DIAPHRAGMS

AND SHEAR WALLS

THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
APA
DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION GUIDE
GDE,L350,Dia.0 9/14/01 10:36 AM Page 1
Wood is the right choice for a host of construction applications. It is the
earths natural, energy efficient and renewable building material.
Engineered wood is a better use of wood. It uses less wood to make more
wood products. Thats why using APA trademarked I-joists, glued laminated
timbers, laminated veneer lumber, plywood and oriented strand board is constructive ... for
the environment, for innovative design, and for strong, durable buildings.
A few facts about wood.
I
Were not running out of trees. One-third of the United States land base
731 million acres is covered by forests. About two-thirds of that 731
million acres is suitable for repeated planting and harvesting of timber. But
only about half of the land suitable for growing timber is open to logging.
Most of that harvestable acreage also is open to other uses, such as
camping, hiking, and hunting. Forests fully cover one-half of Canadas land mass. Of this
forestland, nearly half is considered productive, or capable of producing timber on a
sustained yield basis. Canada has the highest per capita accumulation of protected natural
areas in the world areas including national and provincial parks.
I
Were growing more wood every day. American landowners plant
more than two billion trees every year. In addition, millions of trees seed
naturally. The forest products industry, which comprises about 15 percent
of forestland ownership, is responsible for 41 percent of replanted forest
acreage. That works out to more than one billion trees a year, or about
three million trees planted every day. This high rate of replanting accounts for the fact that
each year, 27 percent more timber is grown than is harvested. Canadas replanting record
shows a fourfold increase in the number of trees planted between 1975 and 1990.
I
Manufacturing wood is energy efficient.
Wood products made up 47 percent of all
industrial raw materials manufactured in the
United States, yet consumed only 4 percent
of the energy needed to manufacture all
industrial raw materials, according to
a 1987 study.
I
Constructive news for a healthy planet. For every ton of wood grown,
a young forest produces 1.07 tons of oxygen and absorbs 1.47 tons of
carbon dioxide.
Wood. Its the constructive choice for
the environment.
NOTICE:
The recommendations in
this guide apply only to
panels that bear the APA
trademark. Only panels
bearing the APA trademark
are subject to the
Associations quality
auditing program.
RATED SHEATHING
EXPOSURE 1 SIZED FOR SPACING 32/16
15/32 INCH
000
PS 1-95 C-D PRP-108
THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
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Be Constructive
WOOD
Percent of Percent of
Material Production Energy Use
Wood 47 4
Steel 23 48
Aluminum 2 8
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CONTENTS
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Diaphragms and
Shear Walls Defined . . . . . . . . . 4
Advantages of
Diaphragm Design . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rigid and Flexible
Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Design Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . 10
Design Example 2 . . . . . . . . . .18
Design Example 3 . . . . . . . . . .24
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Diaphragm/Shear Wall
Design References . . . . . . . . . .34
About APA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
hen designing a building for lateral loads
such as those generated by wind or earth-
quakes, a design engineer may have
several alternatives. Lateral loads may be
transferred to the foundation via braced frames
or rigid frames, diagonal rods or x bracing,
including let-in bracing in the case of wood
frame construction, or other methods. Where
structural panels are used for the roof, floors, or
walls in a building, lateral loads can be accom-
modated through the use of these ordinary
vertical load bearing elements. This type of
construction is easily adaptable to conventional
light frame construction typically used in
residences, apartment buildings and offices.
The same concept is equally adaptable to
larger warehouses and similar industrial or
commercial buildings.
Buildings can be designed to resist the horizontal
loads introduced by the most violent wind or
earthquake through the application of a principle
called diaphragm design.
This guide from APA The Engineered Wood
Association defines diaphragms and shear walls
and gives examples of how they can be incorpo-
rated into building design.
W
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4
with ordinary good construction prac-
tice, any sheathed element in a building
adds considerable strength to the struc-
ture. Thus, if the walls and roofs are
sheathed with panels and are adequately
tied together, and to the foundation,
many of the requirements of a
diaphragm structure are met. This fact
explains the durability of panel-sheathed
buildings in hurricane and earthquake
conditions even when they have not
been engineered as diaphragms. For full
diaphragm design, it is necessary to also
analyze chord stresses, connections, and
tie-downs.
