the type of pager used in the system
will have an impact on how many codes and addresses
can be used (see Appendix III).
Type of System # Of Codes # Of Addresses
Battery Saver
Non-Battery Saver
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1,000,000
100.000
C-1
4,000,000
400,000
6/1/84
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SECTION 0
GROUP CALL FLEXIBILITY AND EXPANDED
GROUP CALL SIZE
Terminal group call and radio group call are both possible
with GSC. Common code assignments are used to create
radio group call while terminal group call is achieved by
programming the terminal to signal a group of pagers
with individually assigned codes.
Pagers that utilize the Golay Sequential Code radio group
call use two codes. the first GSC code (AA) for individual
addresses and a second common GSC code (AB) for
group call addresses.
Code AA (First Code)
Individual Address 1
NOTE:
Code AB (Second Code)
Group Call Address 1
1. GSC pagers that utilize a second code (AB) can also
use the second code for additional individual addresses.
Instead of assigning one common code to a group of
pagers, a unique second code is assigned to each pager.
2. Designation of code (AA) and code (AB) are also used
to configure functions and addresses for OPTRX Display
Pagers (see OPTRX Ordering Guide RS-1-65) .
3. See Appendix III for GSC code and address capabil-
ities of the different GSC pagers.
GROUP CALL SIZE - Actual radio group call size will
depend upon the terminal(s) and/or encoder(s) used in
the system. The Golay Sequential Code provides capabil-
it/for up to 1,970 individuals in one group. If G, Go is
held constant for both codes assigned to a pager, group
call size is limited to 9S0 individuals in one group. To
expand the group call size to 1,970 members, 5 must
be added to the G, digit of the second GSC code as-
signed to pagers in the expanded group set. (Maximum
size changes if more than one group is used. See Figure
.11-1, PageJ-1.)
!
Radio group call is created by following three steps.
1. Radio group call is achieved by assigning a com-
mon second GSC code (AB) to all pagers in a
group.
2. In a battery saver system, all pagers in a group
must use the same preamble.
3. In all systems (battery saver and non-battery saver) ,
G, Go digits must be the same for the two codes
assigned to the pager. Also, for expanded group
call size (over 9S0) , 5 can be added to G, for group
call codes (AS) in the group expansion (e.g. G, Go
= 01 ,G, Go = 51) (see example).
0-1
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EXAMPLE FOR EXPANDED GROUP CALL CODE ASSIGNMENTS
Standard Group Call
(980 individuals)
G, Go = 01 for all
pagers with common
group call code
(code AS)
G, = 0
Expanded Group Call
(1970 individuals)
G, Go = 51 for group
call codes AS of
pagers added to the
original group
0+5 = G,
used for expansion
NOTE: In order to have the expanded group call size, the
terminal or encoder must be capable of two independent
GI GO settings.
MULTI-GROUP CALL - The Golay Sequential Code
also provides capability for improved group call fl exibil ity
compared to existing coding schemes. 'Multi-address
group call (up to fbur different group calls in one pager)
is also possible with GSC. This may include overlapping
groups or sub-groups within groups.
Again, although GSC provides multi-group call capability,
not all GSC pagers use two codes and/or all the available
addresses per code. The chart below shows the group
call capabilities for various GSC radio pagers.
Pager
OPTRX Display
DIMENSION 1000
SPR 2000 Display
SENSAR Radio Pager
DIMENSION 2000 Display Pager
ENVOY Radio Pager
# Of Available
Group Call Addresses
4
1
No Group Call
No Group Call
No Group Call
No Group Call
Once a common second GSC code is assigned to a
group of OPTRX receivers, the four addresses related
to the second code are also common, and each address
is used for a different group call. With GSC's multi-ad-
dressing/multi-group call capability, four distinct groups
can be created (for one OPTRX Display receiver), or
three different groups can be created with an additional
all call group. OPTRX receivers are configured into par-
ticular groups by activating one, two, three, or four of
the addresses related to the common GSC code which
is used for a group call. At time of an OPTRX Display
receiver order, the four possible addresses are specified
as active or inactive by option number (RXXX). For exam-
ple, if an OPTRX Display receiver is to be a member
of group 1 and 2, then address 1 and 2 must be activated
for that receiver. If another pager is to be only a member
of group 1, only address 1 should be activated. Below,
address 4 has been designated as the all call address.
For further detai ls, consult the OPTRX Order guide,
RS-1-65 and OPTRX Ordering Aid RS-1-76.
6/1/84
One GSC Coae (common second code assigned to all P X Display receivers In group(s))
Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Address 4
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
. or
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Groups 1, 2. & 3 collectively (all call)
TERMINAL GROUP CALL - With the GSC binary signalling format, formation of groups at the terminal is possible,
I regardless of individual code assignments. Terminal group call capacity is shown below.
Terminal or Encoder
.., MODEN Plus'"
MODAX500A
--' MODAX Plus'
METROPAGE'
METROPAGE 200'
'Requires THE Subscriber Ust for terminal group call.
Group Size (up to)
15
Not available
20"
20"
20"
""The size and number of groups may be limited by the size and utilization of memory in the terminal.
"'The MODEN Plus may be configured to provide 4 groups of 15 pagers with an all call group of 70 pagers .
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No. of Groups
5
N/A
50"
50"
50"
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SeCTION E
MULTI-FUNCTION CAPABILITY
Tone only, tone and voice, and data paging are all possible with GSC. Again, actual capability depends upon the type
of pager or pagers used in the system (see Figure E-1) .
NOTE: Pager functions must be assigned at time of radio order, and these functions cannot be altered without changing
code plugs. On OPTRX Display pagers, diHerent model numbers exist for the tone alert and tone and voice pagers,
as well as numeric and alphanumeric pagers (see OPTRX Order Guide (R8-1-65) .
Figure E-1
Available Pager Functions
Data Data
Type of Pager Tone Only Tone & Voice (Numeric) (Alphanumeric)
BPR 2000 and
Dimension 2000 Display Pagers Yes No Yes No
DIMENSION 1000 Radio Pager Yes Yes No No
OPTRX Display Radio Receiver
(VHF & UHF) Yes Yes Yes Yes
OPTRX Display Radio Receiver
(Low Band) Yes No Yes Yes
SENSAR Radio Pager Yes No No No
ENVOY Radio Pager Yes No No No
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SECTION F
o EFFICIENT BATIERY SAVER OPERATION
Battery saver operation extends battery life by approxi-
mately a 3:1 ratio over non-battery saver operation. Basi-
cally, GSC pagers strobe "on" and "off" searching for their
correct preamble. If the pager decoder does not see its
correct preamble, the pager returns to the battery saver
mode in which current consumption is at a minimum level.
If the correct preamble is detected by the decoder, the
pager then remains "powered up" and looks tor the proper
=
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GSC binary address words. For voice pagers, if the prop-
er address words are detected, the decoder ,,,ill then look
for an activation code which activates the audio circuit
in the pager and initiates the alert tone sequence for tone
and voice pages.
If the proper address words are not detected after the
correct preamble, the pager once again returns to the
battery saver mode.
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SECTlON G
FAST SiGNALLING SPEED
The Golay Sequential Code provides fast and efficient binary signalling. Signalling and paging time varies, depending
upon the function (tone, voice, or data) used and the amount of data or the length of voice message that follows
the actual signalling of the pager. The following chart provides a general reference and compares GSC to other
conventional signalling schemes.
The times listed are relevant for systems which are approaching the point of full loading. The times (for tone only
and data) represent averages based on groupings of similar preambles taking place before transmission of addresses
from the terminal (Batch Mode Transmission) .
Type of Signalling
GSe (Tone & Voice)
5/6 (Tone & Voice)
2-Tone Sequential (Tone & Voice)
Echo Binary (Tone & Voice)
GSe (Tone Only)
Echo Binary (Tone Only)
2-Tone Sequential (Tone Only)
5/6 Tone (Tone Only)
GSe (Data)
Type of Signalling
GSe (Tone & Voice)
2-Tone Sequential (Tone & Voice)
5/6 Tone (Tone & Voice)
GSe (Tone Only)
Echo Binary (Tone Only)
2-Tone Sequential (Tone Only)
5/6 Tone (Tone Only)
GSe (Data)
(See note)
NOTES:
Battery Saver System Signalling Times
Signalling Time
2.03 seconds
0.92 seconds
N/A
N/A
0.24 seconds
0.219 seconds
3.5 seconds
0.23 seconds
0.24 seconds
Non-Battery Saver Systems Signalling Times
Signalling Time
0.4 seconds
4.0 seconds
0.217 seconds
0.2 seconds
0.2 seconds
1.2 seconds
0.217 seconds
0.2 seconds
Additional Airtime
Reserved for Alert Tone
or Interpage Gap
2 seconds (alert tone)
1 second (alert tone)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.3 seconds (Interpage Gap)
N/A
N/A
Additional Airtime
Reserved for Alert Tone
or Interpage Gap
2 seconds
None (alert tone occurs
during signalling)
1 second (alert tone)
N/A
N/A
1.3 second? (Interpage Gap)
N/A
N/A
1. Signalling time for GSC listed above does not include the "Paging Universal Remote Control " (PURC) base
station sequence which varies , depending upon the system. For details, see the PURe systems planner or
consult your ASE.
2. The data and tone only times are averages based on batch mode transmission, and these averages differ
from individual response times (see batch mode transmission format below) .
3. Total air time for the various functions is determined by the following summations.
Tone and Voice = Signalling Time + Alert Tone Time + Voice Message Time
Tone Only = Signalling Time + Interpage Gap Time
Data = Signalling Time + Data Message Time"
"Each 12 digits of a numeric data message or eight characters of an alphanumeric message consumes .202
seconds of air time.
4. Alert tone time for GSC voice funct ions may be used to send tone only addresses (see interleaving).
5. Additional air time reserved for alert tone can be used for other signalling in 5, 6 tone and GSC formats.
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Interleaving -Interleaving increases systems throughput by the transmission of tone only addresses dUring
the alert tone ti me for tone and voice pages. The figure below shows how tone only addresses are sent dUring
the voice page alert tone time (see Figure G-').
Preamble SC ADR AC
Adr Adr
2
Figure G-1
Interleaving
2 Sec. Pager Alert Time
Adr
3
Adr
6
Adr
7
Adr
8
f-.oI4.-------- 1.92 sec. -------fl ..
Tone only
addresses sent
during voice
page alert
SC = Start Code
ADR = Address
AC = Activation Code
NOTE: 1. For battery saver systems, all addresses must have the same preamble.
2. The METRO-PAGE 200 TERMINAL is capable of interleaving.
Batch Mode Transmission Format
Voice Message AC
The batch mode transmission format provides increased throughput (more efficient air time utilization) for tone only
and data addresses which use the same preamble. In the individual mode, each battery saver address must be
preceded by a preamble. In contrast, the batch mode transmission format begins with one inverted preamble followed
by a start code and up to 16 addresses without repeating the preamble before each address (see Figure G-2) .
Extended Batch Mode Format
In situations where more than 16 addresses are required in the batch mode, an extended batch mode can be
used by inserting the start code in the 17th address block. Using the start code in the 17th address block precludes
the retransmission of the preamble, thus saving additional air time.
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The following timing diagrams show a comparison of the different transmission formats and the air time saved by \
uS.i.ng batch and extended batch operation (see Figure G-2) . I
" Figure G-2
Batch and Extended Batch Operation

1-1.427 sec. -+-:202-1- .202-1 ,.., .---For Addresses 3-15 ---i
sec. sec.
I
PREAMBLE SC ADR 1 PREAMBLE SC
ADR 2 I
I I
ADR PREAMBLE (
I
SC IADR16 I
INDIVIDUAL TRANSMISSION MODE
i i- -
. r--1.427
4.855 sec .
,\
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PREAMBLE
I
SC ADRl ADR 2
\ .
r
I
PREAMBLE SC ADR 1 ADR2
I
?REAMBLE = INVERTED PREAMBLE
I ADR 14 I ADR 151 ADR
16
1
BATCH TRANSMISSION MODE
I ADR 14
EXTENDED BATCH TRANSMISSION MODE ( 1 EXTENSION)
G-2
6
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SECTiON H
CODE WORD AUTOMATIC.RESET
(for voice function)
This innovative and exclusive automatic reset operation
is accomplished by the receipt of a binary "turn-off" word
transmitted by the encoder or terminal at the end of the
voice message. Availability of code word automatic reset
depends upon the encoder or terminal used in the paging
system.
Comparison to previous reset schemes shows the advan-
tage of code word automatic reset. Carrier squelch reset
in busy systems is ineffective because the carrier may
never cease, and in fringe areas, the carrier may be lost
,.
,
H-1
,
in a "null", causing the pager to reset before a voice mes-
sage is completed. Timeout reset also has limitations.
Messages may get "cut-off" when the timeout occurs be-
fore the end of the message, or messages which are
shorter than the timeout require manual reset.
Variable voice message length (within a 20-second time-
out for DIMENSION 1000 and 50-second timeout for
OPTRX) is possible with code word automatic reset, and
the user is spared the annoyance of listening to extrane-
ous channel noise.
6/ 1/84
APPENDtX I
INVALID GSC CODES
Certain GSC codes are invalid and must be skipped when assigning codes. The following combinations listed below
represent invalid GSC codes, but any other combinations of six digits for battery saver or "N" plus five digits for \ .
non-battery saver represent valid GSC codes.
If G
1
Go
Equals Then Do Not Allow A2 A1 Ao To Equal
00-49 000, 025, 051 , 103, 206, 340, 363,
412, 445, 530, 642, 726, 782, 810,
825, 877
50-99 000, 292, 425, 584, 631 , 841, 851
For "N" Codes- Non-Battery Saver Systems G, Go should never equal 40 or 90 regardless of value assigned to A2 A, Ao.
For battery saver codes "I" can equal any digit (0-9), but all pagers utilizing the same preamble must have common values for "I" and "Go".
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II-A
CODE ASSIGNMENT PLANS FOR GSC PAGERS
Most GSC codes are plant assigned for non-subscriber
paging orders, but if you must assign your own codes
or you are with the RCC or Telephone market teams.
this Appendix and Appendix 11-8 provides relevant infor-
mation.
A variety of GSC pager code assignment plans are possi-
ble, depending upon the system size, the encoder or ter-
minal used, the functions that are used, and the customer
requirements for battery life and maximum channel ca-
pacity. For example, a customer who anticipates the need
for a maximum of 980 codes can select a code assign-
ment plan in which two digits of the pager code are fixed
in the .terminal. Selection of the fixed digits will affect the
battery life and determine the maximum group call size.
Various code assignments are listed in Figure 11-1 and
discussed below.
Multiple preambles are generally used in large systems
to improve battery life. The least significant digit of the
sum of preamble index (I) and group digit Go of the GSC
code indicates the specific preamble that is used in the
pager. If Go is fixed in the terminal, only one preamble
will be used. The group digit Go is nominally incremented
every 1000 codes (see Appendix II-C for additional infor-
mation on preamble management).
The maximum group call size is affected by the number
of address digits (A2 A, Ao) used in the system. Fixing
any of these digits in the terminal reduces the maximum
group call size (see Appendix II-B).
In tone and voice systems using 96 codes or less, the
use of multiple preamble does not provide a significant
improvement in battery life. Therefore, assignment plan
1 of Figure 11-1 should be used for this case.
In tone and voice systems that require up to 980 codes,
plan 2 will maximize battery life by rotating the preamble
every 100 codes (including invalid codes), but the group
call size will be limited to 96 individuals. If larger group
call sizes are needed, plan 3 can be used; this plan allows
groups up to 980 individuals, but only one preamble is
used, thus compromising battery life.
For large tone and voice systems and small tone only
and data systems, code assignment plans 4 and 5 from
Figure 11-1 can be used. Code plan 4 rotates preambles
every 1000 codes while code plan 5 utilizes a single
preamble (if I is fixed). The maximum group size is 980
for both plans. The single preamble plan is acceptable
for tone only and data systems, and it can also be used
for tone and voice systems and systems with split func-
tion (mixed voice and tone only).
Code plan 5 is useful in tone only or data systems where
pagers from several manufacturers with different code
formats are mixed.
For large tone only and data systems, assignment plan
6 should be used. The number of codes can be further
expanded to 980,000 using the I digit; however, this digit
must not be incremented until the 100,000 codes
(including invalid codes) have been exhausted.
Figure 11-1 Pager Code Assignment Plans
.
Variable Maximum
Code Digits Fixed Address Individ.
Plan # in Terminal Digits System Size Per Group Group Examples
1 Group of95
1 G,G
O
A2 A,Ao 48: 2 Code Pagers or 95 Ind. 2 Groups of 47
96: 1 Code Pagers 4 Groups of 93. Etc.
10 Groups of 95
2 G,A2 GoA,Ao 490: 2 Code Pagers or 95 Ind. 20 Groups of 47
980: 1 Code Pagers 40 Groups of 23, etc.
1 Group of 982
3 G,G
o
A
2
A,Ao 490: 2 Code Pagers or 982 Ind. 4 Groups of 244
980: 1 Code Pagers 8 Groups of 121, etc.
4 G, GOA2A,Ao
4900:2 Code Pagers
982 Ind.
10 Groups of 982
9800:1 Code Pagers 100 Groups of 98, etc.
10 Groups of 982
5 Go G,A
2
A, Ao 4900: 2 Code Pagers 1974 Ind. 20 Groups of 491
9800: 1 Code pagers 100 Groups of 98. etc.
50 Groups of 1974
6 - G,GoAzA,Ao 49.000: 2 Code Pagers 1974 Ind. 100 Groups of 985
98.000: 1 Code pagers 800 Groups of 122. etc.
J-1 6/1/84
-
I
,

