Citing Reference and Compiling Reference lists

Excerpt from University of Bath

Using this system, cite your sources within your text by giving the authors surname(s),
year of publication, and (when appropriate) page numbers. This brief citation tells the
reader that there is a full reference to the work in the bibliography at the end of your text
(see section on The ibliography below).
!. "f the authors name occurs naturally within your text, give the year, and page
numbers if needed, in parentheses.
#lthough first prepared by enedikt (!$%&), it was not until much later that
'sborn and (ay (!&%)) confirmed its structure.
*. "f the authors name does not occur naturally within your text, give both name
and year, and page numbers if needed, in parentheses.
#lthough it was first prepared in the later nineteenth century (enedikt !$%&), its
structure was not confirmed until much later ('sborn and (ay !&%)).
+. "f there are two authors, cite both surnames.
(ames and ,eters (*--+, p.%+) have argued that.
/. "f there are more than two authors, give the first authors name only, followed
by et al., but list #00 the authors in the reference in your bibliography.
The opposing view has been admirably summarised in a more recent work
(#ndersen et al. *--/, pp.*+1+%)
). "f you want to cite multiple works by one author published in the same year,
then add lower case letters (a, b, c) after the year.
Tavernors initial review of ,alladios work (*--!a) is extended and examined in
much more detail in his later work (*--!b, pp.!+)1**%)
2. "f the work has no named author, then use 3#non, except if you are referring to
a newspaper article with no named author, in which case you can use the name
of the newspaper.
"n a recent review in New Scientist (#non *--+, p.*!) it was noted that.
4ontrary to popular perception, violent crime has been shown to be decreasing
(The Times *--/, p.%)
%. "f you want to cite a work that has been uoted in another work, then cite both
in the text.
#n early study (5alters !&2*, cited by (ones !&$%, p.%+) demonstrated that.
"n this case you would list only the work by (ones (i.e. the work that you have
actually read6) in your bibliography.
$. "f you want to cite a personal communication (i.e. something someone has told
you verbally), 7ust give the details within the text. #s you have no documentary
source, there will be no corresponding reference in your bibliography.
0ocal people refer to 8oly 5ell as the 9tarwell (9. 8unt, pers. comm., */th (une
!&&/).
Referencing Different Types of Document
There are standard reference formats for most types of document (including non1book
media). elow are some examples of the more common types of document you might
want to reference. :ach gives the standard format for the references, followed by an
example.
!B ;emember to give #00 authors surnames in each entry in the bibliography (see /.
above). 9o in all cases where #UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09 appears below, you
would enter the surnames and initials of #00 contributing authors.
!. Book.
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title. :dition (if not the first). ,lace
of publication? ,ublisher.
5:009, #.@., !&%). Structural inorganic chemistry. /th ed. 'xford? 4larendon
,ress.
*. Book with editor"s# instead of author"s#.
:A"T';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., ed., >ear. Title. :dition (if not the first).
,lace of publication? ,ublisher.
5"9:=#<, 9., ed., !&2%. "ntelligence and ability. 8armondsworth? ,enguin.
+. Book with corporate author
4';,';#T: #UT8';, >ear. Title. ,lace of publication? ,ublisher.
',:< U<"B:;9"T>, !&%*. Electricity and magnetism. letchley? 'pen
University ,ress.
/. Book usually known by its title
T"T0:, >ear. :dition (if not the first). ,lace of publication? ,ublisher.
'C@';A :<D0"98 A"4T"'<#;>, !&$&. *nd ed. 'xford? 4larendon ,ress.
). $ne paper from a collection in a book
#UT8'; '@ ,#,:;9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title of paper. "n?
"<"T"#09. 9U;<#=: of authorEeditor of book, followed by ed. or eds. if
relevant. Title of book. ,lace of publication? ,ublisher, page numbers of
paper.
;:"A, A.;., !&2%. ,hysical testing of polymer films. In? 9.8. ,"<<:;, ed.
Modern packaging films. 0ondon? utterworths, pp.!/+1!$+.
%& 'ournal article
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title of article. Title of 7ournal,
Bolume number (part), page numbers.
;U<<:;, @.8., !&/&. 9ynthetic gasoline from natural gas. Industrial and
engineering chemistry, /!(+), pp.*)!1*)).
%. Conference paper "when proceedings have a named editor#
#UT8'; '@ ,#,:;9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., year. Title of paper. "n?
"<"T"#09. 9U;<#=: '@ :A"T';, ed. Title of conference proceedings,
full date and place of conference. ,lace of publication? ,ublisher, page
numbers of paper.
4;#5@';A, D."., !&2). 'xygen in metals. "n? (.=.#. 0:<"8#< #<A 9.(.
T8'=,9'<, eds. Activation analysis proceedings of a NAT! Advanced
Study Institute, *1/ #ugust !&2/ Dlasgow. 0ondon? #cademic ,ress,
pp.!!+1!!$.