Panel diaphragms have been used exten-
sively for roofs, walls, floors and parti-
tions, for both new construction and
rehabilitation of older buildings.
A diaphragm acts in a manner
analogous to a deep beam or girder,
where the panels act as a web, resist-
ing shear, while the diaphragm edge
members perform the function of
flanges, resisting bending stresses.
These edge members are commonly
called chords in diaphragm design,
and may be joists, ledgers, trusses,
bond beams, studs, etc.
A shear wall is simply a cantilevered
diaphragm to which load is applied at
the top of the wall, and is transmitted
out along the bottom of the wall. This
creates a potential for overturning which
must be accounted for, and any over-
turning force is typically resisted by
hold-downs, or tension ties, at each
end of the shear element.
Due to the great depth of most
diaphragms in the direction parallel to
application of load, and to their means
of assembly, their behavior differs
slightly from that of the usual, relatively
shallow, beam. Shear stresses have been
proven essentially uniform across the
depth of the diaphragm, rather than
showing significant parabolic distribu-
tion as in the web of a beam. Similarly,
chords in a diaphragm carry all flange
stresses acting in a simple tension and
compression, rather than sharing these
stresses significantly with the web. As in
any beam, consideration must be given
to bearing stiffeners, continuity of webs
and chords, and to web buckling,
which is normally resisted by the
framing members.
Diaphragms vary considerably in
load-carrying capacity, depending
on whether they are blocked or
unblocked. Blocking consists of
lightweight nailers, usually 2x4s, framed
between the joists or other primary
structural supports for the specific
purpose of connecting the edges of the
panels. (See Figure 2.) Systems which
DIAPHRAGMS
AND SHEAR
WALLS DEFINED
A diaphragm is a flat structural unit
acting like a deep, thin beam. The term
diaphragm is usually applied to roofs
and floors. A shear wall, however, is a
vertical, cantilevered diaphragm. A
diaphragm structure results when a
series of such diaphragms are properly
tied together to form a structural unit.
(See Figure 1.) When diaphragms and
shear walls are used in the lateral design
of a building, the structural system is
termed a box system. Shear walls
provide reactions for the roof and floor
diaphragms, and transmit the forces
into the foundation.
An accurate method for engineering
diaphragms has evolved from extensive
testing, and will allow the engineer to
supply his client with a building resis-
tant to hurricanes or earthquakes at very
little extra cost.
The structural design of buildings using
diaphragms is a relatively simple,
straightforward process if the engineer
keeps in mind the over-all concept of
structural diaphragm behavior. Actually,
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provide support framing at all panel
edges, such as panelized roofs, are also
considered blocked. The reason for
blocking in diaphragms is to allow con-
nection of panels at all edges for better
shear transfer. Another form of blocking
for purposes of shear transfer is with a
common piece of sheet metal stapled to
adjacent panels to provide shear transfer
between panels (see APA Technical
Note: Stapled Sheet Metal Blocking for
APA Panel Diaphragms, Form N370).
Unblocked diaphragm loads are con-
trolled by buckling of unsupported
panel edges, with the result that such
units reach a maximum load above
which increased nailing will not increase
capacity. For the same nail spacing,
design loads on a blocked diaphragm
are from 1-1/2 to 2 times design loads
of its unblocked counterpart. In addi-
tion, the maximum loads for which a
blocked diaphragm can be designed are
many times greater than those for
diaphragms without blocking.
The three major parts of a diaphragm
are the web, the chords, and the con-
nections. Since the individual pieces of
the web must be connected to form a
unit; since the chord members in all
probability are not single pieces; since
web and chords must be held so that
they act together; and since the loads
must have a path to other elements or
to the foundation, connections are
critical to good diaphragm action. Their
choice actually becomes a major
part of the design procedure.