APPENDIX 11-8
PROCEDURE FOR ASSIGNING CODES
Once a code plan is determined, you should follow these
rules.
1. Codes used for individual addresses are assigned in
ascending order starting at 000001, and the invalid codes
listed in Appendix I are skipped.
2. Codes used for group call addresses are assigned in
descending order, starting at a point determined by the
number of address digits (A2 Al Ao) used in the system.
Fixing any of these address digits (in the terminal) reduces
the maximum group call size.
NOTE: Group call size can be expanded to 1,970, and
if you require group size that large, refer to page 0-1.
All pagers in the same group must have the same I G
I
Go digits in the six digit GSC code (I G
I
Go A2 Al Ao).
For non-battery saver systems, the I digit will not be used.
For example, if the I G, Go digits equal 010 and all three
address digits are used, the group call code assignments
for three groups would be as follows. If more groups are
required in the future, the appropriate number of codes
should be reserved.
, Digits Used
A
2
A1 Ao
Digits Fixed
None
Max. Group
Call Size
980
Group Call
Starting Point
999
Starting Point
(Group Call Codes)
1 0 9 9 9
1 0 9 9 8
1 0 9 9 7
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
., AzA1
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1
.,
,
Al
37'
For the case:
Ao
AzAo
G
,
G
o
A2
Fixed
96
9
99
9
)
010996
Starting Point 0 1 0 0 0 1
(Individual Call Codes)
(a) Example of Group Assignments
For DIMENSION 1000 (900 MHz) Pagers
A,Ao
01
1
48
49
97
98
99
or
Codes assigned to
Ind. in
Group 1
Codes assigned to or
Ind. in
Group 2
Group 2
Group 1
Figure 11-2
K-l
A,Ao
01
!
48
1
72
I
97
98
99
Individual
Code Assignments
Codes assigned to
Ind. in
Group 1
Codes assigned to
Ind.
Group 2
Codes assigned to
Ind. in
Group 3
Group 3
Group 2
Group 1
1
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For the case:
/
NOTE:
G, G
O
A2
Fixed
(b) Example of Group!Assignments
for OPTRX Display Pagers
A, Ao
I
21
1
i
49
I
99
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 1
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 2
Codes assigned to or
Individuals in
Group 3
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 4
All Call
Groups 1-4
Figure 11-3
Group Call Pager Code Assignment
A, Ao
t
25
I
i
98
99
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 1
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 2
Codes assigned to
Individuals in
Group 3
(One GSC code for
group call- capable
of 4 group call
addresses. This code
can provide
addresses for
group 1,2,
and 3, plus an
all call (1, 2, and
3 collectively).
If all call is not
used, group (#4)
can be created as a
distinct group .
1. Only pagers that are capable of two GSC codes can provide both individual call and radio group call.
2. Each GSC code (for OPTRX pagers) is capable of four addresses.
(See Appendix VI for additional reference material)
K-2 6/1/ 84
APPENDI)lIl-C
PREAMBLE MANAGEMENT
Systems which use GSC and battery saver operation may utilize up to ten available GSC battery saver preambles.
The system operator or manager must decide how many preambles to utilize based on a trade-off between maximum
channel capacity and maximum battery life.
Utilization of all ten preambles with 10% of the total channel capacity on each preamble provides the best possible
pager battery life. One preamble for all pagers on a single channel provides minimal battery life but the optimum channel
capacity. A compromise may be achieved by placing 25% of a channel's capacity on each of four preambles.
For systems with alphanumeric pagers, it is desirable to mix GSC tone alert or GSC numeric pagers on the same
preamble with GSC alphanumeric pagers since the short pages (tone alert and numeric) fill in gaps in the data flow.
A two to one ratio (or greater) of tone alert pagers and/or numeric pagers to alphanumeric pagers provides good channel
efficiency.
Preamble is determined by the least significant digit of the sum of I + Go from the GSC code, I G,G
O
A
2
A,A
o
(sum
- of first and third digits from the left) .
e.g. Complete GSC code = I G,G
O
A
2
A,A
o
= 606143
I = 6; Go = 6; I + Go = 6 + 6 = 12
Least Significant digit of 12 = 2 : . Preamble = 2
To estimate traffic percentage on a preamble, use a channel capacity of 100,000 GSC tone alert pagers. From a preamble
1 loading standpoint, assume:
a numeric pager = 3.5 tone alert pages
an alphanumeric pager = 14 tone alert pages
C1 a tone and voice pager = 9 tone alert pages
:J For example, loading a preamble with 5000 tone alert pagers, 2000 numeric pagers, and 500 alphanumeric pagers
would be estimated as follows:
J
1
Tone alert
Numeric
Alphanumeric
5000 x 1
2000 x 3.5
500 x 14
5000
= 7000
= 7000
/
19000 equivalent tone alert pagers
or 19% of the channel capacity
In the example, the ratio of tone alert and numeric pagers to alphanumeric pagers = 5000 + 2000 = 14
500
NOTE: The estimation presented in the example assumes the following:
1 . 44 characters/message for alphanumeric
2. A 12-character numeric message
3. A call rate of .4 calls/user hour
:f the system parameters are drastically different than those assumed, consult your ASE for futher calculations.
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APPENrnx III
AVAILABLE CODES AND ADDRESSES FOR GSC PAGERS
The number of available GSC codes and addresses vary, depending upon the pager. The chart below provides
a reference for the code, address, and function capabilities of the different GSC pagers.
Also, terminal or encoder capabilities may constrain the number of addresses and type of functions per radio in
la given system.
GSC Available
Pager Code Address Pager Functions Call Mode
DIMENSION 1000 1 st (1) W1 W2 T&V, TO." Indiv. Call
(capable of 2 GSC 1 st (2) W1 W2 T&V, TO." Indiv. Call
codes per unit) 2nd (1) W1 W2" T&V, TO." Third Indiv. Call
or Group Call
SPR 2000 Display 1 st (1) W1 W2 TO. Indiv. Call
and DIMENSION 2000 1 st (2) W1 W2 TO. Indiv. Call
Display (capable of 1
1 st (3) W1 W2 Data Indiv. Call
GSC code per unit)
1 st
--
(4) W1 W2 Data Indiv. Call
OPTRX Display 1 st (1)W1 W2 TO. , T&V, or Data" Indiv. Call
(capable of 2 GSC 1st (2) W1 W2 TO., T&V, or Data" Indiv. Call
codes per unit) 1 st (3) W1 W2 TO., T&V, or Data" Indiv. Call
1 st (4) W1 W2 TO. , T&V, or Data" Indiv. Call
OPTRX Display 2nd (1) W1 W2" TO., T&V, or Data" Indiv. or Group
2nd (2) W1 W2" TO., T&V, or Data" Indiv. or Group
SENSAR Radio Pager (1) W1 W2 TO. Indiv. Call
(2) W1 W2 TO. Indiv. Call
ENVOY Radio Pager (1)W1 W2 TO. Indiv. Call
-Actual functions per code determined by avaIlable call options.
"W2 used in second GSC code must be a diHerent W2 than the one used in first GSC code.
NOTE: Only one of the available functions can be aSSigned to each address when the order is written .
M-1 6/ 1/84
APPENDIX
PROGRAMMING EQUIPMENT FOR GSC CODE PLUGS
Specific options, operation, and codes for GSC pagers may be changed by programming a new code plug for the
., pager. An R1801A, Digital Analyzer Controller with Reader-Programmer, can be used by customer maintained ..
to program blank code plugs for the desired operation. Refer to Section 20, Components and Test Equipment,
7, of the price book for pricing and additional information on the R1801A. Application program kits, code plug, adapt(){
boards, and blank code plug kits are used in conjunction with R1801A to provide quick and easy programminQ
of code plugs for each of the different GSC pagers. These items are also listed on page 7 of section 20 of the
book .
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APPENDIX IV
TERMINAUENCODER CODE CAPACITY
Terminal Encoder Code Capacity Address Capacity
MODEN Plus Encoder 2,000 8,000
MODAX 500A Terminal"" 1,000 4,000
MODAX Plus Terminal 10,000 40,000"
(Standard)
With UNI Option"" 1,000 4,000
METRO-PAGE Terminal 10,000 40,000"
(Standard)
With UNI Option"" 1,000 4.000
METRO-PAGE 200
Terminal 200,000 800,000
" A system is set up using either the post entry digit or an input number
per address, Address capacity listed reflects the use of post digit entry
(Function Plan "A" or "S" suHix digit) , Input numbers are assigned to
codes and remain the same for all addresses related to the code. Only
the post entry digit from Function Plan "A" or "S" changes (per address).
If separate input numbers are assigned to each address without using
the post entry digit, the total number of addresses becomes equal to
the code capacities shown. Using number per address permits indi-
vidual address validation and call counting per address. In the post digit
configuration, calls per pager (code) are counted.
." With the MODAX 500A or UNI configuration, only the post digit entry
(function digit) plan is used for multi-function radio pagers with more
than two addresses.
TERMINAL INPUTS
In a typical selector level (di rect inward dialing) paging
system, the number dialed to access the GSC address in
a pager is similar to a normal phone number.
Telephone Exchange # ________ -...J.

accesses the terminal
Pager (User) Code (P)
accesses a particular GSC address
in a pager
Above, the pager (user) code identifies a GSC address in
the terminal ; that is, one of the four possible addresses
derived from one GSC code.
POST ENTRY DIGIT
The term "post entry digit" implies entering digit(s) after
the complete pager (user) code. If post entry digit is used,
the pager (user) code identifies a GSC code and an
additional digit (f) (from function plan "A") must be entered
to identify one of the four possible addresses that can be
derived from one GSC code (see page 1).
With touch code (DTMF), additional digits (post entry
digit) may be entered to identify a function plan "A" digit (f)
of the radio pager functional address and/or convey
numeric data (D) to the terminal. The terminal must be
equipped with Numeric Display Input chasis for post entry
digit.
0-1
Telephone Exchange # _____ N_N_t _X_-P--,PrPP- f-D DO
0
accesses terminal
Pager (User) Code (P)
For post digit entry, identifies
GSC code in terminal
Post Entry Digit (t)
Function plan "A" digit which is
used to identify one of the four
possible GSC addresses and its
function
Data Entry (D) --------------1
Data entered for numeric display-
OPTRX and SPR 2000 Display pagers
The following chart shows the flow of various inputs and
terminal transformations for post entry digit.
Pager (User) Code (P) (input S. Terminal passes complete
to terminal through phone: Functional address (in binary
e.g. 5026) form) to station for
2 Terminal References GSC
transmiSSion to appropriate
Code (IG,GoA2A,Ao) e.g.
pager
010362 which is stored
in terminal and cross
references 5026 through
UNI
or THE Subscriber list
3 . Post Digit Entry Function
plan "A" digit entered into
phone and passed to
terminal; e.g. 1
4 . Terminal "reads" post digit
entry (from function plan "A")
as address 1 of GSC code
and identifies that address
as voice (see Function Plan
"A", pace 2).
In e(ld-to-end (line level) touch cope (OTMF) systems, a
complete phone number is dialed to access the paging
terminal input. This is followed by input of the pager (user)
code (P), function digit (f), and numeric data, if required.
____ N_N_X--'-VXX-PTP-/f-ODOO
Pager (User) Code
Post Entry Digit (t)
(Function plan "A" digit)
Numeric Data Input
NOTE: Generally, rotary dial telephone will not allow post
digit entry, precluding dial-in of function (f) or data digits
(D),
6/1/84
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ENTRY WITHOUT POST ENTRY DIGIT
The MODAX Plus, METRO-PAGE, or METRO PAGE 200
terminals may be set up to operate in a pager (user)
number per address mode without post digit entry. The
address with its corresponding function (functional ad-
dress) is identified by a unique pager (user) code. This
functional address would be programmed into THE Sub-
scriber List and a pager (user) code also assigned. An
i example is shown below.
Pager (User) Code GSC Functional Address
(PPPP) (IG, G
o
A
2
A, A
o
(f
5026 010362(1)
5027 010362(2)
5028 010362(7)
5029 01 0362(8)
Function
Voice
Voice
Data
Data
,
Post Entry Digit Vs. No Post Digit
Post Entry
Digit
No Post
, Entry Digit
/
/
Address
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Pager User
Code (PPPP)
5026
5026
5026
5026
.5026
5027
5028
5029
Post Digit Entry
Function Plan "A" GSC
(f) Functional Address
1 010362(1 )
2 010362(2)
7 010362(7)
8 010362(8)
None 010362(1)
None 010362(2)
None 010362(7)
None 010362(8)
0-2
Function
Voice
Voice
Data
Data
Voice
Voice
, Data
Data
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APPENDix V
GSC VS. POCSAG
WHAT'S A POCSAG?
POCSAG is simply an acronym for Post Office Code Stan-
pardization Advisory Group. This group was formed at the
behest of the British Post Office (now British Telecom) in
an effort to formulate a single paging code that would meet
the defined requirements of the United Kingdom's paging
system. The advisory group was put together with repre-
sentatives from manufacturers, including Multitone,
Philips, Pye, Storno, Standard Telephones and Cables,
and Motorola; and representatives from British Telecom
and the British Home Office.
The principle requirement put before the advisory group
"Was for speed, which translates to throughput. Both GSC
and POCSAG have a total number of available codes
which reach beyond the physical constraints of throughput
due to the signalling speed of each code format. Based on
traditional pager usage rates, the resulting POCSAG code
has a tone only throughput capacity of approximately
300,000. The Golay Sequential Code has a tone only
throughput capacity of about 100,000 since the call rate for
GSC addressing is one third that of POCSAG: This may
be a reasonable requirement for a system covering all of
the U.K., but for localized, highly competitive systems as
in the U.S. , 100,000 should be adequate. In this case, per-
formance, not capacity, is the key requirement. (See article
below.)
Although Motorola participated in the advisory group and
has developed a POCSAG coded METRX pager for the
U.K. system, we do not believe that the tradeoffs made to
achieve the speed of the POCSAG code are warranted in
other marketplaces. Consequently, our future paging
development focuses on the Golay Sequential Code, not
just for tone only, but for tone and voice, numeric, and
alphanumeric paging as well . Our extensive laboratory
testing has shown that the GSC has significant sensitivity
advantages over POCSAG in fading and multi-path
environments.
The GSC is an extremely robust code offering Signalling
speed combined with versatility, sensitivity, and resistance
to falsing. We believe that it has the best combination of
these important features available in the competitive pag-
ing marketplace today.
'Throughput is based on nonbattery saver systems.
THE BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GSC AND POCSAG ARE CITED IN THE FOLLOWING ARTICLE
WHICH IS A REPRINT FROM "COMMUNICATIONS" MAGAZINE (OCTOBER, 1981).
/
By Brad Davis
Subscriber Paging Performance
Considerations for Future Planning
T
he subscriber paging industry has reached an impor-
tant crossroads in its evolution. Even as RCCs, tele-
phone companies, PTTs, telecommunication authorities,
and manufacturers gear up for the changes in product and
service offerings only recently unveiled, we can all see
beyond this first flush of enthusiasm to the enhancements
awaiting us all in the mid and late 1980s.
Transmission of data to pagers is an idea that has been
awaiting implementation ever since the first RCC realized
that he could not fit any more tone-and-voice pagers on his
existing channels. The industry finally has a number of im-
plementations to choose from, each with varying strength
in regard to speed, sensitivity, resistance to falsing,
number of possible codes, flexibility, and battery saving.
Before selecting a data paging format, it is appropriate to
consider the relative business impact of each of these vari-
ous strengths. This comparison is best done with the
thought in mind that we are just on the threshold of new
P-1
subscriber service offerings, a sentiment that is echoed in
the FCC proceedings on Docket 80-183 where it is recom-
mended that a megahertz be held in reserve for advanced
technologies in paging.
Presented here is a comparison, from a business as well
as technical viewpoint, of just two high-capacity, data-cap-
able paging codes, POCSAG, which should be in sub-
scriber service in mid-1981, and the Golay Sequential
Code, in service since 1973. Neither code format is be-
lieved to be proprietary.
The Golay Sequential Code (GSC) is patterned after the
proven two-tone sequential signaling system in that it
makes use of two sequential binary (23.12 Golay) words
per address. The POCSAG code, being promulgated by
the British Telecom, is a synchronous format requiring bit
and word synchronization and is based on the 31 :21 BCH
code. The features of the two codes are as follows:
6/1/St:
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GSC
.I
Taolel
poe SAG
Number of Codes 1 million, 4 address
500,000, 8 address
2 million, 4 address
5 calls/sec 15 calls/sec Call rate (Addresses)
(Data) 2.5 callsl sec (12 characters)
.45 calls/sec (80 characters)
5.0 calls/sec (10 characters)
.52 calls/sec (80 characters)
Decoder Type Asynchronous Bit synchronization and
word framing required
Address Format 2 word (23:12 Golay) 1 word (31 :21 BCH)
Data Format Block of 815:7 words
12 numeric characters
per block
31 :21 words
5 numeric characters
per word
Battery Saver Grouping Selective Batching Time Division
Fade Protection
Address
Bits Corrected
Fade Percentage
Fade Length"
Data
3/ 23 (300 BPS) 2/32 (512 BPS)
13% 6.3%
10ms 4ms
Bits Corrected
Fade Percentage
Fade Length
16/120 (600 BPS) 1/32 (512 BPS)
13% 3.1%
27ms 2ms
"For reference, existing 5-tone sequential paging systems provide 10 ms fade length protection.
It is that the POCSAG format achieves greater
speed and code capacity. However, certain important
trade-ofts were accepted to achieve these features in the
POCSAG code. The extent of these trade-ofts was
examined via a series of computer controlled tests.
SPEED
Obviously speed is a desirable attribute of a data paging
code format. But is it free? How fast is fast enough?
To achieve its signaling speed improvement, POCSAG
reduces the redundancy employed in binary formats for
detection and correction of burst errors in the received
transmission. Specifically, POCSAG allows 2 bits to be
corrected out of a 32-bit address and only 1 bit to be
corrected out of 32 bits for data messages. This corre-
sponds to 4 ms and 2 ms fade protection for address
and data respectively. This compares to the significantly
greater GSC fade protection of 10 ms for address and
27 ms for data. Therefore, one should expect the POC-
SAG code to provide less reliable performance in the
real world of fading and impulse noise. This difference
has been manifested in both computer simulations and
actual field testing.
It should also be noted that, unlike the POCSAG code,
the GSC is designed to give longer fade protection to
data than to address. What this means in practical terms
is that when a paging user receives his page, there is
a greater probability that he will also correctly receive
his data message. This results in less frustrat ion for the
user and fewer administrative headaches and complaints
for the system operator.
As alphanumeric pagers appear on the scene, the length
of data messages will increase. Here is where the differ-
ence between POCSAG and GSC will become more pro-
nounced. For an 80-character alphanumeric message in
a fading environment, the GSC has a 12.2 dB advantage
in the relative signal strength required for 99 percent suc-
cess rate. Thus the GSC provides four times the reli able
coverage area per transmitter. In addition, POCSAG's
speed advantage lessens as data messages grow longer.
In today's metropolitan radio signal environment , charac-
terized by multipath interference, impulsive noise, and
simulcast beats, the GSC format's greater ability to ac-
commodate long burst errors will translate directly into
user satisfaction.
To substantiate the impact of fading on paging rel iability,
which translates to sensitivity, computer-controlled tests
were carried out on the recovered binary signals from
an actual receiver which was being driven by a fading
simulator designed to emulate the same type of RF signal
received while in a moving vehicle in an urban environ-
ment. In order to compare only code formats and not
P-2
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a specific implementation, bit synchronization and bit de-
cisions were made in an identical optimum manner. The
results of these tests are presented in Table II .
In a Gaussian noise environment, the two codes perform
essentially the same for address and 10-character
numeric paging. GSC offers a slight advantage for 80-
character alphanumeric paging. The Gaussian noise en-
vironment is that experienced in a test fixture, antenna
range, or rural areas. Although it is often the basis on
which code comparisons are made, real world urban en-
vironments are seldom Gaussian.
However, as the length and proportion of data paging
messages of the future is a moot point, let's evaluate
speed on a purely tone only basis, where POCSAG en-
joys the greatest advantage. At traditional pager usage
rates, the GSC supports a system of 100,000 pagers.
POCSAG, at three times the speed would therefore sup-
port 300,000 pagers per channel, or about one fifth the
total number of pagers in subscriber service in the U.S.
today. There are some 600 RCC's in the U.S. and about
40 telephone companies providing subscriber paging ser-
vice. With eight channels currently allocated to carrier
paging only service, 40 900 MHz channels pending, 40
more held in reserve, and 20 more low band channels
soon to be made available (albeit on a restricted basis),
few system operators are likely to feel a compelling need
for this degree of single channel capacity before alterna-
tive codes with enhanced performance and features are
made available. In supporting these new services and
opportunities, it would seem important that excess capital
not be applied to less than optimal systems.
FLEXIBILITY
Granted there are systems operating with high capacity
tone only paging formats that can see a day in the not-
too-distant future when no more pagers of the current
type can be accommodated. The operators of these sys-
tems are understandably excited with the apparent pos-
sibilities of the POCSAG format. However, here they are
apt to encounter another of the format 's trade-offs. Cen-
tral to what makes the POCSAG code a high capacity,
high speed format is its synchronous nature. In brief, this
means that every POCSAG pager on a system must
periodically attain bit synchronization as well as word syn-
chronization. Groups of POCSAG pagers are assigned
to specific time slots. This allows the pagers to go into
a low current drain "standby" mode during periods of
transmission not meant for them. Thus receiver and de-
c50der are only fully 0!1 about 14 percent of the ti me. ThiS
along with the search sequence used, results in gOod
battery economy, but, since it requires rigid time controls
in the paging system, it sacrifices to a large degree the
flexibiity to permit multiple code formats and voice on
the same channel.
This is not to say that POCSAG cannot co-exist on the
same channel with other code formats or voice. However,
the system would have to resend the POCSAG 1/0
preamble after each such transmission to resynchronize
all the POCSAG pagers in the system, which would have
lost sync during a voice message or batch of non-POC-
SAG code. This is of no real consequence unless one
is expecting a quantum leap in capacity by adding POC-
SAG to an already 60 percent to 70 percent loaded sys-
tem.
The GSC, on the other hand, is asynchronous in nature
requiring neither bit synchronization nor word framing that
must be recognized before correct address decoding can
be guaranteed. Consequently GSC pages can be inter-
spersed quite randomly among voice messages and
transmissions of other code formats without regard to
special system protocol. The approach taken to imple-
ment a battery saver achieves battery economy commen-
surate with that of POCSAG, preserves maximum system
flexibility, and does not destroy the asynchronous nature
of the basic coding format. Such flexibility ought to be
a major concern in system implementation. Today's lead-
ing paging carriers may not be competitive tomorrow if
their systems are unable to assimilate new, attractive
product and service offerings. Such a situation could be
a company's undoing in a highly competitive large!y lease
market.
CODE CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE TO FALSING
The POCSAG code has twice the number of codesavail-
able as the GSC, but in either case the code capacity
is so much higher than system capacity as to make this
difference irrelevant. The GSC has a greater resistance
to falsing than does POCSAG (1 in 100 years vs. 1 in
10 years) . However, both are so much better than the
false dialing rate as to make this difference irrelevant
also. Should a real market requirement arise for two mil-
lion address capacity, the GSC code set could be readily
expanded at the expense of some of its falsing resist-
ance, thereby putting it on a parity with the POCSAG
code.
Table II
Test results showing the performance differences in a fading environment between the Golay Sequential Code and the
POCSAG code:
Address Paging
10-character numeric
80-character alphanumeric
Relative Signal Strength
for 99% Success Rate
GSC
Ref.
+ 1.5 dB
+ 3.8 dB
POCSAG
.J.. 4.5 dB
+ 10.5 dB
+ 16.0 dB
'Reference is GSC address performance IF Signal to nOi se rallO = 15 dB for 99 percent success rate.
P-3
. liE ; febriS!."!' ggA % fflj. ffl
GSC Performance
Advantage
4.5 dB
9.0dB
12.2 dB
6/1/84
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ECONOMICS
Perhaps the most widely touted aspect of the POCSAG
code is that a standard code will bring many new
suppliers into the market, and the resultant competition
will drive the price of pagers down. This may indeed be
true in the short term as new entrants vie for enough
volume to realize their forecasted product costs. How-
ever, total market growth is a function of the carriers,
not of the manufacturers. Figure 1 shows that tone alert
pager prices have been following a classic experience
curve since 1972. Unless an unforeseen redoubling of
the market growth rate occurs, there is little to support
an acceleration down this curve 1.
The point is that invention and manufacturing experience
are the cornerstones of cost reduction and therefore of
price reduction. Unnecessary standardization can ef-
fectively stifle invention. Likewise, artificially inducing a
market price reduction by dangling the carrot of inflated
forecasts before potential suppliers does no one any
good in the long term.
CONCLUSION
The RCC's and telephone companies in highly competi-
tive markets like the U.S., Canada, and Hong Kong do
not have the lUxury of dictating the quality of paging ser-
vice to their customers. Neither can they delay the adop-
tion of products, features, and services of true benefit
and appeal to the user. Performance standards have
been set and will continue to be set by the progressive,
meticulous, and competitive engineers and businessmen
in these markets. Their best designs, implementations,
I
I /
anJ decisions have matured into de facto standards that
serve as the minimum ante to play in the subscriber pag
ing game. There are nearly a quarter of a million pagers
in service around the world utilizing the Golay based for-
mat, while there is no current quantitative performance
data on the POCSAG code other than that presented
here. The Golay Sequential Code is the optimum choice
for the smart businessman, who sees data messages
and high speed and voice paging as the likely evolution
of his business. Its performance advantages apply to user
satisfaction, system cost , and future flexibility.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Brad Davis is Market Planning Manager, Subscriber
Paging Operations for Motorola, Inc. Davis has held
his present position for one and one-half years, and
previously held various positions with the company
in the area of subscriber paging marketing. He is
a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, with
a BA in English Literature.
FOOTNOTE
1 For more on the experience curve, see Perspec-
tives on Experience, by the Boston Consulting
Group. The concept is based on accumulated vol-
ume. Figure 1 represents the accumulated market
volume curve on a linear yearly scale. Prices are
in constant 1972 dollars (i.e., the effect of inflation
is removed).
Figure 16-1 Average Price of Tone Alert Pager"in the U.S. Carrier Market
(Constant 1972 $'s)