$. Conference paper "when proceedings have no named editor or are part of a
ma(or series#
#UT8'; '@ ,#,:;9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., year. Title of paper. Title of
conference proceedings, full date and place of conference. ,lace of
publication? ,ublisher, page numbers of paper.
9',:;, A., !&%*. ;eview of bracken control experiments with asulam.
"roceedings of the ##th $ritish %eed &ontrol &onference, !)1!%
<ovember !&%* righton. righton? University of 9ussex, pp.*/1+!.
&. !ewspaper article
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09. (or <:59,#,:; T"T0: if author
unknown), >ear. Title of article. Title of newspaper, Aay and =onth, page
numberEs and column letter.
8#U;#<T, 9, (*--/). ritains borrowing hits F! trillion. 'uardian, *& (uly,
p.!2c.
"<A:,:<A:<T, !&&*. ,icking up the bills. Independent, / (une, p.*$a.
!-. )hesis*dissertation
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title. Aesignation (type). <ame of
institution.
U;;:00, (.D., !&%+. The importance of school tours in education. Thesis
(=.#.). Gueens University, elfast.
!!. Report
#UT8';, >ear. Title. ,lace of publication? ,ublisher, (;eport number).
U<:94', !&&+. Deneral information programme and U<"9"9T. ,aris? U<:94',
(,D"1&+E59E**).
!*. +atent
';"D"<#T'; (name of applicant), >ear. Title of patent. 9eries designation
which may include full date.
,8"00", =';;"9 "<4., !&$!. 'ptical perforating apparatus and system.
:uropean patent application --*!!2)#!. !&$!1-!1-%.
!+. ,tandard
9tandard number? >ear. Title. 9tandards "ssuing ody.
9 )2-)?!&&-. ;ecommendations for citing and referencing published material.
9".
!/. -ap
';"D"<#T';9 9U;<#=:, @";9T <#=: '; "<"T"#09, >ear. Title, 9cale.
,lace of publication ? ,ublisher.
#<A;:59, (. and AU;>, #., !%%+. Map of %iltshire, ! inch to * miles. AeviHes?
5iltshire ;ecord 9ociety.
!). .ideo and /./
Title, >ear. =aterial designation. ,lace of publication? ,ublisher.
:nchanted April, !&&!. Bideo. 0ondon? uena Bista 8ome :ntertainment.
!2. 0ilm
Title, >ear of release. =aterial designation. 9ubsidiary originator (usually
director? 9U;<#=: in upper case). ,roduction details i.e. ,lace?
'rganisation.
=acbeth, !&/$. @ilm. Airected by 'rson 5:00:9. U9#? ;epublic ,ictures.
#s yet there is no agreed standard reference format for electronic documents, but the
formats given below are widely used.
1ebpages and e2books
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear (if known). Title IonlineJ. (:dition if
known). ,lace of publication? ,ublisher (if known). #vailable from? U;0
I#ccessed dateJ.
8'00#<A, =., *--*. Duide to citing "nternet sources IonlineJ. ,oole?
ournemouth University. #vailable from?
http?EEwww.bournemouth.ac.ukElibraryEusingEguideKtoKcitingKinternetKsou
rc.html I#ccessed / <ovember *--*J.
!%. E2(ournal articles (treat ,A@ versions of print 7ournal articles 7ust like print
7ournals L see section 2 above)
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title. (ournal title IonlineJ, volume
(issue). #vailable from? U;0 I#ccessed dateJ.
5"00"#=9, @., !&&%. :lectronic Aocument Aelivery? a trial in an academic
library. #riadne IonlineJ, !-. #vailable from?
http?EEwww.ariadne.ac.ukEissue!-EeddE I#ccessed ) Aec !&&%J.
!$. Email discussion lists (7iscmailElistserv etc)
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., Aay =onth >ear. 9ub7ect of message.
Aiscussion 0ist IonlineJ. #vailable from? list email address I#ccessed
dateJ.
40#;M, T., ) (uly *--/. # :uropean UM 0ibraries ,lusN (is)link IonlineJ.
#vailable from? lis1linkO7iscmail.ac.uk I#ccessed +- (uly *--/J.
!&. +ersonal emails
9:<A:;9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., (9enders email address), Aay =onth >ear.
9ub7ect of =essage. :mail to ;ecipients "nitials. 9urname (;ecipients
email address).
#09T'<, 9., (9.(.#lstonObath.ac.uk), !& (uly *--/. Society of Architectural
*istorians of '$. email to M.=. (ordan (M.=.(ordanObath.ac.uk).
*-. C/2R$-s (applies to works in their own right, not bibliographic databases)
#UT8';9 9U;<#=:, "<"T"#09., >ear. Title I4A1;'=J. (:dition). ,lace of
,ublication? ,ublisher (if known).
8#5M"<D, 9.5., !&&/. # brief history of time? an interactive adventure. I4A1
;'=J. 0ondon? 4runch =edia.
*!. Unpublished material.
9ee 9 2+%!?!&$+. &itation of unpublished documents. 9".