5
Full depth bridging
(acts as blocking)
Blocking (may also be
positioned flatwise)
T
C
L
b
w
w
h
Wind load, F
(lb per sq ft)
Side wall carries load
to roof diaphragm at top,
and to foundation at bottom
Roof (horizontal diaphragm)
carries load to end walls
End wall (vertical diaphragm or shear wall)
carries load to foundation
v (lb per lin ft of diaphragm width) =
w (lb per lin ft of wall) = F
T (lb) = C = vh
v
v
v
h
2
wL
2b
FIGURE 1
DISTRIBUTION OF LATERAL LOADS ON BUILDING
FIGURE 2
BLOCKING
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ADVANTAGES
OF DIAPHRAGM
DESIGN
Structural panel diaphragms take
advantage of the capacity of wood to
absorb impact loads. They maintain
high strength in the design range and, if
pushed to their ultimate capacity, yield
gradually while continuing to carry load.
In terms of engineering dynamics, they
give high values of work to ultimate
(will absorb a great deal of energy before
failure). This action is illustrated by
Figure 3, an actual load-deformation
curve of a shear wall. Note the long,
nearly flat section of the curve at
ultimate load.
By considering the strength and stiffness
of the skin of a building, the engineer
can eliminate almost all of the expensive
and inefficient diagonal bracing which
might otherwise be required.
Panel diaphragm design has been
proven through some of the most
harrowing hurricane and earthquake
experiences imaginable.
And finally, diaphragm design enables
the engineer to produce a building
designed to resist high wind and seismic
loads for little or no extra cost.
Diaphragms are easy to build and to
connect to other portions of the struc-
ture. Primary components of the system
are commercially available structural
panels, structural lumber, nails
and metal connectors.
6
Design load 1440 lb.
Ultimate load 7650 lb.
3/8" 303 Siding over gypsum sheathing
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Deflection (inches)
1200
2400
3600
4800
6000
7200
8400
R
a
c
k
i
n
g

l
o
a
d

(
p
o
u
n
d
s
)
FIGURE 3
SHEAR WALL LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVE
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7
TABLE 1
RECOMMENDED SHEAR (POUNDS PER FOOT) FOR HORIZONTAL APA PANEL DIAPHRAGMS WITH
FRAMING OF DOUGLAS-FIR, LARCH OR SOUTHERN PINE
(a)
FOR WIND OR SEISMIC LOADING
Blocked Diaphragms Unblocked Diaphragms
Nail Spacing (in.) at Nails Spaced 6" max. at
diaphragm boundaries Supported Edges
(b)
(all cases), at continuous
panel edges parallel
to load (Cases 3 & 4),
and at all panel
edges (Cases 5 & 6)
(b)
Minimum 6 4 2-1/2
(c)
2
(c)
Case 1 (No
Minimum Minimum Nominal unblocked
Nail Nominal Width of Nail Spacing (in.) at edges or All other
Penetration Panel Framing other panel edges continuous configurations
Common in Framing Thickness Member (Cases 1, 2, 3 & 4)
(b)
joints parallel (Cases 2, 3,
Panel Grade Nail Size (inches) (inch) (inches) to load) 4, 5 & 6)
6 6 4 3
6d
(e)
1-1/4 5/16 2 185 250 375 420 165 125
3 210 280 420 475 185 140
8d 1-3/8 3/8 2 270 360 530 600 240 180
3 300 400 600 675 265 200
10d
(d)
1-1/2 15/32 2 320 425 640 730 285 215
3 360 480 720 820 320 240
5/16 2 170 225 335 380 150 110
3 190 250 380 430 170 125
6d
(e)
1-1/4
3/8 2 185 250 375 420 165 125
3 210 280 420 475 185 140
3/8 2 240 320 480 545 215 160
3 270 360 540 610 240 180
8d 1-3/8 7/16 2 255 340 505 575 230 170
3 285 380 570 645 255 190
15/32 2 270 360 530 600 240 180
3 300 400 600 675 265 200
15/32 2 290 385 575 655 255 190
3 325 430 650 735 290 215
10d
(d)
1-1/2
19/32 2 320 425 640 730 285 215
3 360 480 720 820 320 240
APA RATED
SHEATHING
APA RATED
STURD-I-
FLOOR
and other
APA grades
except Species
Group 5
APA
STRUCTURAL I
grades
Case 5 Case 2 Case 4
Load Load Load Load
Continuous panel joints Continuous panel joints
Load
Diaphragm boundary
Framing
Case 6
Continuous panel joints
Case 3
Blocking,
if used
Blocking,
if used
Blocking,
if used
Case 1
Load Framing Framing
(a) For framing of other species: (1) Find specific gravity for species of lumber in
the AFPA National Design Specification. (2) Find shear value from table above
for nail size for actual grade. (3) Multiply value by the following adjustment fac-
tor: Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1 (0.5 SG)], where SG = specific
gravity of the framing. This adjustment shall not be greater than 1.