$175 ij-----+----'-""'l

'72 '73 '75
$75L ____ ____ J-____ ______ b-____
'77 '78 '79 '80 '76 '74
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APPENdIX VI
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FOR GSC PAGERS
Ordering and Coding Information
OPTRX Ordering Guide
OPTRX Ordering Aid
DIMENSION 1000 Ordering Guide
BPR 2000 Display Ordering Guide
Paging Systems Planner (Coding Information)
Product Information (Pagers)
DIMENSION 1000 Radio Pager
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
DIMENSION 2000 Display Pager
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
BPR 2000 Display Pager
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
ENVOY Radio Pager
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
OPTRX Display Receiver (VHF & UHF)
Catalog Sheet (all models)
RB Sheet
. OPTRX Display Receiver (Low Band)
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
SENSAR Radio Pager
Catalog Sheet
RB Sheet
Product Information (Terminals/ Encoders)
t10DEN Plus (Encoder)
Catalog Sheet
Systems Planner
MODAX 500A (Terminal)
Catalog Sheet
Systems Planner
MODAX Plus (Terminal)
Catalog Sheet
Systems Planner
METRO-PAGE (Terminal)
Catalog Sheet
Systems Planner
METRO-PAGE 200
Catalog Sheet
Systems Planner
0-1
R8-1-65
R8-1-76
R8-1-64A
R8-1-66
Section IV of R4-2-22
R3-5-90A
RB-06-14A
R3-S-106
RB-6-17
R3-S-91
RB-OS-05
R3-0S-104
RB-S-11
R3-5-93
RB-05-12
R3-5-107
RB-05-12
R3-5-103
RB-5-10
R3-5-96
68P81026C35
R3-S-97
68P81026C30
R3-5-110
68P81026C30
R3-5-110
68P81026C30
R3-S-94
68P81027C50
6/1/84
-..,

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1
A_
Activation Code, B-2
Address, B-1, C-1, G-2, J-1, K-1 , M-1 , 0-1, 0-2
All Call , 0-1, K-2
Assignments (see Code Assignments)
Automatic Reset (see Code Word Auto Reset)
B.
Batch Mode Transmission G-2
Battery Saver Systems
Code Assignments, J-1 , K-1
Number of Available Codes, A-1 , C-1
Paging Time, G-1 , G-2
Preamble, B-2, F-1 , G-1 , G-2, L-1
Binary Word, B-1
BPR 2000 Display Pagers, 0-1 , E -1 , M-1 , 0-1
C_
Cap Codes, B-2, 0-1 , 0-2
Code Assignments, J-1 , K-1 , K-2
Code Designation, B-1
Codes (Invalid), 1-1
Code Plug Programming, N-1
Code Word Automatic Reset , H-1
D.
DIMENSION 1000 Radio Pagers, A-1, 0-1, E-1, H-1 ,
K-1,M-1
DIMENSION 2000 Display Pagers, A-1, 0-1 , E-1, M-1
E.
Encoder (GSC) 0-2, 0-1
ENVOY Radio Pager, A-1 , 0-1, E-1 , M-1
Exte,nded Batch Mode, G-1, G-2
F.
Function, B-1 , B-2, E-1
Function Plan "A", B-2
Function Plan "B", B-2
Functional Address, B-1 , B-2
MOTOROLA
1301 East IIlgonquln Road. SChaumburg. IL 60196
(312) 3971000
INDEX &
G.
Group Call
I.
Address, 0-1
All Call , 0-1
Multi-Group Call, 0-1
Radio, 0-1
Size, 0-1
Terminal,D-2
Invalid GSC Codes, 1-1
Interleaving, G-2
M.
Multi-Function, E-1
Multi-Group Call, 0-1
METRO-PAGE 200 (Terminal), 0-2, G-2, 0-1,0-2
METRO-PAGE (Terminal), 0-2, 0-1 , 0-2
MODAX SOOA (Terminal), 0-2, 0-1 , 0-2
MODAX Plus (Terminal), 0-2,0-1 , 0-2
MODEN Plus (Encoder), 0-2, 0-1,0-2
O.
OPTRX Display Receivers, A-1 , 0-1, 0-2, E-1, H-1, K-2,
M-1 , 0-1
P.
Pager (User) Code, 0-1,0-2
Paging Time, G-1, G-2
POCSAG, P-1
POCSAG vs. GSC, P-1 , P-2, P-3, P-4
Preamble Management, L-1
S.
SENSAR Radio Pager, 0-1 , E-1 , M-1
Signalling Speed (see Paging Time)
Start Code, B-2
T.
Terminals/ Encoders
R
Additional Reference Material, 0-1
Capacity, 0-1
Inputs, 0-1 , 0-2
Terminal Group Call , 0-2
SpeCifications sublecllo change wlthOul notice.
6/ 1/ 84
M MOlorola. BPR2000. DIMENSION 1000. METRO PAGE.
MOOAX. MODEN. OPTRX, and THE SubsCrIber LISI are
trademarks of MOlorola. Inc. (8406) C.P
':>"med In U.S.A. c 1984 MotorOla. Inc. R81 67A
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THE GOLAY SEQUENTIAL CODE
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
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Leonard Nelson
July 26, 1983
Issue C-5
,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
:1
J
2.0 SIGNALING FORHAT
2. 1 PREAMBLE STRUCTURE 2
2.2 SYNC CODE AND ACTIVATION CODE STRUCTURE 4
2.3 ADDRESS STRUCTURE 6
2.3.1 CODE WORD GENERATION (23, 12) GOLAY 6
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2.4 TONE ONLY PAGING 8
J
2.4.1 BATCH OPERATION 10
2.4.2 EXTENDED BATCH HODE 10
2.4.3 NON-BATTERY SAVER OPERATION 12
2.5 DATA PAGING 13
/
2.5. 1 DATA BLOCK DEFINITION 13
2.5.2 SYMBOL ASSIGNMENT 16
2.5.3 NUMBER OF DATA BLOCKS/MESSAGE 18
2.5.4 CODE WORD GENERATION (15, 7) BCH CODE 18
2.5.5 NUMERIC FORMATTING. 1<)
2.5.5.1 ALPHANUMERIC FORMATTING 21.1
2.5.6 A/N OPERATION FROM A STANDARD ASCI I KEYBOARD 22
2.5.7 AUTOMATIC INPUTS OF ALPHANUMERIC MESSAGES 24A
2.6 VOICE PAGING . 25
2.6.1 ACTIVATION CODE 25
2.6.2 INTERLEAVED TONE AND VOICE 26
2.6.3 TERMINAL GROUP CALL 26
2.6.4 NON-BATTERY SAVER TONE AND VOICE 30
,
5.1 COIIVERSIOll OF PAGER CODE TO TRANSMITTED BIT
PATTERN
5.2 PREAMBLE AND SYNC 59
5.3 DATA BLOCK INFORMATION 59
5.4 CODING REFERENCES 64
5.5 RE COMMEtlDE D S EQUE NC E OF CALL DE LI VE RY FROM A SMALL
ENTRY DEVICE. . . . . . . . . . . 65A
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ISSUE A S e p t emb e r 1 7, 1 9 8 1
ORIGINAL
ISSUE !l December 22,1981
1. Inserted null in shifted character set and reassigned L, Il, P (page 17).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Inserted paragraph on the use of the space by Optrx and BPR 2000 (page
20).
Corrected title of Figure 11. The D4D3D2DIDO designation replaced by
G1GOA2A1AO (page 47).
Corrected address digits for code plan 6. The D4D3D2DIDO/f was replaced
by G1GOA2AIAO (page 53).
Inserted the correct binary representation for the space in the example
of Section 5 and corrected the bit patterns and Figure 14 (pages 63,
64 and 65).
Corrected Figure 9A (page 45).
ISSUE C Hay 5, 1982
1.
2.
3.
Non-battery saver pager operation was clarified (page 13).
An R has been added to the shifted numeric character set p ~ g e 17).
The maximum alphanumeric message should be limited to 80 characters
(page 18 and page 40).
4. Use of the unshifted space for the BPR and Optrx pagers has been cl ari-
fied (page 20).
5. Terminal actions have been defined for the case where a user hangs up
before entering data in data page (page 21).
6. The default character for the ASCII brackets, column 5, rows 11 and 13,
have been changed (page 24).
7. The Hotorola paging base station control requirements have bee n updated
(pages 34-37).
8. The entr y in row 2 has been corrected (page 46 ) .
,
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ISSUE C (Continued)
9. Added the all "zeroes" 'Word 2 to the illegal code table (page 50).
10. The use of Code Plan A clarified (page 56).
11. The last row of the data block e x ~ p l e has been corrected (pages 64-65 ) .
12. Added requirement for alphanumeric formatting (pages 21.1 and 21.2).
13. Added alphanumeric formatting to terminal requirements (page 39 ) .
ISSUE C-2 j u I y 28, 1982
1. Removed 387 Hz signal from transmitter to terminal. Data modem part
number changed (page 33).
2.
3.
Clarified Figure 14, identifying single comma bit preceeding data block .
Also corrected data stream waveform (page 65).
Added recommendation for tighter alphanumeric stability (page 32).
ISSUE C-3 September 3, 1982
1.
Minimum time to initiate a new batch transmission Changed from 9 add re sses
or 3.45 seconds to 11 addresses or 3.85 seconds ( page 10 ) .
2. Added Section 2.8 showing variations of GSC required for BPR 2000, Dimen-
sion 1000 and Optrx (pages 31A and 31B).
ISSUE C-4 Fe:,rua ry 14, 1983
1. Comments regarding options desirable in termi nal where a ce ntral o ffice
code includes a "0" or "1" as the second digit ( page 20 ) .
2. CR/LF adde d to end of alpha data stream (page 21.1 ) .
3. CR/LF character moved on chart to allow use o f s tanda r d ASCI I <CR) as
control character (page 24).
4. Annotation showing Base Station Control comments in Section 3.3 r efer to
Motoro l a PURC Station (page 33).
5. Section 3.3.7 added (page 37.1).
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ISSUE C-S July 26, 1983
1. Added comments on automatic inputs of alphanumeric messages (page 24A)
and recommended input protocol (page 6SA).
24A
2.5.7 AUTOMATIC INPUT OF ALPHANUMERIC MESSAGES
In order to decrease holding times on input lines to alpha-
numeric systems, it is desirable to promote input devices
which will allow off-line entry of page information and
dump this informacion quickly after connection to the paging
terminal. A recommended protocol for this type of operation
is included in Section 5.5 of the Appendix.
The recommended protocol is compatible with special versions
of small input encry devices distributed by Motorola, Novation
and IXO, manufactured by IXO and Novation. It is also suitable
for automatic input from a remote computer and has been sent
to numerous manufacturers of paperless TAS systems.
You will note that there are options within the protocol:
1) It may be used for paging with 2 fields per transaction
or other services with a different number of fields
/
per transaction.
2 ) The use of manual input devices is provided in the
logon procedure. Such provisi0n is optional with the
system operator.
3) Optional messages to the remote entry device may be
added to control responses from the central terminal,
For paging, these will probably be used for message
acceptance or rejection the end of a message,
For initial implementation of the protocol, it is recommended
that Bell 103 compatible modems be used to receive at 300
baud. Acditional speeds or modem types may be used if desired.
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ISSUE
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C5
7/26/83
5.5 RECOHtlENDED SEQUEtlCE OF CALL DELIVERY FROH A SHALL EtlTRY OEVICE
REMOTE EtJTHY DEVI CE DOES
1} Off hook - Access ODD line
Awa i t d i a I tone
Dial stored access number
2} Carrier up
3}
II <CR) II
II}
SA ) (For automatic remote entry
devices)
II <ESC) SST
PAGING CENTRAL DOES
Ring
Answer
Car ri e r up
II I 0="
COMMENTS
"<CR>" is repeated at two second
intervals until paging central re-
sponds wi th "I D-" at correct baud
rate or unti I 3 transmissions have
been completed. (This step exists
to allow for possible future baud
rate recognition). (All quotatIon
ma rks or the symbo Is < > shown are
used for notation in thIs document
and are not transmitted).
Request for 10 returned withIn one
second of receipt of<CR>.
"<ESC)II signifies entry device in-
tends to talk in automatic dump mode.
"55" is a set of two alphanumeric
cha rac ters signifying a type of ser-
vice to be accessed.
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REMOTE ENTRY DEVICE DOES
PAGING CENTRAL DOES
SA} Continued
PPPPPP (CR) II
5M) (For manual remote entry)
11M (CR) II
l-", _J l .
\
COHHENTS
(For a paging service where:
Field
Field 2
IIPager 1011 and
IIHessage
li
(where applicable)
SS wi II be sent as IIPG
II
.)
Where T is a single alphanumeric
character relating to the type of
terminal or device attempting to
send the message.
T :t '11'1 I s a category of en t ry de-
vices using the same protocol. The
IXO and Novation devices are members
of this category.
T:t 7, 8, 9 are reserved for wild
card terminal or devices which may
relate to a specific user's system.
6 alphanumeric character password
(pppppp) here from automatic ter-
minals. (Password is optional and
may be different lengths in some systems).
Lack of <:ESC:> at beginning of response
to 11 ID" signifies manual operation where
applicable.
Any manual operation is user defined after
can be replaced by any
, sequence ending in <(:R;' and not beginning
wi th
-
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8)
TRAN SACT ION 1/1
BLOC K
/I I
"<STX)
FIELD /I I
FIELD /12
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<CR)
<CR)
FIELD /IN <C R)
<ETX)<CHE CKSUH)<CR)"
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".
PAGING CENTRAL DOES
II <Mes sage seq uence)< CR)
ACK < CR)"
or
"<Message sequenceXCR)
<NAK> <CR) 01
or
"< Message sequence)<CR)
<ESCXEOT) <CR)"
"<E SC) [p <CR)"
)
COMMENTS
Logon accepted
or
Requested again
or
Forced disconnect
A message sequence is defined as a
series of short messages separated
by <CR) IS. Message sequences are
totally optional.
Message go ahead is sent when paging
central is ready for new informa-
t ion.
\.
A "block" is up to 256 characters in
length, with up to 250 characters of info,
plus 3 control characters and a 3
character checksum. The block carries
one transaction (one set of all fields
1 through H) or a portion of a trans-
action. A block always carries an
in teg ral number of fields with their
ass oci ated<CR) IS. It may be less
than 256 characters to accommodate
short transactions or the integral
number of fields rule.
'.
-
-
8) Continued
TRANSACTION /12

FIELD #1 (CR)
BLOCK
I
/12
I
I
FIELD /lJ (CR)
(ETB>(CHECKSUM)(CR)"
-
II (STX)
FIELD /lJ + 1 (CR)
BLOCK
113 I
FIELD ilL (CR)
TB>(CHECKSUH)(CR)"
II <STX>
FIELD ilL + 1 (CR)
BLOCK I I
1/4
I
FIELD liN (CR)
_ (ETX)(CHE CR)"
I
I
LAST TRANSACTION
II <STX>
FIELD (CR)
LAST
BLOCK I
I
FIELD <-CR)
<E TX)(CHECKSUH)(CR) II
- . .1
.. _.' l .. _ .::: t_ l
PAGING CENTRAL DOES
! - ...... ":.J . _.J
COHMENTS
A field, with its assoclated(CR),
may not exceed 250 characters. The
(CR) field delimiter suggests (CR)
may not be used within a field.
The(ETX)ts used if a given trans-
action (Fields 1 through N) ends
within the block currently being
transmitted. The (ETB) is used if
the transaction is continued into
the next block. 110 limit is
established within the protocol
itself regarding the number of trans-
\
\
\
..
actions or the number of blocks or -
fields or blocks per transaction;
however, a particular user system
may have limits on either or both.
Some systems may be limited to one
block per transaction and one trans-
action per phone connection.
Each checksum is computed by perform-
ing the simple arithmetic sum of the
7-bit values of all characters pre-
ceding it in that block. (This means
that STX and ETB/ETX are included in
the sum). The checksum is then the
least significant 12 bits of this
resulting sum.
The checksum is transmitted as 3
printable ASCII characters having
t"
8) Con t i nued
__
L:.:..J L.U
"
PAGING CENTRAL DOES
" (Message sequence)(CR)
(ACK) (CR>"
or
COMMENTS
values between HEX 30 and HEX 3F
(the characters
The most significant bits of the
sum are encoded in the LSB of the
first character; the next bits of
the sum are encoded as the LSB of
the second character and the least
significant 4 bits of the sum are
encoded as the LSB of the third
character. (See example on page 8).
A normal paging system will have 2
fields only:
Field 1 = Pager ID (normally up
to 8 digits. May Include func-
tion and check digit).
Field 2 Message.
When a page is tone only, Field 2
will be empty. (Field 2 will
typically be up to 80 alphanumeric
or up to numeric characters).
The response to each block is one
of four:
(ACK)(CR) = OK, send nex t block.
\.
-
8)
Con t i nued
9)
"(EOTXCR) "
l: ' -..; L-J <----.J L-J
"
PAGING ' CENTRAl DOES
"(Message sequence)<CR)
(NAK) <CR) II
Or
II (Message sequence)<CR)
<RS) <CR) II
or
II (Message sequence)<CR)
(ESC)(EOT) <CR) II
,
- ...... ...... -.. :.. .......
\
COMMENTS
<NAK)<CR)::: Checksum error, send last
block again.
(RS)<CR)::: Abandon current t ransac t ion
and go to next. R5 may occur when
the checksum is OK, but the current
transaction vIolates a system rule. At
the option of the system, 1 t may OCCur
in other cases.
<E5C)<EOT) <CR) .. Beg I n d I sconnec t.
Any of the responses may have an
optional message sequence before
them, although the system designer
should understand the consequences
to the user with all planned entry
devices.
It is exrected that many systems wi I I
save their message sequence responses
untl I immediately before disconnect.
For some entry devices, it may also be
desirable that messages describing non-
checksum errors associated with a parti-
cu lar t ransaction in a IIPG
II
service wi"
begin with the lowed by
the contents of field 1 for that transaction_
After reception of an <ACK) or <RS) for the
last transaction in a given service, the
en t ry dev ice sends <EOT)(CR) mean i ng there
are no more transactions remroininn i n tIT
\.
-
I
I
, . l. ,.-.::
l,O!-J ' E_' 'J
L..: . ..J

J
'.
REMOTE ENTRY DEVICE DOES PAGING CENTRAL DOES COMMENTS
10) II < Message sequence)<CR)
<ESCXEOT><CR) II
followed by dropping of
carrier and hang up.
Optional message sequence before
<ESC)<EOT> be low denotes degree
of acceptabil ity of information In
all transactions on this service.
<ESC><EOT)", Begin disconnect.
11) Drops carrier and hangs up.
The standard protocol will be ASCII with X ON, X OFF either direction using a 10 bit code (1 start, 7 data, 1
parity, 1 stop) with even parity.
In the case of delays, the paging central shall wait at least four seconds (eight seconds in Steps 3 and lj)
before disconnecting the remote entry device; the remote entry device shall wait at least 10 seconds for a
character from the central before hanging up.
For initial use of the protocol, the paging central shall be equipped to receive full duplex using a Bell 103
compatible modem at 300 baud. Optionally, certain inputs may be capable of receiving 110 baud Bell 103 full
duplex, 300/1200 baud Bell 212 full duplex, or 1200 baud Bell 202 half duplex. No echo shall be emrloyed in
full duplex mode. Any attempts at automatic baud rate determination shall be within the restraints of the
speci fied protocol.
-
"

-
/ ~ /
1
I
"J
-l
I.
"J
CHECKSUM EXAMPLE
j
J
STX 0 0 0 0 0 0
l
0 0 0 0 1 "
J
2 0 0 0 0
J
3
0 0 0
CR 0 0 0 0
1 A 0 0 0 0 0
cJ
B 0 0 0 0 0
J
C 0 0 0 0
CR 0 0 0
. 1
0
]
ETX 0 0 0 0 0
1
/
" -
~
1 0 0
-.
I
I
OJ
1 0 1 1
""r"' I
o 1
Checksum 17 ;
7
.1
Therefore, an example of a complete block containing a correct checksum is:
" <STX) 123 <CR) ABC <CR) <ETX) 17; <CR) "
J
1
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l
J
l
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/
NY
THE GOLAY SEQUENTIAL CODE
MID
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION
IN A PAGltJG TERl-llNAL
"
Leonard Nelson
September 13, 19F2
Issue C-3
1
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. ::.\
. -,
\
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,
ISSUE A
September 17, 1981
ORIGINAL
ISSUE 0 December 22, 1981
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
Inserted null in shifted character set and reassigned L, tl, P (page 17).
Inserted paragraph on the use of the space by Optrx and BPR 2000 (page
20)
Corrected ti tle of Figure 11. The 0403D2D1DO designation replaced by
G1GOAZA1AO (page 47).
Corrected address digits for code plan 6. The 04D3DZD1DO/f was replaced
by G1GOAZA1AO (page 53).
Inserted the correct binary representation for the space in the example
of Section 5 and corrected the bit patterns and Figure 14 (pages 63,
64 and 65).
Corrected Figure 9A (page 45).
/ ISSUE C May 5, 1982
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I
8.
Non-battery saver pager operation was clarified (page 13) .
An R has been added to the shifted numeric character set (page 17).
The maximum alphanumeri c message should be ~ i m i t e to 80 characters
(page 18 and page 40).
Use of the unshifted space for the BPR and Optrx pagers has been clari-
fied (page 20).
Terminal actions have been defined for the case where a user hangs up
before entering data in data page (page 21).
The default charac ter for the ASCII brackets, column 5, rm'iS 11 and 13,
have been changed (page /.4) .
The Motorola paging base station control requirements have been updated
(pages 34-3]).
The entry in ro-I 2 has been corrected (page 46).
,
1
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ISSUE C (Continued)
9. Added the all "zeroes" 'Word 2 to the illegal code table (page 50).
10. The use of Code Plan A clarified (page 56).
11. The last row of the data block example has been corrected (pages 64-65).
12. Added requirement for alphanumeric formatting (pages 21.1 and 21.2).
13. Added alphanumeric formatting to terminal requirements (page 39).
ISSUE C-2 July 28, 1982
1. Removed 387 Hz signal from transmitter to terminal. Data modem part
number changed (page 33).
2. Clarified Figure 14, identifying single comma bit preceeding data block.
Also corrected data stream waveform (page 65).
3. Added for tighter alphanumeric stability (page 32).
ISSUE C-3 Sept=mber 3,1982
1.
2.
time to Initiate a new batch transmission ' changed from 9 addresses
or 3.45 seconds to 11 addresses or 3.85 seconds (page 10).
Added Section 2.8 shovling variations of GSC required for BPR 2000, Dimen-
sion 1000 and Optrx (pages 31A and 31B) .
j '
1.
PROPRIETARY STATEMENT
The technical information furnished In this document, especially with respect
to the coding formats and paging system designs, including the functional
control of Motorola transmitter and corresponding receivers, is to be con-
sidered proprietary information.
Such information is submitted with the restriction that it is to be used
] solely for evaluation purposes and is not to be disclosed publicly or in
J
any manner to anyone other than those necessary to evaluate the information
without the expressed wri tten permission of Hotorola's corrmunications group
\ as set forth in a separate non-disclosure agreement between the parties.
/
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION .
2.0 S I I rIG FORMAT .
2.1 PREAt1BLE STRUCTURE
2.2 SYNC CODE AND ACTIVATION CODE STRUCTURE
2.3 ADDRESS STRUCTURE
2.3. 1 CODE GENERATON (23, 12) GOLAY.
2.4 TONE ONLY PAGING
2.4.1 BATCH OPERATION
2.4.2 EXTENDED BATCH MODE
2.4.3 NON-BATTERY SAVER OPERATION
2.5 DATA PAGING
2.5. 1 DATA BLOCK DEFINITION
2.5.2 SYMBOL ASSIGNMENT
2.5.3 OF DATA BLOCKS/MESSAGE
2.5.4 CODE GEtlERATIOtl (15, 7) BCH CODE
2.5.5 NUMERIC FORMATTING.
2.5.5.1 ALPHANUMERIC FORMATT ING
2
4
6
6
8
10
10
12
13
13
16
18
19
2'. 1
2.5.6 A/N OPERATION FROtl A STAtlDARD ASCII KEYBOA?D 22
2.6 VOICE PAGING ..
25
2.6. 1 ACTIVATION CODE
25
2.6.2 INTERLEAVED TONE AND VOICE.
26
2.6.3 TERMINAL GROUP CALL
26
2.6.4 NON-BATTERY SAVER TONE AtlD VOICE
30
'.
,
PAGE
I 2.7 MIXED SYSTEM OPERAT IOtJ

. . . . .

.
30
I
I I
2.8 PAGER DEPENDENT VARIATIONS
OF GSC S I GliAL I rIG
III

31A I I
I !
3.0 SYSTEM COt/S I DERA T IONS

. . . . .

. . . 32
I
,
3.1 BINARY ADDRESS AND
DATA CLOC K TOLERANCE
32

.

3.2 M6DEM SPECIFICATIONS
.

32
3.3 TP-ANSt\ITIER CONTROL PROVISIONS
33
3.4 SUI\t\ARY OF KEY TERMINAL REQUI REr-1ENTS

.
38
1
4.0 CODE PLAN . . . . . . . .

.

40
!

4. 1 TERMIIWLOGY

. .

41
.1]
4.2 PAGER CODE STRUCTURE .

42
1
4.3 ALGORI FOR OBTAINING WORD 1 !WORD 2
43
:l

4.4 PAGER COUi-" ;-.ESTRICTIONS

.
43
. J
I ,
.. 4.5 PAGER ASS I GtmEtn
51
-.J
4.6 GP.OUP CALL

52
4.7 FUtlCT IOtl PLANS
55
I
:.J
5.0 APPENDIX - L'X.ArlPLES
. .

.

.

. . . 57
5. 1 CO llVE P.S I 011 OF PAGER CODE TO TRAUSH I TTED BIT
PA TTE"RN

58
5.2 PRE,c,MBLE Ar-;D SYNC

.

.59
5.3 DATA BLOCK I FORMA T I 011
59
5.4 CODING REFERENCES
64
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
/
2.0
b
The Golay sequential code is a selective cal I paging protocol based
largely on the current Golay binary digital paging format that Motorola
has been shipping for many years. The Golay sequential code (GSC) is a
NRZ binary signaling format that has been expanded from the earlier formot
to accommodate tone only, tone and data, as weI I as tone and voice paging.
It also provides improved battery savin9.
The purpose of this document is to describe the GSC system and terminal
encoding requirements. In Section 2, the signaling format is described,
the code and its generator polynomials and bit patterns are tabulated,
and the use of the GSC code with different types Is explained.
In Section 3, some system requirements are documented, and In Section
the code plan algori thms are defined. In Section 5, selected ex-
amples are presented to help clari fy the materi31 discussed in the pre-
ceeding sections.
FORMAT
The GSC is an as ync..l,r()nous paging format that all();ols pages to be trans-
mitted individually or in batches. Maximum throughput for tone only
and tone and data pages is achieved in the batch transmission mode;
the indiv:dual cal I mode is useful in tone and voice paging.
E-_-_-___ '---_S_Y_N_C_-'--_AD R_--,--_A_C ___
SINGLE CALL tWOE
--
. . .
. . .
BATCH CALL MODE
:2
The single call address format shown consists of a preamble, a sync
code, an address code, and for voice paging, an Activation code (AC).
The preamble serves to divide pagers within the system into groups
for improved battery I ife, as well as to uniquely Identify GSC trans-
missions from other coding schemes to facilitate channel sharing wlth-
out sacrificing battery life or false cal I integri ty. The sync code
delimits the end of the preamble and it suppl ies timing Information
for the batch mode decoding. The address uniquely Identifies each
l
pager and the AC is used ' to control the pager audio circuits in voice
paging. The batch mode of operation allows a string of addresses to
l
be transmitted fol lowing the sync code.
A data me5sage cons Ists of an address followed b", one or more data
blocks. Data may be transmitted individually in the single
",' call mode or intermixed with address only pages in the batch mode
/ of transmission. Address and data blocks are exactly the same length.
The address information is constructed from words selected from the
Golay (23, 12) cyclic code while the data information is encoded _us-
ing the (15, 7) BCH code. Address information!s transmitted at 300
\Ihile data information is at 600 bits/second .
2.1 PREAMBLE STRUCTURE
H,e preamble as shovm in Figure 1 consists of 28 bits of COrTr..a
follo\'led by 18 repeats of the selected preamble word (ten pre-
ambles divide the population of pagers battery saver groups).
The COrm1a Is a 1,0 bit reversal pattern transmitted at 600 bits/
second and the starting comma bit must be of the same polari ty
_.J
L_-,
\.-_.....l
.,

"
(OKM 'r ----- PR[4I8lCIJOROI - -.-- P2-P17
. I
r ro - - n ruu1 n rl n n n r - I nrl r-r-r--o .....
: j J u U u u u u u u L __l . I
PR(AMl( \,IORO 18 i

PRCAMOl( rORMT
-
eOI'M IIORO 1
-,I
.. .JL- IIORO 2 ___ .--J
r- -- COI1M - - ---- ----- \/ORO , - \/ORO 2 1
rUlJlf1JUlJU1JlJ'J U _. J----Lr
AC1IVATIOH. 11110 AOOMSS ror.tlATS
rlr,lIr.! I : rR(AKftl(, HHC. ACTIVATIOH. AIIO ADDRlSS ronMTS
Ii
\AI
.' _.'--
"\
j
/
2.2
4
,
as the first bIt of the preamble. The preamble words are tabu-
lated in Table I (least signifIcant bIt (LSB) to the right) and
are transmitted LSB first at 300 bits/second. In the example
of Figure 1, preamble 3 is used. The preamble associated with
each pager address Is identified by the pager's cap code (see
Sect ion 4.0).
In addition to enabling pagers to operate In a battery saver mode,
the polarIty of the preamble Identifies the transmIssIon mode
(s ingle call or batch). For instance, when the preamble words
are transmitted with the bit polarity depicted In Table I, the
single cal I mode Is identified; If the preamble and comma bits
are inverted, the batch mode Is Indicated.
SYNC CODE AND ACTIVATION CODE
The sync code, activation code and address code al I use a two
word format consisting of 28 bits of comma followed by two (23,
12) code words as shown In Figure 1. The two Golay code words
~ o r d 1 and ~ o r d 2) are separated by a ! bl t space. The polarity
of the; bit s pace shall be opposite the f i rst bit of the second
word and the starting comma bit must be of the same polarity
as the first bit of the first word.
The sync code and activation code are fixed for the system
and are defined and tabulated in Table II. \/ord 2 of the sync
code and activation code are the inverses of the tabulated
vlord!>. The sync bit patlern h shmm in rigure 1.
-------------------------
\
,
:
t
I
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1
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-1
NUH DECIMAL PARITY
0 2030 10000000011
1 1628 00001111110
2 3198 11000001001
3 647 01111111000
4 191 00001111010 .
5 3315 00000111001
6 1949 00011110000
7 2540 01000001111
8 1560 .01111111001
9 2335 11100010001
*STOP* 0
)
d .
/
" VAT 1 011
TABLE I:
DECIMAL PARITY
713 01000000011
2563 00101100100
0
,
INFO
011111101110
011001011100
110001111110
001010000111
000010111111
110011110011
011110011101
100111101100
011000011000
100100011111
PREAMBLE 'WORDS
INFO
001011001001
101000000011
WEIGHT
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
WEIGHT
a
8
TABLE I I : AND ACTIVATIOtl CODES
5
TRANSITIONS
7
8
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
TRANSITIONS
11
11