(b) Space nails maximum 12 inches o.c. along intermediate framing members
(6 in. o.c. when supports are spaced 48 in. o.c. or greater). Fasteners shall be
located 3/8 inch from panel edges.
(c) Framing at adjoining panel edges shall be 3-in. nominal or wider, and nails
shall be staggered where nails are spaced 2 inches o.c. or 2-1/2 inches o.c.
(d) Framing at adjoining panel edges shall be 3-in. nominal or wider, and
nails shall be staggered where 10d nails having penetration into framing of
more than 1-5/8 inches are spaced 3 inches o.c.
(e) 8d is recommended minimum for roofs due to negative pressures of
high winds.
Notes: Design for diaphragm stresses depends on direction of continuous
panel joints with reference to load, not on direction of long dimension or
strength axis of sheet. Continuous framing may be in either direction for
blocked diaphragms.
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8
TABLE 2
RECOMMENDED SHEAR (POUNDS PER FOOT) FOR APA PANEL SHEAR WALLS WITH FRAMING OF DOUGLAS-FIR, LARCH, OR
SOUTHERN PINE
(a)
FOR WIND OR SEISMIC LOADING
(b)
Panels Applied Over
Panels Applied Direct to Framing 1/2" or 5/8" Gypsum Sheathing
Minimum Minimum
Nominal Nail Nail Size Nail Spacing at Nail Size Nail Spacing at
Panel Penetration (common or Panel Edges (in.) (common or Panel Edges (in.)
Panel Grade Thickness in Framing galvanized galvanized
(in.) (in.) box) 6 4 3 2
(e)
box) 6 4 3 2
(e)
5/16 1-1/4 6d 200 300 390 510 8d 200 300 390 510
APA
3/8 230
(d)
360
(d)
460
(d)
610
(d)
STRUCTURAL I 7/16 1-3/8 8d 255
(d)
395
(d)
505
(d)
670
(d)
10d 280 430 550
(f)
730
grades
15/32 280 430 550 730
15/32 1-1/2 10d 340 510 665
(f)
870
APA RATED
5/16 or 1/4
(c)
180 270 350 450 180 270 350 450
SHEATHING; APA
3/8
1-1/4 6d
200 300 390 510 8d 200 300 390 510
RATED SIDING
(g)
3/8 220
(d)
320
(d)
410
(d)
530
(d)
7/16 1-3/8 8d 240
(d)
350
(d)
450
(d)
585
(d)
10d 260 380 490
(f)
640
and other APA
15/32 260 380 490 640 grades except
15/32 310 460 600
(f)
770
species Group 5
19/32
1-1/2 10d
340 510 665
(f)
870
APA RATED
Nail Size Nail Size
SIDING
(g)
and
(galvanized (galvanized
other APA grades
casing) casing)
except species 5/16
(c)
1-1/4 6d 140 210 275 360 8d 140 210 275 360
Group 5
3/8 1-3/8 8d 160 240 310 410 10d 160 240 310
(f)
410
TYPICAL LAYOUTS FOR SHEAR WALLS
y
Load
Framing
Shear wall boundar
Blocking
Foundation resistance
Framing
(a) For framing of other species: (1) Find specific gravity for species of lumber in
the AFPA National Design Specification. (2) For common or galvanized box
nails, find shear value from table above for nail size for actual grade. (3)
Multiply value by the following adjustment factor: Specific Gravity Adjustment
Factor = [1 (0.5 SG)], where SG = specific gravity of the framing. This
adjustment shall not be greater than 1.