......
" ,
6
,
2.3 ADDRESS STRUCTURE
The address format is Identical to the sync and activation code
formats in regards to the number of bits, the rules for comma and
the! bit space. The address Word 2 may be chosen from any word
of the (23,12) code set except the all 0's and all l's combina-
tions. Thus. there are 4094 potential second words made up of
12 information bits and 11 parity bits. There are 100 fi rst words
(50 words and their complements) used in the GSC system. SO words
are determi ned by tab Ie lookup (Tab Ie III) and ni ng 50 are t
achieved by complementing the tabulated words. The Word 1 and Word 2
code for each pager address may be derived from the pager's
cap code designations (see Section 4).
The two word format of the GSC address a built in multl -
function capabi lity. The decoder correlators that compare the
received code word to the pager's code word can detect the inverse
word with very I ittle overhead. The four functions are:
Function Word 1 , Word 2
Function 2 Word 1 , Worcr2
Function 3
Word 1, Word 2
Funct i on 4 Wo rd 1, Word 2
These combinations are used to designate the ty pe of page ( tone
onl y , data, voice). By allowing for two inde pendent Word 2's,
eight functions can be assigned to a single pager.
2. 3. 1
CODE WORD GE NERATIOtl (23. 12) GOLAY
To generate the binary bi t patt er ns for the (23, 12) Golay

,
I
1
..
NUH DECIMAL PARITY INFO WEIGHT
TRANSITIONS
0 721 10101010011 001011010001 11 16
I.
1 2731 10100001100 101010101011 11 16
'l
2952 10101011010 101110001000 11 15
'"
3 1387 01101100100 010101101011 12 15
1
-4 1578 10110110011 011000101010 12 15
5 1"708 10110001010 011010101100 11 15
6 2650 10010001101 101001011010 11 15
,
7 1747 01011010001 011011010011 12 15
8 2580 10101110110 101000010100 11 15
9 1376 10101101101 010101100000 11 15
10 2692 10100101000 101010000100 8 15
"'
11 696 01001101111 001010111000 12 12
12 1667 10110101110 011010000011 12 12
13 3800 01011100010 111011011000 12 12
Ii
14 3552 01010111010 11011110000'0 12 12
15 ' 3424 01101010111 110101100000 12 12
16 1384 01110001110 010101101000 11 12
Hi
17 3595 10010011010 111000001011 11 12

18 876 01001101100 001101101100 11 12
19 3124 01010111001 110000110100 11 12
20 2285 10110100000 100011101101 11 12

21 2608 01101011011 101000110000 1! 12
'l'l
899 10101101001 001110000011 11 12 .J -
, ....
23 3684 01001110010 11100-1100100 11 12
-1 1
24 3129 10101100100 110000111001 11 12

2124 01101011110 100001001100 11 12 ... ...J
26 1287 10101100110 010100000111 11 12
'lD
/ 27 2616 10110111000 101000111000 11 11
28 1647 01001000001 011001101111 11 11
-.J 29 3216 l0101111001 110010010000 11 11
30 375 01001100010 000101110111 11 11

31 1232 10110001111 010011010000 11 11
.
32 2824 10010110111 101100001000 11 11
-'
33 1840 10110100110 011100110000 11 11

34 408 10101100111 000110011000 11 11
-co
3127 01001010011 110000110111 12 11
36 338"7 01000100001 110100111011 11 11

3"7 882 10011101000 001101110010 11 1 1

38 3468 10010111000 110110001100 11 11
39 3267 01011101100 110011000011 12 1 1
40 1575 01001101110 01100 0100111 12 1 1
:;
41 3463 01010110001 110110000111 12 11
i

42 01001011000 110001010000 8 12
43 2572 01000100110 101000001100 a 12

44 1252 01000010001 010011100100 8 12
1 45 2592 01011 1. 01000 10 1000100000 8 12
46 1552 10100011010 011000 010000 8 11
.. \
47 835 01001001000 001101000011 8 11
48 1440 01001001100 010110100000 8 12
49 160 01010001011 0 0 0010100000 7 12
"
*STOF; 0
.., TABLE II I: ADDRESS \.,lO RD I'S
1

/
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8
.,
code, the decimal representation of the code word Is
converted to binary. This binary representation Is re-
written LSB to the left. These 12 information bits
(there may be leading or traIling 0's) now correspond to
the coefficients of a polynomial having terms from X
22
down to X'I. This polynomial Is divided, modulo 2, by
the generator polynomial XlI + X
9
+ x7 + X
6
+ X
5
+ X + 1.
The parity bits correspond to the coefficients of the
terms from X
10
to XO In the remainder polynomial found at
the completion of this division. The complete block, con-
sisting of the information bits followed. by the parity bits,
corresponds to the coefficients of a polynomial which Is
integrally divisible In modulo 2 fashion by the generator
polynomial. 'An example of code wo;d generation is il1u-
strated in Figure 2. Additional coding information can
be found in the re ferences lis ted at the end of th i-s docu-
men t.
2.4 TONE DriLY PAGING
Tone only pages are those addresses that con't involve a voice
message. Although the single call mode can be used, the batch
mode of operation is the method of address
for tone only and tone and data pages. activation code Is
not used in tone only pagi ng . The batch mode is useful
in the high traffic periods.
.
I
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.. . ..
,"
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'""!
,.
.4 1
,
-- -_ ......

riND THE (23. 12) CODE 11011.0 fliE OECIJl 1)81,
Convert 1384 to binary
te LSB to the left
Obtain inforr..tiOll po) 'f nomi
1
Oivide by Ihe generator polynoml.1
1: 11 .. X9 .. X 7 + X
6
.. X
5
+ X + 1
1 )81, o o o o 000 LS8
LSB 000 o o o 1 0
X19 + x17 + Xl6 .. XiI, .. Xl2
g (X) XiI .. x9 .. X 7 + X6 .. X5 .. X + I
X8 + X5 + X ... X3 + X
+X13+ XI2
+ X12 + Xii + X
10
+ Xii .. Xl0 + x9 .. X
8
.. X'i .. X
10
.. X9
-.". j I...,J
+ X
12
. - -I

......... t
.1
.. X
IO
+ X9 + X
6
.. X
10
.. X8 + X7 + x
6
J Polynomial
) x9 .. X
8
_ + X 7
_ I id rt:malr.der polynomi .l to :he polynomi al and reverse the orde.r:
.. X2 .. x3 .. x7 + xO + x9 .. Xl2 .. Xl' .. .. X17 .. x19
.1
. \.,
of the term. of x
O
through X2Z In Step 5 above form the code word:
/
1100011100 0101101000
I ; M<..dulo 2 divhlon un be performe d u. l ng only the coeff l c l ento:
o 0 0
,.
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 o o o 000 000 000 000
o o 000
00000 0
o 0 000
o o o
o o o 0 0
o 0 0 0 0 o 010
o o 000
o o 0 o 0 o 0
o o o 0 0
. i nder
) o 0 0 o
. f Clnal nd e r lO the i nfl.l rmoit io.) wU" d ( ,...od 2):
o u U 1 01 101 0 1 0 000 0 0 0 0 000 0
o 0 0 0
000101101CI00 00 0 o
, IH wi th l SB on I he r I 'l h t.
011100 01 11 00 1010 1 101000
fl CUR[ 2: ( 23 , III COOE liOr.O
------...- --------- -
____ ___ -==:S;;;=
9
.. X
3
.. X
2
..
+X'.X
2
.. X
10
,
2.4. 1 BATCH OPERATION
The batch transmission format is as shown in Figure 3.
It begins with an inverted preamble fol by the sync
code and up to 16 pager addresses or data blocks. The
arriving page requests should be grouped as a function of
preamble and transmitted on a time or traffic basis at
the discretion of the terminal manufacturer and his cus-
tamer.
A total of 48.6 seconds is required to transmit a sequence
of 10 preamble batches. In many instances, a preamble
batch will not be fi lIed; the remainder 6f the batch should
ther. be fi lIed with comma, or alternatively, a new pre-
amble batch may be initiated after 9 addresses of the pre-
/
ceeding batch have been transmitted or 3.45 seconds after
the start of the preceeding batch.
The code plan (see Section 4.0) nominal ly the pre-
ar'lb i e cJS s i gnmen t fo r eve ry block of 1000 add res ses. How-
ever, this plan can be modi' fied to assign prearrbles on
the basis of blocks of 10,000 addresses. Thus, a slmpli -
I .
,
fied single preamble algorithm can be used in small systems.
2.4.2 EXTE/WED BATCH
In the preceeding section, the bas ic batch operation was
discussed and rules were es tabl ished for handling of pre-
amble batches that were only partially filled. In some
!
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..-"""
l!U->"-""
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.... 1--- S[( -i .-i
". 1 - - I . -27 H(
1 ___ . ______ __ __ :-;OR'::- 16J
BATCH TRAII S"ISS10I/ HOOE
..
[ ______ _________ __ IIAOR IAon 161 SYNC IADR 171AOR IAOR)IIADR HI
UHIIOlO BAHII TRAIISHISSIOII MODE (I [XHIISIOII)
FI GURE 3: OIlTOI 11110 txHIIO[O OATCH OPEnATION
\
, .. ..------ ' ... -""--- """': ...... . --- .. ___ . ..... --'---
, :' .
,"
/
2.4.3
12
,
instances, it may be desi rable to transmit more than 16
addresses within a single preamble batch. The extended
batch mode is intended for these situations.
The extended batch scheme extends the batch mode in mul-
tiples of 16 addresses without requi ring the retransmissIon
of the preamble. To accomplish this extension, the ter-
minal need only send the sync code in what would be the
17th address slot as shOtin In Figure 3. In theory, the
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batch could be extended indefinitely; however, a very sl ight de- l '
i
gradatIon in pager sensitivIty will occur with each exten-
sion. Therefore, it Is recommended that no more than 7
extensions be used before the preamble is retransmitted.
rWN-BATTERY SAVER OP ERA T ION
, A pager option al lows non-battery saver system operation
and it is the simplest transmIssion mode; however, this
form of operation is very highly discouraged of
the degradation in pager battery I ife. The single preamble
algorithm as previously discussed should be used if at all
possible. If any receivers in the system are battery saver
type, battery saver preamble must -be sent.
In non-battery saver operatIon, the coded preamble and sync
code are not used; only the pager addresses need to be
transmitted for tone only paging. However, ' preamble
consisting of a 1, 1, 0,0 pattern (75 Hz square wave)
should be transmitted for 1.25 seconds after transmitter
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13
,
turn on. Following the simple 75 Hz preamble, any number
of consecutive pages may be transmitted. A non-battery
saver pager will respond to its code when by
of the battery saver preambles.
2.5 DATA PAGING
The GSC format allows data pages to be intermixed with tone only
or tone and voice pages. A data page consists of a pager address
fal lowed by one or more data blocks. A data block Is identical
in length to an address block and may be freely substituted for
addresses in the batch operating mode. The single call mode can
also be used by following the pager address with the data mes-
sage. Data information is transmitted at 600 BPS to minimize
the =ross falsing probability between addresses and data.
2.5.1 DATA BLOCK DEFINITION
A data block consists of 8 BCH (15, 7) ' code words. The
data block structure is defined in Figure 4; each block
consists of 56 information bits and 64 pari ty bits. A
single comma bit opposite in polarity to the irst data
bit transmi tted is added at the of each message
block to make the data block identical in length to an
address block.
Transmission on the channel starts with the comma bit
followed by the LSB of Word 1, then the LSB of Word 2
LSB of Word 8 then jumps back to the second bit of
Word 1 Jete. Assembl ing the data block code words by
rows and then transmitting on the channel by columns allows
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15 14 13
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7
8
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I NFORI'AT I 011
12 11 10
9
8 7
(,
5 3
2 2 2 1 1
4 It
3 3 3
(,
5 5 5 5
7 7 7 7
(,
9 9 9 8 8
11 11 10 10 10
C 12 12 12 12
V
S S S S S
COIITINUE 81T
J
12 CHARACTER /I\JMERIC DATA BLOCK
PARITY INFORAATIOII
12 11 10
9
8 7
(,
5
,.
3
2
,
1 1 1
3 3 2 2 2
,.
4 3 3
5 5 5 5 4
(,
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7
c 8 8 8 8
V
s S S S S
corn IHUE 81 T

B (HAIIACTER ALPHAIIUl'.fllC OATA SlOCK
Figure 4: DATA BLOCK STRUCTURE
2
1 1
3 2
4 4
(, (,
8 e
10
9
11 11
S S
2 1
1 1
2 2
3 3
,. ,.
5 5
7
(,
8 8
S S

,-,I\ST
BIT
CHECK
SUM
FlnST
- BIT

CHECK
SUM
14
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15
any 16 bi t bur.st error on the channel to corrupt only
two bits from each (15, ?) code word. Since the (15, ?)
code al lows two bits of error correction, the message is
decoded correctly despite a 16 bit error burst.
f
,
,
In the numeric system, information is assigned on the basis
;
of four (4) bits ' per symbol and in an alphanumeric system,
six (6) bits per symbol are used. One bit of the data
block is used as an end of message character and 7 bits
are used for a block check character to minimize undetected
message errors. Thus, each data block is capable of con-
taining 12 numeric characters or 8 alphanumeric characters.
For ease in implementing the block check character, the 7
information words of 7 bits each of each (15, 7} code
word are added together (arithmetic) and the least signi-
ficant 7 bits of the sum form the block check character.
The method for imbedding the information into the - data
block is shown in Figure 4. The 7 information bits of
each word may contain por t ions of up to 3 numeric char-
acters or 2 alpha characters.
The extra bit in each d ~ t block has been assigned the
fol lowing meaning:
1 - Indicates additional cata blocks to follow
o - Indicates end of message
Partially filled message blocks should be filled out with
NULL characters.
--- _. _-------
... - -_.
,
16
2.5.2 SYMBOL ASSIGNMENT
The character set for numeric will provide for extended
capabi lity uti lizing a shl ft character. The numeric
shift character, whenused"Jith a product utilizing the
extended character set, wi II call up the next character
from the shifted table with later following characters
being derived from the unshifted set.
The numeric unshifted set includes the numbers 0-9, as
well as all necessary control and punctuation characters .
The Motorola unshi fted SPACE allo.-Js the terminal to format the pager
display. The shifted set allows certain alphanumeric
designators to be inserted within the numeric dota. All numeric
pages will not have shifted set capabil ity. Spares are
/
provided for further future expansion. The symbol assign-
ments are shown in Table IV.
The alphanumeric set is a slight variation of theASC11
or ISO international 7 bit code with bit number six set
equal to and not transr.1i tted. Modifications aie made
to this basic set only to al low insertion of the needed
control characters. The data pager itself ... Jill
display transmitted lower case alphas as upper case alphas.
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;.
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UNSH I FTEO
(BASIC)
SHIFTED
ALPHANUHERIC SET
NUHERIC SET
NUI1ER I C SET
:
7 0 0
NA
NA
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0
NA
NA

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432 1
,
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0 0 0 0 SPACE
0
P 0
A
t
0 0 0
a
q
B
!,
,
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r
0 0 0
"
2 b
r
2
C
1
0 0 1 1
#
3 c
s
3
0
0 a 0
$ 4 d
t
4
E
0 0
%
5 e u
5
SPACE
0
0 & 6
f v
6
F
.0
7
9
w
7
G
0 0 0
8 h
x
8
H
0 0
9 y
9
J
0 0
'"
j z
NULL -
NULL
0
+
k
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0 0
< CR/LF
SPACE
N
1 0
m
j
P
1 1 0
>
n NUL/EOH
=
R
/ ? 0
SPARE
SHIFT OR
(E) **
SPARE
* BIT #6 NEVER SENT
E IS DISPLAYED BY PAGERS NOT EMPLOYING THE SHIFTED NUHERIC SET.
TABLE IV:
NUIIEHIC & ALPHf\NUI1ERIC CHf\RACTEf1
2.5.3
/
2.5.4
s
18
NUMBER OF DATA BLOCKS PER MESSAGE
Numeric messages are I imited to 2 data blocks. A 2 data
block message may fol low the last address in a 16 ad-
dress batch transmission. A sync code cannot be inserted
between an address and its associated data blocks. Thus,
when a data page is the last p g ~ in a batch transmission,
the extended batch mode cannot be used.
Alphanumeric messages are limited to 80 characters or
10 data blocks at present due to memory limitations
within the pager; however, in the future, this limit will
undoubtedly be extended. For alphanumeric operation. the
terminal should have the capabil ity of allowing the user
to pick his maximum page length to allow best use of
page r memo ry.
CODE WORD GENERATION (15, ?) BCH (ODE
The gellcrator polynomial for the (15, 7) code is i
8
+
X
7
+ X
6
+ X4 + 1. The parity information for this code
is calculated in the same fashion as was done for the
(23, 12) code. The information bit pattern is divided
by the generator polynomial, modulo 2 and the parity
bits are the remainder from this division. A data block
example is discussed in Section 5.0.
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19
2.5.5 NUMERIC FORMATTING
It is assumed that most numbers entered by phone are
telephone numbers. To properly display phone numbers,
especially with area codes, the terminal must be capable
of automatically inserting correct punctuation. The
following procedure is recommended:
If punctuation h?s been added by the user, the terminal
J
wil I not insert additional punctuation.
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1
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If ~ s s than 7 or more than 14 digits are entered, the
1
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terminal will not insert punctuation.
.,
I
If 7 to 9 digits are . entered with no punctuation, the
terminal will insert a hyphen (-) betl-.,leen the third and
~
/
-'
fourth digits. If there are 3 or 9 digits, an unshifted
SPACE is inserted after the seventh digit.
If 10 to 14 digits are entered with no punctuation
y
the
terminal l-.,Iil1 test the second" digit to see if it is a
"1" or a "0".
If the second digit is "I" or "0", the terminal will
insert an unshifted SPACE between the third and
fourth digi ts, and a hyphen (-) between the sixth
and seventh digi ts. If, i n d d d i t ion, the rea r e mo r e
than 10 digits, an additional unshifted SPACE is
inserted after the tenth digi t.
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20
If the second digit Is not "1" or "0", the terminal
will Insert a hyphen after the third digit and an
unshifted SPACE after the seventh digit. If there
are more than 10 dIgits, two additional unshlfted
SPACES are added.
The above will work for Motorola numeric display pagers
whether they have the shifted set Implemented or not.
The same procedure should be used for alphanumeric display
pagers when paged with numeric Information via dial input.
Similar algorithms can be developed for phone numbering
systems other than that used in the US. When developing
such algorithms, it should be understood that the first
unshifted space is by the Optrx numeric unit as a
CR/LF whi Ie subsequent unshifted spaces are ignored.
The BPR 2000 recogn i zes each unsh i fted space as a space. For
pages sent to alphanumeric pagers, a normal space is used .
The fol lowing interpretations are recommended:
* - Before entry of any digi ts wi II signify user intends
to format message himself.
"" - After any digit will insert a hyphen (-) after the
previous digi t.
** - After any digit will insert an unshifted SPACE
after previous dig! t.
*** - Wi II abort and restart numeric entry.
II or Hang Up - \/i 11 I ndl cate end of message and/or message
okay.
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-:-- -
21.1
,
If the user hangs up before entering any data, a terminal
should have options to perform in either of the following
manners:
1. Address is sent but no data is sent.
2. Address with 12 null characters of data is sent.
BPR and Optrx pagers do not respond to data addresses with
no information or to messages that contain detectable but
uncorrectable data errors unless they have the "beep on
bad data option". With the beep on bad data option, an
error message is displayed along with the source code.
2.5.5.1 ALPHANUMERIC FORMATTING
For proper operation of the pager, the terminal
must perform the following operation on the
character stream before construction of the
data blocks to an pager.
It must all characters to be transmitted,
placing them in 13 character blocks starting
with the first character of a message.
1. . f i:hc.:- e :! re one or more "spaces" in a
given 13 character block, the terminal must
replace the last "space" (or "CR/LF") with
a "CR/LF" character and move all subsequent
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:.....:_. 0"--
21.2
,
characters in that 13 character block to
the next 13 character block.
2. If there are no "spaces" in a 13 character
block, the terminal will extend the block
until it finds a "space" (or "CR/LF") and
will replace it with a "CR/LF".
3. Each "CR/LF", whether originally in the
text or inserted by the terminal, will dic-
tate that the subsequent characters are in
a new 13 character block for examination
by the terminal.
! -
\
- - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - -
,
21
It is expected that a typical operating sequence for a
random user to enter the phone number/extension sequence
305, 475-6010, 2102 will be similar to:
1. User dials terminal access number: i 1 ~ ~ l ~
2. Ringback.
3. Terminal answer after val idatlon.
4. Go ahead tone.
5. User Is random user so does not enter * for
manual formatting.
6. User enters data: 3 0 5 4 7 5 6 0 1 0 2 1 0 2
/
7. User enters # to signi fy end of message.
n. Terminal responds by voice (optional):
Area Code: 3 0 5
Phone Number: 4 7 ' 5 6 0 1 0
Ext ens ion Numb e r : 2 1 0 2
Enter x if correct; y if not.
9a. User enters (optional) " #" if correct; 11 ,',* *" If
not and goes to Step 5.
OR
9b. User ent e rs (optional) "I" if correct; "0" i f not.
OR
9c. User hangs up (optional) ~ corr e ct.
10. Terminal gives cal I accept ed beep or announcement.
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22
2.5.6 ALPHANUt1EfU C OPERA T lOtI FROH A STANDARD ASC I I KEYBOARD
As shown in Table IV. the alphanumeric character set for
the pager has only 64 numbers whi Ie the full ASCI I set
has 128. If a full ASCI I keyboard is used to enter mes-
sage information. certain characters should be translated
to prevent the user from being able to enter messages
displayable on the CRT. but not transmittable
. J
I
Table A shows the bit pattern generated by a typical ASCI I
keyboard. Table B shows what should be sent to the pager
when the keyboard bit patterns are sent to the paging
terminal as part of a message. Host notable changes
/
are the transmission of all upper case letters as lower
case (the pager displays all as upper case), the ignoring
of all control characters except CR/LF, the ignoring of
overlines, underlines and ti Ides, the interpretation of
the vertical divider and backs lash as a forward slash,
the interpretation of the @ sIgn as *
The above approach will wor k on remote keyboards which
bul k dump to the paging termi nal as well as in di rect
I-l ired, real time keyboards. An a l t e rnat e approach for
direct wired real tIme keyboards mi ght be to only echo
valid symbols.
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, .111 SEC
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OA1 A 1 I vol[ [
SYNC AOR AOR ADR 3 !',DILiJ DATA __ L __ L __ L __ .L __ -L. __ ..1... __
- -- --- -----
VOICE PAGEP. ALERT
rlcuft[ 7: HIXlO SYST[H
' J
L,. __ .J
MESSACE
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-
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
/
1
1
b3
....
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
,
~
~
~
b2 bl
t O _ ~
.,. .,.
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 2
1 1 3
0 0 4
0 1 5
1 0 6
1 1 7
0 0 8
0 1 9
1 0 10
1 1 11
0 0 12
0 1 13
1 0 14
1 1 15
,
00
0
00
,
o 1
0
o 1
1
1 0
0
0 1 2 3 4
NUL OLE SP
0
@
SOH
DC'
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STX DC2
rr
2 B
ETX DC3
#
3 C
EOT DC4 S 4 0
ENG NAK % 5 E.
ACK SYN & 6 F
BEL ETB
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7 G
BS :... CAN
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8 H
SKIP
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*
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HOME
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SI
NEW LINE
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0
US
.
.J ASCI I bit patt e rns as rece ived f r om t y pical - t e r minal.
TABLE A
SMtih
23
1 0
,
1 1
0
, ,
,
5 6 7
p
"
p
Q
a
q
R b r
S
c s
T d
t
U e u
V
f v
W
9 W
X h x
Y I Y
Z J
z
( k
{
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m }
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n
,...
DEL
-
0
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", =----
1"
,

b7 b 00 00
o ,
o 1 1 0
1 0
' ,

0 1 0 1
0 1 0
..
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s b4b3b2b1 -+
+- '+" .,..... ...-
0 1 2 3
4 5 6
0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
a 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
/
1 1
1 1
1 1
.J
0 0 0 SP 0
*
p ...
0 1 1
I
1
a q
a .
1 0 2 " 2
b r
b
1 1 3
#
3
c s
C
0 0 4
S 4
d t
d
0 1 5 % 5
e u
e
1
0 6
& ..
6
f v
f
1 1 7
,
7
g w
9
0 0 8
(
8
h x
h
0 1 9 ) 9
i y
I
1 0 10
j
J
*
z

1 1 11 +
k
{
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0 0 12
,
<
1
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0 1 13 CR/LF
-
- m
} m -
1 0 14
.
>
n
n
1 1 15 / '
?
0
0

ASCI I bit patterns as should be interpreted for
..
Data pager message use after reception from typical terminal
- Characters shown are those to be sent to pager for when bit
pattern shown is received . from terminal as part of
to be transmitted.
- Refer to Table IV for bi t patterns to be transmitted for shown
characters.
All "blanks" are to have no bit pattern transmitted to pager,
but some may retain their normal meaning internally to the
paging terminal system
24
1 1
1
7
P
q
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t
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v
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x
Y
Z
{
0
/
}
I.
2.6 VOICE PAGING
.&
25
The GSC format accommodates voice paging as well as tone only and
tone and data. The single call transmissiorl mode Is the normal
operating mode for voice paging. In addition to the address, a
voice pager must detect the activation code before generating
an alert and activating the pager1s audio circuits.
2.6. 1 ACTIVATION CODE
The activation code format Is Identical to that of an
address and was discussed in an earlier section of this
1
document. The activation code is tabulated in Table I I .
j
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A complete voice page consists of 3 preamble, sync, address
and activation code fol lowed by a 2 second delay (to
,-.'
al low the pager to alert), the voice message and a final
~
actIvatIon code as shown In Figure 5. The flrst.actlva-
-,
tion code initiates the pager's alert tone and the final
activation code squelches the pager's audio. The activa-
tion code allows considerable system flexibl I ity in the
handling of voice messages. Not only does the AC acti-
vate and squelch the audio, but it allows the follow i ng
funct ions:
1) J-nterleaving of preamble and addresses vii thin the
pager alert time for Increased throughput.
2) Terminal group call.
,
26
2.6.2 INTERLEAVED PREAMBLES AND ADDRESSES
By separating the pager's address and alert functions,
the 2 second pager alert time can be uti I ized for trans-
mitting a pager's battery saver preamble and address, thus
significantly increasing system throughput. Consider
the example shown in Figure 5. The preamble, sync, ad-
dress and AC for Pager #1 is transmi tted as shown; Pager
#1 alerts for 2 seconds. During this 2 second alert, the
preamble, sync and address for Pager #2 is transmitted.
At the end of Pager #l's alert, Pager 1 ' ~ voice message
is transmitted and terminated with an AC. This termina-
tion AC for Pager #1 activates the alert for Pager #2;
thus, the only transmission overhead for Pager #2 is the
/
AC code. This interleaving process can be repeated for
during Poger #2's alert, Pager #3's preamble, sync and
address can be transmitted, etc. The maximum separation
of the AC from the address is 20 seconds. As will be
illustrated later, other .information can be sent in the
voice pager beep time.
2.6.3 TERI1I tlAL GROUP CALL
Ilany voice systems have a need for calling groups of pagers.
This is normally accomplished by assigning a second, com-
mon address to each pager in the group. Whi Ie this
method is preferred and allowed by the code plan, it does
not al low the flexibi Ii ty of easi ly formIng new groups
- - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
l
t-
,
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,-
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L.:_ . .:.j :.J
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L:-. ______ 1 . 0)1 SlC
1, BJ H[ ----f-1
r-- '
I
t-- ....
SYH[ ADA
YOIC[ M[SSAG[
- AC---] 7 ! LC
GAr ror. PAr.1 AL[nT
PAGIA ALlnT --- ---j
1I0RML VO I ([ PAr.l
c SYH ADA I A[ PR[.t./'OU
r HIIC [APR YOlO AC [
[ - "'()I! I P"C[ ALfAT J
INHAllAVfO VOICl TnAHSI'IISSIOli HOD[
flGUnr TOil! VOIC[ , IIIHr.LAvr o
L : ",' J

---? VOIC[ I\[SSAC[
SYNC [I.. J I ,Acn 2
rn[AI'IBU
ADR 2 'AC[ AI.( AT ]
-
N
'-J
,I 1 . ... _, _ ...... I
,.

,J ___ : ] ...L:::....:.J oL.2..J ,.L:..J L-J . . ..l ...-....:J .-',. ."',: ..... J
.. ,
"
..,..""",
r w SEt 1
C I SYNC I ADR I ADRia I ADR 191ADII 20 I AC
BATCH rORWlTHD TEII""IAL ronoup CAll
h ------ 20 SEC /lAX
..J
l
I SYNC I ADR I
PREAMBLE 2 1 SYIIC I/IOR 21
PREAlml H
S IIiCU C/IL L fORMTTO TERHIILAL roncup CAll
IlIfHE \I 10
rJ r. UH 6 : n RI1I1LAL ronoup CAll
GA' rOil ALERT
OIC( rOil At
'-___ A_ll. 2? __ """"_--I
ALL 20 'ACfRs---l
AlIIT
GAP rOil AlU
c-5
0 I C[0 HfSiAC( rOil AC
PACE CIIOV'
...
PACII ALIIT - -I
-
N
(Xl
29
,
without modifying each pager. The AC and sync words
al low groups to be formulated within the terminal. Two
types of terminal group calls exist. The first type is
characterized by pagers having a common preamble; the
second type is characterized by pagers with different pre-
amb I es.
The first type of terminal group call is accomplished by
transmitting a group of tone and voice addresses using
the batch and if needed, the extended batch transmission
mode followed by the activation code to initiate the page
alert for all pagers simultaneously. For the second type
of terminal group call, pages are transmitted using the
single call mode with a single AC word after all addresses
" have been sent. For both cases, the AC word must be
transmitted within 20 seconds of the first address sent.
Examples of terminal group call traf"lsmission are irJu-
strated in Figure 6. The ba-tch group mode all(),o/s a greater
of pagers to be grouped together, but does not
allow pagers wi thin different preambles to be grouped
together as in the single cal I group mode.

-
-
2.7
/
.J
,
3C
2 ... 6.4 NON-BATTERY SAVER TONE AND VOICE
'.
Non-battery saver operation 15 also allowed for tone and
--
voice pagers. In a non-battery saver tone and voice
system, the preamble and sync are not used; however, the
AC code 15 still required to activate the pager
and squelch the audio. Since the AC Is retained, It Is
still possible to provide terminal group call for non-
battery saver pagers.
MIXED SYSTEM OPERATION
All three types of pages (tone only, tone and data, and tone and
_voice) can be mixed In a corrrnon system. At the very minimum,
the terminal must recognize which type of page Is to be trans-
mi tted and the proper Information In the case of a
or data page from the user. A very sophisticated terminal can
utilize the activation code to efficiently mix tone and voice
pages with tone only and tone and data pages. Figure l 11tu-
strates such a mixed transmission. The first three addresses are
tone only pages; fourth address is a data address; conse-
quently, the fifth address position Is fi I led with a 1 block
.-
data message; the sixth address Is a tone and voice
Thus, In the 7th address position, the activation code Is trans-
mltted. The activatIon code keys the tone cnd voice pager's
i
i -
.
i-
t
I
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r
i
1
31A
,
2 second alert. During this alert, 9 more tone only or tone and
data pages can be transmitted.
There is no requirement that the paging terminal be able to mix
1
pages in a batch transmission as described above, but a terminal
should be at least capable of transmitting a voice page using
1
.J
the single call mode as well as mixed tone only and data pages in the
batch mode
...;
1t
2.8 PAGER DEPENDENT VARIATIONS OF GSC SlGNALING
::9
BPR 2000

...;J
It should be noted that the BPR 2000 pager will not receive pages
-.,
while it is alerting. This can have several systems implications:
.\
u /
1. In some systems, the will want to insure that no pages
are missed. This requires that all pages to a single unit
I
-. ,
be separated by at least 13 seconds.
2. Some users see this as an advantage in that pages
can be sent (preferably back to back) to a unit during the
beep with the BPR paSer responding only once and fi lling
.'
only one meroory. This gives improved coverage while not
fi lling the BPR 2000 with dupl icate pages.
It is suggested th2t the to do,:'l above be in all terminals.
The abilit y to do J:2 a:'o .' 2 IS a de$irable option.
318
,
Dimension 1000
The Dimension 1000 900 MHz will not receive pages while beeping
or receiving a voice message.
Simply sending the normal activate code (AC) at the end of a
voice page readies the Dimension 1000 immediately for a new page.
However, when the Dimension 1000 is receiving a tone page, it
should be treated like the BPR 2000.
When a Dimension 1000 has two GSC codes, a tone only page on
either code can halt reception to either code for the beep dura-
t ion.
Optrx
/ The Optrx pager will receive pages while alerting for a tone or
data page. Thus, none of the discussion under BPR 2000 applies.
Back to back pages to an Optrx are 'considered as two separate
pages and are stored in two memories.
It should be noted, however, 1 ike the Dimension 1000, the Optrx
will not receive pages while it is in the process of receiving
a voice page. 7eimination of the voice by sending the normal
act i vat e co d e ( A C) . rea die s the 0 p t r x for the n ext p a 9 e .
. !
I
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3.0
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,
SYSTEM I DERATI OtIS
In order to provide reliable system performance, accurate bit timing
must be maintained and the bias and jitter distortion of the trans-
mission link must be minimized. Since NRZ binary signaling format is
used, modems must be used in conjunction with (3002) voice grade lines
for remote base transmitter operation. The terminal must also pro-
vide the necessary transmitter control signals for base station opera-
tion. In this section, the bit timing and modem specifications will
be documented, and the control signals required by Motorola base
stations wi 11 be discussed.
3.1 BINARY ADDRESS AND DATA CLOCK TOLERANCE
The address and data clocks for tone only, tone and data (numeric)
and tone and voice must be maintained within + 50 ppm. For alpha-
numeric paging, a data clock stabi I ity of 5 PPM is
i
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{
\-
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I-
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f
(the system ... Jill still operate properly at + 25 PPM, but withlessmargin)
3.2 MODEM SPECIFICATlorlS
rlodems ca;:>able of receiving and transmitting data at fror.1 0 to
, :
33
1200 BPS over a two-wire 3002 unconditioned telephone line are
required to link a remote base station to a terminal. A transmit
unit which has a mark frequency of 1200 Hz and a space frequency
of 2200 Hz is requi red at the terminal.
A receive unit which has a mark frequency of 1200 Hz and space
frequency of 2200 Hz is required at the base station.
The total allowabl-e distortion including bias and jitter due to modems
and worst case lines is This maximum limit must be maintained
J
over the operating temperature range of the base typi ca lly
/
to +85
0
C. A type 2C2 data moden is required.
The Motorola , SP57021201 modem will work properly in a system v/hen
used with correct equ iprroent on the terminal end.
,
-\
J
3.3 BASE STATION CONTnOL
There are three modes of operation for the station: 1) B i na ry
(FSK NRZ signal ling); 2) Audio (2 or 5/6 tone only or tone and
voice); and 3) of both binary and audio control.
Control of the station can be accomplished remotely (requires
one duplex link) or locally (requires multiple terminal t oo base
connections ). Local control is intended for applications in
v/hich the terminal is within 100 feet or the base statio,). Other-
wise, remote control is required.
I
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.
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t
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3.3. 1 STAT! ON CONTROL
The station control sequence Is Initiated by hIgh level
guard tone of 2175 Hz for 120-140 mSec followed imme-
, .
diately by 40 mSec of 1950 Hz function tone. This se-
f
quence keys the base station. The balance of the control
t ....
sequence depends on the type of Information to be trans-
!
i
I
mitted; audio or binary.
r
I
3.3.2 BINARY CONTROL
t,
After the guard tone function tone sequence, binary
'\' .
,
control Is accomplished by ' a 130 to 150 mSec pause before
\:-
sending the binary preamble. The preamble must begin
with 50 mSec of alternate 1-0 pattern at 600 bits per
\
/
second. Remote binary is sent to the station via 1200/ '
2200 Hz modem signalling. 1200 Hz gives a positive fre-
I. -
I
quency or "l" and 2200 Hz gives a negative frequency shift I
or "zero". Upon successful set-up of the station in the
binary mode, the binary-paging data is then transmitted
(reference Figures 8.2 and 8.5).
For local control, a contact closure to ground must be
provided to key the station. A uata 1 ine must also be
provided to frequency-sh ift -key the transmitter. The
levels on this line should be RS232 compatible (logic
hi<-3V, logic 10."I>3V). Upon application of the keying
command , 100 mSec must be provided for the station to
come to full power.
35
,
3.3.3 AUDIO CONTROL
After the initial guard tone functJon tone sequence,
audio control is accomplished by sending low-level guard
tone without delay after the function tone. High level
I
guard tone and function tone are sent at +5 dB and -5 dB,
respectively, referenced to test tone (test tone Js the
level of 1 KHz required to modulate the station + 3 KHz).
Low-level guard tone Is sent at a level -25 dB referenced
to test tone. The audio path is enabled with application
of low-level guard tone (reference Figure 8.3). A notch
must be provided in the voice path, at the terminal before
it mixes with guard tone, to remove all voice frequency
components at 2175 Hz. This notch must be at least 30 dB
deep.
/
For local audio control, a contact closure to ground must
be provided to key the station. Audio Is fed in on a
600 ohm line, balanced or unbalanced, at -20 dBm minimum.
3.3.4 COHBINED BINARY AND AUDIO CONTROL
A combination of binary and guard tone contrel is required
for paging systems with binary and tone signall ing
or tone and voice pagers which use binary signalling.
For the latter, it is Imperative the following timing
sequence be fol lowed to insure proper station and system
operations. to the attached tIming diagram, FIgure
8.1.