(b) All panel edges backed with 2-inch nominal or wider framing. Install pan-
els either horizontally or vertically. Space nails maximum 6 inches o.c. along
intermediate framing members for 3/8-inch and 7/16-inch panels installed
on studs spaced 24 inches o.c. For other conditions and panel thicknesses,
space nails maximum 12 inches o.c. on intermediate supports. Fasteners shall
be located 3/8 inch from panel edges.
(c) 3/8-inch or APA RATED SIDING 16 oc is minimum recommended when
applied direct to framing as exterior siding.
(d) Shears may be increased to values shown for 15/32-inch sheathing with
same nailing provided (1) studs are spaced a maximum of 16 inches o.c., or
(2) if panels are applied with strength axis across studs.
(e) Framing at adjoining panel edges shall be 3-inch nominal or wider, and
nails shall be staggered where nails are spaced 2 inches o.c. Check local
code for variations of these requirements.
(f) Framing at adjoining panel edges shall be 3-inch nominal or wider, and
nails shall be staggered where 10d nails having penetration into framing of
more than 1-1/2 inches are spaced 3 inches o.c. Check local code for varia-
tions of these requirements.
(g) Values apply to all-veneer plywood APA RATED SIDING panels only. Other
APA RATED SIDING panels may also qualify on a proprietary basis. APA
RATED SIDING 16 oc plywood may be 11/32 inch, 3/8 inch or thicker.
Thickness at point of nailing on panel edges governs shear values.
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RIGID AND FLEXIBLE
DIAPHRAGMS
The rigid or flexible diaphragm classifica-
tion has important implications for how
diaphragm loads are distributed to the
supporting structural system, and also
what forces must be used in the design
of wall-to-diaphragm anchorage. For
purposes of this discussion the support-
ing structural system is considered to be
wood shear walls light framed with
wood structural panels. Generally, wood
diaphragms are classified as flexible
because they deflect relatively more than
the shear walls. Interpretation of the
model building code definition of flexi-
ble or rigid diaphragms is subject to
For anchorage of concrete and masonry
walls to horizontal diaphragms the
provisions of Section 1620.1 shall be
used for flexible diaphragms and those
of 1621.1.4 for structures with rigid
diaphragms.
SEAOC proposes a method where both
a flexible and rigid analysis is done
regardless of classification, and the most
severe effects from each are selected for
a conservative design. A less labor inten-
sive approach is to first design the
diaphragms and shear walls assuming
flexibility and then later check that
assumption.
Note: The following design examples are based on
provisions in the 2000 International Building
Code (IBC) unless otherwise stated.
debate. Section 1602 of the IBC defines
the flexible diaphragm, and APAs
interpretation is that:
A diaphragm is classified as flexible when its
maximum deflection is more than two times
the average supporting structural system
(shear wall) deflection.
Horizontal load distribution from
diaphragms to shear walls is discussed
in Section 1617.4.4. For rigid
diaphragms the shear is distributed to
the shear walls based on their relative
lateral stiffness. Torsional effects must
also be calculated and a minimum acci-
dental torsion is also required for rigid
diaphragms. For flexible diaphragms the
shear is distributed to the shear walls
based on the tributary area.
9
Since deflection calculations are so important for classifying
a structure as rigid or flexible, the engineer should consider
the following for perspective and guidance in exercising
good judgment when needed.
The current code deflection equations were developed
more than 30 years ago and have changed only very little.
Assumptions implicit in the diaphragm deflection equation
are that it is:
Simply supported
Uniformly nailed
Completely blocked
Uniformly loaded
Constant in depth and width
The shear wall deflection equation has been largely verified
through testing of 8-ft by 8-ft walls (framing and sheathing
only) with end restraints (a hold-down device).
With such a simple basis, current limitations and unknown
behavior become apparent. Other significant factors
include:
What is the effect of finish materials, such as gypsum
wallboard, wood flooring, and siding on diaphragm and
shear wall stiffness?
How are different aspect ratios treated?
How are different length wall segments in one wall line
treated?
How do diaphragm openings affect stiffness?
What stiffening effect does sheathing above and below
openings, in a traditional shear wall, have?
With so many simplifying assumptions, unknown behavior,
and knobs to turn in the deflection equations, an engi-
neer can almost prove either the flexible or rigid case with
a wood framed structure.
Attempts have been made in this document to address some
of these issues, and to create a stand-alone reference to
calculate (estimate) shear wall and diaphragm deflection.
SHEAR WALL AND DIAPHRAGM DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS COMMENTARY
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DESIGN EXAMPLE 1 CONCRETE TILT-UP BUILDING WITH WOOD
STRUCTURAL PANEL DIAPHRAGM:
Design of diaphragm, subdiaphragm and calculation of connection forces.
10
Given:
Roof
DL
=15 psf
Wall
t
=7 inches
Wall
h
=22 feet

c
=150 pcf
Seismic Design Category
Seismic Use Group = I Assigned from Table 1604.5
S
s
=1.25 g Maximum considered earthquake spectral acceleration at 0.2 seconds from map, such as Figure 1615(1)
S
1
=0.50 g Maximum considered earthquake spectral acceleration at 1 second from map, such as Figure 1615(2)
Site Class =D Site Class D shall be used in the absence of a soils report per Sec. 1615.1.1
F
a
=1.0 Site Coefficient dependent on S
s
and Site Class, Table 1615.1.2(1)
F
v
=1.5 Site Coefficient dependent on S
1
and Site Class, Table 1615.1.2(2)
S
MS
= F
a
S
s
S
MS
=1.25 g Maximum considered EQ spectral response acceleration at 0.2 sec period adjusted for site class,
Eq. 16-16
S
M1
= F
v
S
1
S
M1
=0.75 g Maximum considered EQ spectral response acceleration at 1 sec period adjusted for site class,
Eq. 16-17
S
DS
=
2
S
MS
S
DS
=0.833 g 5% damped design spectral response acceleration at 0.2 sec period, Eq. 16-18
__
3
S
D1
=
2
S
M1
S
D1
=0.5 g 5% damped design spectral response acceleration at 1 sec period, Eq. 16-19
__
3
Seismic design category = D Most severe from Tables 1613.3(1 and 2), per 1616.3
Note: Design examples are based on provisions in the 2000 International Building Code (IBC) unless otherwise stated.
FIGURE 4
MAIN DIAPHRAGM
4' x 8'
16' x 15'
16' x 15'
20' x 15'
20' x 15'
1
2
0
'
2
2
'
1
9
2
'
N
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1. Determine base shear coefficient:
This building meets structure description No. 2, from Table 1616.6.3, thus the equivalent lateral for procedure of 1617.4 is permitted.
V = C
s
W Seismic base shear, Eq. 16-34
I
E
= 1.0 Importance factor, Table 1604.5
R = 4.5 Response modification factor for ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls per Table 1617.6,
C
s
=
S
DS
Seismic response coefficient, Eq. 16-35, Sec. 1617.4.1.1
___
R __
(I
E
)
C
s
= 0.185
But C
s
need not exceed, C
s.max
:
C
t
=0.020 h
n
= 20 T
a
= C
t
(h
n
)
0.75
T
a
=0.189 Sec. 1617.4.2.1 Equation taken from 1997 UBC Eq. 30-8
C
s.max
=
S
DS
C
s.max
=0.979 Eq. 16-36
___
R __
(I
E
)
T
a
Nor shall C
s
be less than C
s.min
:
C
s.min
=0.044 x S
DS
x I
E
C
s.min
=0.037 Eq. 16-37
2. Design roof diaphragm
2a. Roof diaphragm weight
W
roof
=Roof
DL
x 192 x 120 W
roof
=345,600 lbf
Wall
DL
=
Wall
t
x
c
Wall
DL
=87.5 psf
_____
12
W
walls.NS
=Wall
DL
x (2 + 10) x 192 x 2 W
walls.NS
=403,200 lbf
W
walls.EW
= Wall
DL
x (2 + 10) x 120 x 2 W
walls.EW
= 252,000 lbf
The effect of wall openings has been conservatively ignored for simplification
2b. Load on Roof Diaphragm
The diaphragm must resist the following (1620.3.3):
F
px
=C
s
x w
px
F
px
=0.185 x w
px
Eq. 16-65
F
px.max
=0.3 x S
DS
x I
E
x w
px
F
px.max
=0.25 x w
px
F
px.min
=0.15 x S
DS
x I
E
x w
px
F
px.min
=0.125 x w
px
Since C
s
provides F
px
between the min and max, use Eq. 16-65.