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I
.
.
I
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, .

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I.
1.
,
36
1. To enable the bInary mode after high level guard
tone-function tone or low level guard tone, a pause
of 130-150 m5ec duration must be Inserted before
sending data. The first 50 m5ec of data must be 600
bits pe r second "corrrna".
2. The required binary data Is then sent.
If multiple binary pages voice message) are
required, data must be sent without pause.
4.
J
Upon completion of binary Information, a 50 + 10 , mSec
. -
pause must be sent before enabling audJo
0"
, ..
J
- 0
+ ..... "". '"' ...
If no control tones are sent after binary data, _: \ .:-
a.,!"
J
5.
station dekeys within 350 m5ec. 0 " ,
After the 50 mSec pause. 120-140 mSec of high level
J
/
, guard tone followed by low level guard tone enables
the aud i a mode. (Note: No funct i on tone is needed
]
after the initial station control set-up).
6. If no further pages are to fo1 low, low level guard
tone is dropped and tne station dekeys In less than

350 mSec.
- OR -
'l
If a binary page is to follow, the sequence in Item
, i s req u ired.
If local combined binary and audio control is required,
the same timing intervals apply.
The timing sequence for mixed system, alert only paging,
_.1
-------------------
.-
,
3.3.5
,
using binary then two or 5/6 tone signalling Is Illu-
strated In Figure 8.4.
Figure 8.6 Illustrates mixed system timing for two or
5/6 tone then binary signalling.
HULTIPLE PAGE TIHING
37
Three distinct conditions exist for system paging actl -
vlty; loaded que, low activity and Intermediate (I.e.,
steady activity but the que Is often empty).
,
The first
two conditions require straightforward control sequences .
Pages from the que are sent with the timing specified by
the diagram for multiple pages. Infrequent pages require
the guard tone-function tone combination before each
seq uence.
Intermediate activity requl res that a decisIon be made
whether or not the station has timed out. If so, guard
tone-function tone is required to set up the station again.
Two choices exi5t for terminal design. Either wil l be
suitable for PURe station control.
1. If activity has ceased for over 160 mSec, GT -FT
must be sent before appropriate mode contro l . If
elapsed time is less than 160 mSec and greater than
the specified minimum delays in the diagrams, the
post-delay part of the "next page" diagrams are
s t I I I va I I d
.. ... .:: * . :taA
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.
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.
.
.
37.1
,
2. In all cases. If the channel Is Inactive for more
than the delays specified on the diagram, send the
..
.
GT-FT sequence first.
3.3.6 LINK STATION TIMING
Figure 8.7 illustrates the additional timing requirements
for the initial high level guard tone when uti lizlng an
RF control link. Longer HLGT Is required to assure that
each link has been powered up before the 120-140 mSec
HLGT Is sent to the base staticn. An additional 300
mSec of HLGT is sent for each. ' 1lnk "hop".
/
'.
--____.. :o= ..... :z;: N -, -
,
..,
I
'I " NIt) YOle!
-,
- ,. lhtl
.. Ton.
I!Z
-)
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37.2
., ..
Ftn. .eo.. STnC/Addr.ss/A
Ton. I----------l DI tI
.------.....
H19" In.1 l_ In.1 ]
",.,d To ...
L-"'_'_N __ Ta_"_' ___ __
_.1
' i 1-140
l' K
'l
: '1
.::'J
,, ' V ONl T
lrtel
TOllt
75 HZ
/ "
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Fen.
Tant
. 1JG-1SO
aSK
CORI
10
.10
ihe
Figure 8.1
snc/
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Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
wIth It
hut fOil,
}.O TunsftlOtls
.f 'c.c-.&.
it
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1
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U

f'l
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...:..1
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,
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ItWT TKO! SEQ TOtIt
/
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."h L ... I
c...nI Tofte
120-240
.sec
,,'T
n
co 1l0--15C

n
stQ. TON[ TH(K
,
UQUf''lCIAL ro.r I IIIIAU
e-
""'''1
Add"us
Figure 8.4
Snit: 1
e- IINr 1
It!
At:
'tr" I
hI' ..
[MI,
AddreSI !tot ",cuur,}
Figure
8.5

-
Seco,":
"N"1
A'ldre"
IIU';l
llo-ICO
aSK
KUT
In
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ST"C , !11l.l"J
no-ISO
aSK
aSK
Figure 3.6
I
. IflGT
IJ
HlGT
' HLGT
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N x 300mS ec.
N:;
# of Lin k 120-140 mSec
hops
Figure 8.7
37.3
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/
3.4 SUMMARY OF KEY TERMINAL REQUIREMENTS
The terminal must support various types of pagers uti lizing the
GSC code:
1. Alphanumeric Pagers
- Alphanumeric Calls
- Numeric Calls (Using alpha signaling)
Tone Alert Calls
- Voice Calls (To certain units)
2. Numeric Pagers
- Numeric Calls (Using numeric signaling)
Tone Alert Calls
- Voice Calls (To certain units)
3. vo i ce Pagers
- Voice Calls
Tone Alert Calls (To certain units)
4. Tone Only Pagers
5. Pagers may have one or two binary addresses.
6. Pagers may use one to eight functions
The terminal must support certain signaling options:
1. Coded preamble battery saving is a must for proper battery
life - pagers coded for battery saving will not work vdthout
coded preamble.
2. MUltiple coded preambles are desired:
- Required for more than 10 % channel loading for tone only and
data systems, and/or for more than 1000 d d r e s s e ~ in a tone
and voice system.
- Tied to code assignment plan.
I
.J
1
.J
,
I
I
_ J
/
39
,
3. No battery saver option is only used for special cases.
4. Batching of tone alert and data pages by preamble is a must
for pager throughput.
5. Extended batch operation gives better tone alert and data
throughput. It is not absolutely necessary, especially for
small systems. Initial sync code must be transmitted even
if do not extend batch.
6. Voice interleave gives better voice throughput. It is not
absolutely necessary to interleave, but it is a desirable
feature. Activate code must ~ transmitted on voice pages
even if do not interleave.
7. Terminal group call optionally allows random tone only or tone
and voice pagers to receive the same message. It is not
implemented for data.
The terminal must have certain faci lities to support data paging :
1.
End to end inputs are necessary to accept numeric information
after Telco connectioo
2. Voice response on the input is desirab le to prevent false
dig ital information by allowirl<J caller checking on numeric
information before terminal acce ptance for transmission.
3. Multiple manual entry positions are a must if alphanumeric
pages are to be sent. They are useful for numeric paging also.
4. Dial up CRT's or teletypes are desirable for alphanumeric
service and usable for numeric. If CRT's are non-real time
(no echoed characters), the character default table (Table
B), should be implemented.
5.
Automatic formatting of numeric pages entered by phone is a
must for proper sys tem acceptance. Automatic formatting of
alphanumeric messages is simi larly required.
J
J
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....,
I
,
- ,
/
4.0
'*0
,
The terminal must keep track of more Information on each pager:
1. Pager Code Type: 5T, 2T, GSC, etc.
2. Pager Code (Basic address)
3. Page Function Plan
4. If a data pager, is it numeric or alphanumerfc?
5. If a data pager, what is maximum length message - for Motorola
numeric, maximum length 'is 24 characters. For tk)torola
alphanumeric, current maximum length is 80 characters. Some
users may want to message lengths to the 40 to 80
region to get more separate messages in the pager memories .
6. Validity of Address/Functions
7.
For numeric systems using shifted character set, terminal
must know whether is paging pager that uses shifted character
set.
Although some of the above may have to be handled on a number
block or algorithm basis, a subscriber list is mcire flexible
CODE P LA/I
Each pager in the GSC system is assigned at least 1 four function ad-
dress. Some pager types may be assigned up to 2 addresses to
group call and additional functions. The purpose of the code plan is
to provide an ,orderly sequential address assignment method. The address
assignment by itself does not fully describe the pager since the page
type (tone only, data, voice) may be assigned independently to any of
the four address functions; therefore, an additional purpose of the
code plan is to provide a means for assigning addresses to
a page typ e.
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1
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1
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I
--'
l .aPMSB'UJ w
,
41
4.1 TERMINOLOGY
Before proceeding with the discussion of the code plan, some
definitions are required. These definitions are as follows:
Address: An address is a unique Word 1 and Word 2 combination
that can be independently assigned to each pager. Each address
assigned to a pager reserves all four functions for that pager.
Some pagers will be assigned two addresses consisting of a
common Word 1 and two different Word 2's.
Function: A function is one of the four combinations of the
pager IS unique Word and Word 2 add ress assignments. These
combina':ions are as fo 11 (),./s :
Function ( Ft) - Wl, 1,12
Function 2 (F2) - 1,11, \.12
Function
3
( F3) WT. \.12
Function 4 (F 4) - VI , \.12
Pdger Code: The pager code is an identificat;on code that is stamped
on or located near the individual pager's code plug. The ad-
dress information (Word 1 dnd Word 2) and the preamble informa-
tlon can be derived the puqcr code.
Cap Code: The cap code is the inforffiation that is entered
the terminal to identify a particula;- subscriber. The car
code may be the same as the paqer code, related to the pager code.
or totally unrelated to the pager code. The cap code is typically
imprinted on the outside of the pager.
telA Hi" eM _
.J
J
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J
/
/

w
]
-,
.
42
4.2 PAGER CODE STRUCTURE
The pager code Is a five or six digit decimal number followed by
a series of function digits from which the address I, 2
and preamble information can be derived. The pager code digits
are defined as follows:
Preamble
Index
b 1 GO
Group
A2 Al AO
Address
f
Function
Dig its
The range of assigned codes is 00001 G1COA2AtAO 99999. The
sixth digit (I) is used to expand the number of address , codes from
100,000 to 1,000,000. If the preamble index (I) is not specified,
it is assumed to be zero. The range of the preamble index is
a I 9. In the basic large system code plan, one or two
(in the case of 8 function or group call pagers) pager codes are
assigned per pager in a sequential fashion starting with 00001 .
Variations from the basic code plan where certain digiti are held
fixed are discussed in a later section of this document.
The pager digits are further defined as follows:
Address Digits: The address digi ts cover the range 000 A2A1AO
999. Each digit reserves four functions.
Grol.Jp Digi ts: [ach group digi t represents 1000 addresses. These
digi ts must be to al I pagers to the same group
call group.
Function Digits: The function digi ts indicate which address func-
are active for any particular pager and what type of page
is by each function. Up to four function digils may
folluv! the basic 5 or 6 digit pager code.
,
I
j
ALGORITHM FOR OBTAINING WORD 1 AND WORD 2
In order to transmit a page to any pager, the preamble, Word 1,
J and Word 2 information must be derived from the pager code. To

;

obtain this information, the 5 digit pager code consisting of Gl GO
A2 A, AO Is first mapped into a 6 digi t representation (A8CDEF)
which is identical to the pager code structure utilized by the
Motorola binary digital paging format. A flow diagram for this
mapping is diagrammed in Figure 9. Some results of the G, GO A2
\

-'.
1
A, AO mapping algorithm are presented In Figures 10 and 11. To
complete the ABCDEF mapping requires that the address function
;,
'"
, :
be identified. The reverse algorithm ABCDEF to G1GOA2AJAO Is
I!
Ii
shown in Figure 9A.

Once the ABCDEF representation is obtained, the Word 1 and Word 2
I
i

/
1.:

ir.formation is found using the algorithms of Figure 12, the Word
, lo()k up tab I e (Tab 1 ell I) and the code word genera t i on procedure
j'

of Section 2.3 and Figure 2.
I
f

,1
.
(
-"
!
The preumble is determined by taking the least significant digit
of the summation (GO + I) and-using the look up table (Table I).

Some preamble assignmen t examples are shown in Figure 13.
l
:1 . , 4.4 PAGER CODE RESTRICTIONS
; ;'11
t'

r_
Since the activation and sync codes are included within the range
of uddress Word 2
1
s, some assignable pager codes must be el iminated
'm
..
to prevent false activation code detection. These Illegal codes
1 isted in Table V.
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. S?
,
J
J
]
.:1
I
J
.
/
,
Separate
G, Ga fror.1
9 roup of d i its.
tlote: G, G
a
ilre alw<1ys the
two leftnost digits.
J
ttultiply
GIGO
by 2
;
f1es u It -
(;1.,
G
' G'a
.. I
.
I (; I 1 G'O
=
CO I

Multiply by 2
Result
..
A'
3 2
A'
I

0

I i\ I I
1\'
0
=
HI

lIultirly 1\13 by 2
r.esult s:
3

.
No Yes
J
G'
2
1 r. I 2 = =
Add r;'.., to A" 1\"
3
..,
f'lcsult of
-
addi tion i\C
I
J
To CJe t the other
J
functions:
I\dd 1 to F to 'let \12
I\dd I to [) to 'let \/1
I
r Ir:Ur.E 9:
,
.. : .iEJ!WM1f4i!Iii@$ffitlJlliti+$titflst!&&EM iji kRW5fi5 &
. -"
,

! AS = N I 1\" 2
1-
. ..J
-,
' 1
i

.,
" ,
I
l:.J

t
......J

d
,1
/
-.l
l

-,
J
.1
r-' ---
__ J ___
Add 100 to CD
I ... ClOt - CD + 100
No . ' Is C 10
1
Yes
Even
i
. 1 s' ....
No ..
-, --" 0 fA' B' = J) I
. ;
: 100 t 0 i
tlo
! ' "
. 'Subtract 1 .\
From CO I
L-._._.. It.-___ ..--__
I _. _ ------.,
Divide CD by 2
G1GO - CO
2""
1
r-- Divide AB by 4 I
r = Integer of I
L-________
Yes
L _______ ____ _
t
" --""1' --
'L. --.- . .. "1 - ---.. -7 .. -.. -....
. -'.
. ____ J
N
. Is ' ''- Yes
o EF Even ;,---.\
j ._-, ......... .... , .... -------- /... \
:$ ub 't r-a c t 1 f rom3 1
i
FIr.URE 9A:
___ t
t. __ .. .--r-. L
i' Divide EF by 2
Al AO = E; I
. j ifBdlWi}"BiV<i
!4t':SS iN P:: tiikriY'3t4fflt# $':
-<
"5
"
GENERATION OF WORD 2'5
--
G, GO A2 A, AO
CD ABEF
.
00 001 - 049 :.
00 0002 - 0098
50 000 - 049 :. 00 0100 - 0198
oj
00 050 - 099 00 0200 - 0298
,
50 050 - 099 :. 00 0300 - 0398

100 - 149 0400 - 0498 00 :. 00
"""l0 50 100 - 149 :. 00 0500 - 0598
00 150 - 199 00 0600 - 0698
50 150 - 199 00 0700 - 0798
00 200 - 249 00 0800 - 0898
J
50 200 - 24.9 00 0900 - 0998
00 250 - 299
00
qOOO -
1098
50 250 - 299
)
:. 00 1100 - 1198

]
00 300 - 349 :. 00 200 - 1298
50 300 - 349
)
00 1300 - 1398
00 350 - 399
) 00 1400 - 1498
J
50 350 - 399
) 00 1500 - 1598
00 400 - 449
)
00 1600 - 1698
50 400 449 00 1700 - 1798
00 450 499
) 00 1800 - 1898
J
50 450 - 499
;.
00 1900 - 1998
00 500 - 549
)
00 2000 - 2098
50 500 - 549 00 2100 - 2198
']
00 550 - 599
) 00 2200 - 2298
/ 50 550 - 599
) 00 2300 - 2398
00 600 - 649 00 2400 - 2498
0
SO 600 - 649 00 2500 - 2598
00 650 - 699
)
00 2600 - 2698
50 650 699
;. 00 2700 - 2798
00 700 749 00 2800 - 2898
-l 50 700 - 749 00 2900 - 2998
-..J 00 750 - 799
) QO 3000 - 3098
50 750 799 00 3100 - 3198
00 800 - 849 00 3200 3298
, 50 800 849
) 00 3300 3398

850 899 00
) 00 3400 - 3498
50 850 899 00 3500 - 3598
00 900 949
) 00 3600 - 3698
50 900 949 00 3700 - 3798
00 950 999
) 00 3800 3989
50 950 999
,.
00 3900 - 3998
FIGURE 10:
FIGURE 1 1 : MPPING OF COG1A2A1AO INTO A8COEF
~ 7
,
Wl ASSIGNMENT
G,GO ASSIGNED ~ CD
W 1 !
QT
00 OR 50 ~ 00, 01
01 , 51 ~ 02, 03
02, 52 ~ 04, 05
03, 53 ~ 06, 07
04, 54 ~ 08, 09
.05, 55 ~ 10, 11
06, 56 ~ 12, 13
07, 57 ~ 14, 15
08, ~ 8 ~ 16, 17
09, S9 ~ 18, 19
10, 60 ~ 20, '21
I 11 , 61 ~ 22, 23
...J
12, 62
;.
24, 25
13, 63 ~ 26, 27
J
14, 64
;.
28, 29
15, 65 ~ 30, 31
16, 66 ~ 32, 33
J
17, 67 ~ 34, 35
. 18,
63 ~ 36, 37
19, 69 ~ 38, 39
J
20, 70 ~ 40, 41
21 , 71 ~ 42, 43
/
22, 72 ~ 44, 45
23, 73
~ 46, 47
.J
24, 74 ~ 48, 49
25, 75 ~ 50, 51
26, 76
;.
52, 53
:'1 27, 77 ~ 54, 55
J
28, 78 ~ 56, 57
29, 79 ~ 58, 59
-.
30, 80 ~ 60, 61
31 , 81 ~ 62, 63
...J
32, 82 ~ 64, 65
33, 83 ~ 66, 67
3
4
,
84 ~ 68, 69
35, 85 ~ 70, 71
36, 86 ~ 72, 73
37, 87
,.
74, 75
38, 88 ~ 76, 77
39, 89 ~ 78, 79
40,
90 ..
~ 80, 81
41 , 91
,.
82., 8)
42, 92 ~ 84, 85
43, 93 ~ 86, 87
44, 94 ~ 88, 89
45, 95
;>
9O, 91
46, 96 ~ 92, 93
47, 97
,.
9
i
l, 95
4/), 9/3 ~ 96, 97
49. 99
)
98.
gg
~ .
"
,\ .
CROUP CO
eOtJVERT TO
BIliARY
CALCULATE CO/2
\JOnD 1
000 CALCULATE
CD -
2
ItlPUT AseDEF
YES
CALCULA TE
ABU - 1
2
\JORD :!
YES
ODD
Gr,OUP AD E F J
'------T--
COtlvEnT TO
BIlIARY
CALCULA TE
ABU
- 2-
.l /
-l
"1
1
I
-'
GO LOCA T LOll
CO
2
GO LOCATIOIJ
CO - 1
READ
COMP
----- -----'
G
LOAD DATA
GEtJEr.A TE PAR I TY
ADEF -
2