North-South direction: load and load effects
w
px.NS
=W
roof
+ W
walls.NS
w
px.NS
=748,800 lbf
F
px.NS
=C
s
x w
px.NS
F
px.NS
=138,667 lbf
The uniform (ASD) load on the diaphragm is: Earthquake load effects are at the strength design level. To
w
NS
=
F
px.NS
w
NS
= 516 plf
convert to the Allowable design level, a 1.4 adjustment is used
_______
per Sec. 1605.3.2 Formula 16-18
192 x 1.4
11
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The maximum shear in the diaphragm is:
v
NS
=w
NS
x
192
x
1
v
NS
=413 plf
___ ___
2 120
The maximum moment and chord force in the diaphragm are:
M
NS
=
w
NS
x 192
2
M
NS
=2,377,143 ft-lbf
__________
8
ChordF
NS
=
M
NS
ChordF
NS
= 19,810 lbf
____
120
East-West direction: load and load effects
w
px.EW
= W
roof
+ W
walls.EW
w
px.EW
= 597,600 lbf
F
px.EW
=C
s
x w
px.EW
F
px.EW
=110,667 lbf
The uniform (ASD) load on the diaphragm is: Earthquake load effects are at the strength design level. To
w
EW
=
F
px.EW
w
EW
= 659 plf
convert to the Allowable design level, a 1.4 adjustment is used
_______
per Sec. 1605.3.2 Formula 16-18.
120 x 1.4
The maximum shear in the diaphragm is:
v
EW
= w
EW
x
120
x
1
v
EW
=206 plf
___ ___
2 192
The maximum moment and chord force in the diaphragm are:
M
EW
=
w
EW
(120)
2
M
EW
=1,185,714 ft-lbf
__________
8
ChordF
EW
=
M
EW
ChordF
EW
= 6,176 lbf
____
192
2c. Design of diaphragm:
Redundancy factor, Sec. 1617.2.1:
r
max
=
V
wall
10 It is assumed that for loading in the E-W direction each wall takes
____ ___
half the base shear, thus V
wall
/ V
story
= 0.5. The same is assumed
( V
story
) (1
w
)
for the N-S walls.
r
EW
= 0.5
10
r
EW
= 0.037
________
(192 56)
r
NS
= 0.5
10
r
NS
=0.06 r
max
= r
NS
________
(120 36)
A = 192 x 120
= 2
20
=-0.214 since <1 use = 1 Eq. 16-32
_______
r
max

A
Seismic Load, E, is times the load effects (which are calculated above):
The earthquake load E, expressed in terms of (ASD) diaphragm shear is:
v
NS
=413 plf
v
EW
=206 plf
12
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2d. Select diaphragm sheathing (Table 2306.3.1 or Table 1):
13
15/32 WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL WITH 8d COMMON NAILS
N-S Continuous Nailing at Allowable Load:
Edge Nailing Other Edges Shear ASD Shear
N-S Zone (in.)* (in.) (plf) (plf)
A 2.5 4 530 413
Case 4 B 4 6 360 344
C 6 6 270 275
*N-S purlins must be 2.5 inches or wider.
Note: A steel ledger will be used in this building, thus perimeter fastening of wood structural panel to ledger will be with steel pins (dia. = 0.144) spaced at
4 inches o.c. in Zone A and 6 inches o.c. in Zones B and C. Allowable shear values for steel pins are given in various ICBO evaluation reports, depending on
the pin manufacturer.
FIGURE 5
MAIN DIAPHRAGM
192'
334 plf
275 plf
120'
16'
32'
96'
Vmax=413 plf
Shearing
Load Effect
Zone
A
Zone
A
Zone
B
Zone
B
Zone
C
Perimeter nailing
N
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3. Design east-west subdiaphragm (connection of roof diaphragm to east-west walls):
In past earthquakes, walls have separated or fallen away from the roof diaphragm. To address this problem, codes have required con-
tinuous cross ties from one wall to the other parallel wall (e.g., east wall to west wall and south to north). The subdiaphragm is used
to reduce the number of fasteners needed to achieve a continuous cross tie connection between parallel walls by concentrating the
uniform anchorage force into main beams. Further discussion of subdiaphragms can be found in the APA Data File: Lateral
Connections for Low-Slope Roof Diaphragms, Form Z350.