ILLEGAL \/ORO
ACC!CJET
AOEF
-2-
1------.
---]
LOAD DATA
GENERATE PARITy
Fleur.c 12: ADDRESS 1 AND \/ORD 2 FROII ADCOEF

J
....."
I
I
PREAMB u: ASS I CiNKE:N'l'
Preamble is automatically assigned
...,
__ J
l
Prerumble - Least Significant Digit
( I
+ GO)
I
Example:
'I
I '
.-.J
Preamble
s i g n e ~
LJ
GO
'0
, ., 1
1=9
-
~
fI 1
9
r-l
1
1
2
,
U
2
2
3
1
']
3
3
4
2
4
4
5
3
I-
S
5
6
4
!
J
/
"
6
6 7
S
,
-1
7
7
8
6
_J 8
8
9
7
9
9
~ 8
FIGURE 13:
PREAllBLE ASS I GN/IENT
iNS
" '.
l
,
I
..;
.
~
I
"
-1
i
J
J
I
I
I
.J
-1
J
'1
J
/
'1
..
!
"
I
J
...J
-.J dt r
1
-,
,
G1GO
A2A1Ao
00
~ 49 g-
-
00
~ 49
Q25
,
-
.
50
--+ 99 000
49
I---.,.
00
~
,051
'--
00
~ 49
~
00
49
~ --

,.
-
50 ~
99
292
00
~ 49
!E=-
00 ~ 49
\l5
00
~ 49
[Ul
00 ~
49
ill)
--
SO ~
99 425
00 ~ 49
~
50 ~
99 584
00 ~ 49
W
50 ~
99 631
49
r-
00 ~
~ 6
00 ~
49
~ ~ .
00 --? 49
~
00 ~ 49
~
50 ~
99 841
00
~ 49
~
50 --> 99
851
TABLE V:
ILLEGAL PAGER CODES
.- ' -
SO
.
r
: ...-
t ., ~
1 ~ ,
.,
" -
. Cf
~ J I
, .,. t
I (.
v '
.:. -\
...
t
~
1
-,
-,
,
I
I
~
l
J
/
, 51
4.5 PAGER CODE ASSIGNMENT PLANS
A multiplicity of pager code assignment plans are p05slble de-
pending on the system size. the pager types to be serviced and
the customer needs. For example. a customer who antIcipates the
need for a maximum of 1000 addresses can select an assignment
plan in which 2 digits of the pager code are fixed. Selection
of the fixed digits will affect the battery I ife and determine
the maximum group call size. A number of these code assignment
plans are J isted in Table VI and discussed below.
The pager battery Ii fe is Improved when multiple preambles are
used in the system. Group digit GO controls the number of bat-
tery saver preambles in the system. If GO is fixed In the ter-
minaI, only one preamble wil I be used. The group digit GO is
nominally incremented every 1000 addresses.
The maximum group cal I sIze is affected by the number of address
digi ts (A2A1AO) used in the system. Fixing any of these digIts
in the terminal reduces the maximum group cal I size.
In tone and voice systems using 100 addresses or less, the use
of multiple preamble does not provide a significant improvement
in battery life. Therefore, assignment plan 1 of Table VI should
be used for this case.
In tone and voIce systems that requi re 1000 addresses. plan 2
will maximIze battery life by rotatIng the preamble every 100
addresses, but the group cal I sIze wll I be lImited to 99
'j
,
52
,
-. 1
,: 1
individuals. If larger group call sizes are needed, plan 3 can
H
be usedj this plan al lows groups up to 999 Individuals, but only
1 is used, thus compromising battery life.
lj
;j ,
For large tone and voIce systems and small tone only and data
J!
systems, code assignment plans 4 and 5 can be used. Code plan 4
rotates preambles every 1000 addresses while code plan 5 uti lizes
,
n
!- .
a single preamble. The maximum group size is 999 for both plans.
-

H
".
single preamble plan Is acceptable for tone only and data
systems, but it should not be used for tone and voice systems.
J i
JI
Code plan 5 is useful In tone only or data systems where pagers
from several manufacturers with different formats are mixed.
;-),
-J !
..'
For large tone only and data systems, assignment plan 6 should
1I
be The number of addresses can be further expanded to
1,000,000 using the ' l digi tj however, this digi t must not be
' I
/
, I I
/
...... 1
incremented until the first 100,000 addresses have been exhnusted.
JI
4.6 GROUP CALL
11
Many tone and voice customers have a need for group call. This
can easi ly be by assigning a address to all
. s
. 1
! pagers in the group. Thus, each pager has an individual address
: I
as well as a group address. The Gl GO digits must be common to
01 I in the group. The most convenient method of address
11
: s
I 1
assignment for group call pagers is to assign the individual
:J
address e s at Al AO = 00 and Incrementing these digits.
The group or common addresses should be started at Al AO = 99
' 1
,
and decrement i ng as sho..m in Tab Ie V II.
. !
t I
; {
' f
: ,
rwrnt=ws S \$A?
VARIABLE
DIGITS FIXED ADDRESS
IN TERMINAL DIGITS
I. G I G
O
A2 AIAO
2. G lA2 GoA lAO
3. GIGO A
Z
A1 AO
It. G 1 GOA2A1 AO
5. GO G
1
A2A,
A
O
GOGIAZAIAO
6. --
-----
-".
.l:.. __ ._)
t" ...... ('L- . --i J_ . .:...J .J... _ .. J
:.L __ J
Coot _ .... __
, ,
,
MAXI HUM
. INDIVID. 1/ OF
SYSTEM SIZE PER GRP. 1'S GROUP EXAMPLES
50; 2 ADD. PAGERS 99 IND. I 1 GROUP OF 99
OR
2 GROUPS OF 49
100; 1 ADD. PAGERS I, GROUPS OF 24
ETC.
500; 2 ADO. PAGERS 99 1110. 10 10 GROUPS OF 99
OR 20 GROUPS OF 49
1000; 1 ADD. PAGERS 40 GROUPS OF 24
ETC.
500i 2 ADD. PAGERS 999 I NO. I 1 GROUP OF 999
OR 4 GROUPS OF 249
1000; 1 ADD. PAGERS 8 GROUPS OF 124
ETC.
5000i 2 ADO. PAGERS 999 IND. 10 10 GROUPS OF 999
10,000; 1 ADD. PAGERS 100 GROUPS OF 99
ETC.
5000i 2 ADD. PAGERS 999 I tID. 10 10 GROUPS OF 999
10,OOOi 1 ADD. PAGERS 20 GROUPS OF 499
100 GROUPS OF 99
ETC.
50,OOOi 2 ADD. PAGERS 1999 IHD. 50 sO GROUPS OF 1999
100,000; 1 ADD. pAGERS 100 GROUPS OF
800 GROUPS OF 124
ETC.
TABLE VI: PAGEr CODE ASSIGNHENT PlAHS
__ ... ) .t:-i- .. '
PAGER CODE
AIAO/f
GOAtAO/f
AzAtAO/f
GOA2A, AO/f
G1A2
A
t
A
O/
f
Gt
G
oA2
A
t
A
O/
f
V'I
W
-
l
;
-'
'"'I
I
...J
-,
,
i
,
For the case:
Fixed
,
E X\MP I.E OF GROUP ASS IGNM:E:N'IS
4B
49
9
98
99
Ind.
Grp. 1
Ind.
Grp. 2
Grp. 2
Grp. 1
OR
-
48
49
72
73
1
95
96
97
98
99
Ind.
Grp. 1
Ind.
Grp. 2
. ,
Ind.
Grp. 4
Grp. 4
Grp. 3
Grp. 2
Grp. 1
TABLE V I I:
GROUP CALL PAGER CODr: ASS I ~ I M I I T
55
4.7 FUNCTION PLANS
The code plan has the capability of assigning four functions to
each independent address that a pager may possess. In turn, each
function may have 3 possible operational modes independent from
the other 4 functions; i.e., a function may respond as a tone
and voice page, or a tone only page, or as a data page.
Each function on each address can operate in any of the three
1
possible modes. Therefore, any address has 12 possible combina-
tions of functions and modes (see table).
.J PAGER HODE
-;
I
ADDRESS FUNCT I ON T&V DATA T.O.
]
Function ('vll , W2)
* * *
...,
,
Funct ion 2 (W, W2)
* * *
J
Function
3
(QT.
W2-)
it
* "*
/

Function 4 (\IT. W2)
* *
of:
....
I
-'
The function plan defines the relationship between a su f fix di g i t
to be appended after the address digit and the mode of operat ion
and address function to be used for that su f f ix digit.
The preferred function plan is as fol lows:
FUNCTION PLAN II A" -THE VOICE [, DATA PLAN
Page r FL:nction Address Function Pager eerational Hode
(W 1. W2) T&V
2 2 (Wl. W2) T&V
3 3
(WT.
W2) T&V
.. "
~
~ .
",
I
.0
Pacer
..
/
-
,
56
Function Address Function Pager Operational t'cde
4 4 (WT, W2) T&V
5
(W 1 , W2) Data
6 2 (Wl, W2) Data
7 3
(WT, W2) Data
8 4 (\IT, W2) Data
9
(Wl, W2) T.O.
0 2 (Wl, W2) T.O.
In this plan, two of the tone only modes are not used. Other func-
tionplans will be available In the future" to satisfy different system
needs. This plan may be used as part of the pager external identl-
fication code.
A pager coded: A 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 9, 0, 3, 4/A 2 3 4 5 7 -, 5, P 8 .
u ~ c s code plan A and has tvlO addresses. Has a fi rst a"ddress of:
2 3 4 5 b, with tone alert pages on address functions 1 and
2 and tone and voice pages on address funttions 3 and 4.
Has a second address of: 2 3 4 5 7, wi th data pages on
address functions 1 and 4. Two functions (2 and 3) are not
assigned.
"piS" in the pager corle are ignored by the terminal. They do
not affect Information to be sent by the terminal.
Group calls are sent by the terminal in the same manner as any
other pages in a given function plan. Eight function pagers are
capable of four functions on their second address to selectively
belong to from one to four groups. The following table shows
,
57
-
;.

10
page rs
belonging
to certa j n
groups:
,
PAGER
ADDRESS
ION
(GROUP)
2
3
Pager
'*
Pager 2
*
Pager
3
*
Pager
'*
Pager
5
'*
*
Pager 6
*
*
Pager
7
*
*
Pager 8
* '*
*
Pager
9
*
1<
*
Pager 10
* *
;':
*
/
*

Response Al lowed
= No
Response
For pager implementation reasons, pagers in a given group
must have a common 1 in their code.
5.0 APPENDIX - EXAMPLES
In order to illustrate the encoding process, an example of a data page
will be discussed. The problem to be con sidered is given a 4 function
pager with the pager code 73712, for whIch function 3 designates the
data page function and a numeric message (305 SP 475-5000 ) . are
the bInary bj t patterns to be transmitted?

58
5.1 CONVERSION OF PAGER CODE TO TRANSHITTED BIT PATTERNS
To determine the address information to be transmitted, the pager
code information is first mapped Into the ABCDEF representation
using the algorithm of Figure 9. Next the address Word 1 and
2 information is determined using the algorl thm of Figure
12, the 1 look up table and the code word generation pro-
cedure of Figure 2. These 'steps are as follows:
1
Hap Gl GO A2 Al AO uSing Flgu-re 9
o 7 3 7
2 294624
2.
Since function 3 (\Jr, W2) is needed, add 1 to CD--..,)294724.
3.
Find address 1. Since CD 47 is odd, subtract I,
divide by 2, look up bit pattern In Table I I I, and since
CD was odd, complement this bit pattern.
/
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 <E- LSB
Since the least significant b i t is 1, the starting corrma
puls e will also be 1.
4. Find address 2. Si nce ABEF = 2924 is even, divide by
2, convert to binary, and generate parit y informat i on using
the procedure of Figure 2.
Word 2 Decimal = 1462
Word 2 Binary = 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
\.lord 2 == 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 LSB
Since the LSB of 2 is a the polar i ty of t he b I t
,.
I
i
\
i-
f
I
I
,
I
-, 'it
/
/
,
space between Word 1 and Word 2 will be a 1.
5.2 PREAMBLE AND SYNC
The preamble Is easi ly determined from the pager code Information.
Since GO a 3, the preamble Is looked up In Table I, and we shall
assume that the single cal I mode Is used, thus the Information
Is as shown In Table I.
Prenmble 3 - 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
The word for the system is I isted in Table I I and no acti-
vation code is needed since this is a data page
. Sync = a 1 0 0 0 0 0 a a 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5.3 DATA BLOCK INFORMATION
The message information is first converted to binary by looking
up the symbol assignments in Table IV. The information Is then
arrayed 7 bits per word as ' shO\..Jn in the in forma t ion b lock of
4. Since only block is needed to t the given
the continue bit is set to 0. Nc-xt, the 7 bit arithmetI c
sum of the information words is performed (carry bl ts out of the
7th digi t are dropped) to calculate the check sum "'lOrd. Finally
the parity bits are calculated using the generator polynomial of
Section 2.5.4 or the parity informatIon can be looked up in
Table VIII.
. ...
,
60
LENGEN1.
tlECIMAL PARITY INFO
0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0
1 0 0 o 1 o 1 1 1 0 000 0 0 1
..,
0 0 1 o 1 1 1 0 0 000 0 1 0 ....
3 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 o 0 0 1 1
"'
0 1 o 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0
S . 0 1 o 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 o 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 o 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 o 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
,
10 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
- , 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
I
I
12 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
~
13 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
--,
15 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
-j
-" 16 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
17 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
18 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
-- I 19 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
--J
20 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
J
21 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
22 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
'21
23 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
24 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
~
/
25 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 C- O 1
I
-\
26 1 1
---'
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
27 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
-1 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
, 29 1 o 0 1 0 1 o 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
--'
30 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
31 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
32 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
33 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 o 1 0 0 0 0 1
34 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
35 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
36 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
37 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
38 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
39 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
.
1 1 ...
40 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 o 1 o 0 0
41 0 1 1 0 o 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
42 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
43 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
44 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
45 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
46 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
47 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
48 1 0 1 0 1 o 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
49 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
50 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
~ 1 1 0 0 1 0 o 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
I TABLE VIII: (15, ]) CODE 'WORDS
. I
1 '0
~ 1
~ 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
~ 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
54 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
~ 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
56 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
S7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
58 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0
S9 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
60 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
61 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
62 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
63 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
64 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
65 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
66 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
67 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
68 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
69 1 1 0 0 0 0 o 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
70 1 1 1 1 1 0 o 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
71 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
72 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

73 0 0 1 0 0 1 o 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
J
74 0 0 0 1 1 1 o 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
.., 75 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
'J
76 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
"j
77 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
78 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 o 1 1 1 0
79 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
,
80 1 1 1 0 1 1
......,
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
81 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0'")
\
82 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
.J
/
83 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
84 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
85 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
86 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
87 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
88 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
89 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
90 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
91 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
92 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 100
93 o 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
94 0 0 1 o 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
95 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
96 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
97 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
98 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
99 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
100 o 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
101 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
102 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
103 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
104 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
'105 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
106 1 1 0 100 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
TABLE V I I I: (15, ]) CODE \.lORDS CONT I HUED
" iPfi6W
I .'S& ;;.s,s*",W!UPS;;qp!gm
--- '- - -
"-
..
,
G
1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 "
107
1
0 1 1
j,
':
108
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0
I;
I
lOS'
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 1
"
'.
110
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0
111
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
112
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0
113 ()
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1
.;
114
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0 1 0
115
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
,
116
1
1 0 0
i
117
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1
118
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
119
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 o .1 1 1
120
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
121
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
122
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0
123
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
124
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1""'"
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1
.:... ....
126
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0
127
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
*STOP* 0
/
TABLE V II I: (15, n CODE \.lORDS CONT I NUED
~
/ ~
I

1
1
J
a
~
; ~ ~ ~
. (.;
. ...,.
; ~
~
,
/
,
64
3.
Generate parity Information.
0 0
0 0 1 000
0 0
a 0 0
0 a 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Data
0 0 0
a 1 0 0
Block
Array a 0 0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 000 0 o 0 0 o 0 0
;-
1
1 t 0 1
1
0 o a 0
"
,
-r The data block
Information Is then transmitted by
column
starting
l
,
wi th the right
most column;
therefore,
the Comma bit Is a ~
~
1 /
I
The transmitted bit patterns for preamble and sync for th i s
J
example were previously shown in Figure 1. The address and data
-;
-'
block transmitted bit pattern are shown in Fi gure 1
1
1.
5,4 CODING REFERENCES
Peterson and Weldon, Error Correcting Codes, 2nd Ed i tion, 1972,
MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Lin, Shu, An Introduction to Error Correc t ing Codes, 19 70 , Pren-
tice-Hall, Englewood CI iffs, New Jersey.
.. . . _",
..... . .. (. _ .. _,. .... ' ._ .1 __ '-\ .. ...... ".L._ .. _ L..:a.:L __ .. _ _I ._'-... :. __ .....:._ .. _ . .:. ....
__ ... , ...... . -, "' . ......- ."'-. ..... .t...... ,.- ........ .. _"""',, .. _S .... ........ . . . B " B " .. r B .. . __ .. \.-.;to. .t .. ' . n._ . lfi3";:1 . 000!.-.!i'I'.l.lI'l 't' , ; . ;'i" lI( . ' .
. .. . .
'"
r--
COIWI
biT rATT[n"
SINGL(

81 T . I .
JL . .
IIIHr.UAvro DIITA Oil rJlTTERIi
r Ir.Ur.[ ,,: TMIISIII TTEII D 11 rAT1(r.IIS or (XAIWll
...

... , ... ' 1
s.;('a", r "
' # "'--_.
"
-:'
-
0\
\.n
r'"
. .;

Motorola Golay Sequential Code

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