3a. Subdiaphragm aspect ratio:
The maximum length to width of the structural subdiaphragm shall be 2.5 to 1, per 1620.2.1
The minimum subdiaphragm depth = 40'/2.5 = 16'-0"
3b. Forces on subdiaphragm:
Per Sec. 1620.3, the anchorage of concrete or masonry walls follows Sec. 1620.2.1
w
w
= Wall
DL
x ( 2 + 10) w
w
= 1,050 plf Weight of the wall tributary to the anchor
F
p
=1.2 x S
DS
x I
E
x w
w
F
p
= 1,050 plf Eq. 16-64
3c. Subdiaphragm shear ASD basis:
Assume subdiaphragm depth, D, is: D = 32 ft
L =40 V = F
p
L
V =21,000 lbf
_
(2)
v
max
=
V
v
max
= 469 plf The 1.4 converts from strength design basis to ASD per
_______
Sec. 1605.3.2
D x 1.4
Zone A nailing for subdiaphragm is adequate, note though that the area of Zone A must be increased to extend 32 feet from east and
west walls (see Figures 6 and 7).
3d. Subdiaphragm chord force (ASD)
Chord
F
=
F
p
x L
2
Chord
F
= 4,687 lbf
__________
8 x D x 1.4
The steel channel ledger and purlin act as subdiaphragm chords. Their design is not shown here.
4. Wall tie force (ASD) for connection of roof diaphragm to:
4a. North-south walls:
From part 3: F
p
= 1,050 plf
For 8' purlin spacing the anchorage force, F, is:
F = F
p
8
F = 6,000 lbf
___
(1.4)
The connection design for this anchorage detail is not shown, the location of this typical connection is shown as point a in Figure 6.
4b. East-West walls:
For 2' subpurlin spacing, the anchorage force, F, is:
F = F
p
2
F = 1,500 lbf The location of this typical connection is shown as point b in Figure 6.
___
(1.4)
4c. Continuity tie force (ASD) between sub-diaphragms:
F = F
p
40
F = 30,000 lbf The location of this typical connection is shown as point c in Figure 6.
___
(1.4)
14
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15
FIGURE 7
FINAL DIAPHRAGM SHEATHING LAYOUT
192'
120'
32' 32'
Zone
A
Zone
A
Zone
C
FIGURE 6
SUBDIAPHRAGM AND ANCHORAGE CONNECTION FORCES
*Wood structural panels not shown for clarity.
Shear
Diagram
Vmax=469 plf
w=750 plf
a.
Moment
Diagram
Max chord
force =4688 lbf
Anchorage
Load (ASD)
w =750 plf
N
Girders
Subdiaphragm 40' x 32'
Purlin (typ.)
Sub-Purlin (typ.)
c.
b.
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16
5. Diaphragm deflection

diaphragm
=
5vL
3
+
vL
+0.188Le
n
+
(
c
X)
Sec. 2305.2.2, Eq. 23-1
_____ ___ _______
8EAb 4Gt 2b
IBC Sec. 1617.4.6.1 states that where ASD is used, deflections are to be calculated using earthquake forces without dividing by 1.4
(in other words, use strength-level load combinations).
v = 413 x 1.4 Maximum diaphragm shear from step 2, the 1.4 adjusts to
strength level
L = 192 ft
E = 29,000,000 psi For steel channel ledger/chord
A = 2.4 in
2
Cross sectional area for C 6 x 8.2 steel channel
b = 120 ft
The 15/32-in. panel is typically rated 32/16 (see Table A1). Panel rigidity from Table A3 is 27,000 lbf/in. and for an OSB panel, panel
rigidity should be adjusted by C
g
= 3.1 from Table A4:
Gvtv = 3.1 x 27,000 lbf/in.
Nail Slip
The fasteners to consider for deflection are the ones located at interior panel edges. When two different edge spacings are given, such
as in this example with N-S edges being continuous, APAs judgement is to use the most dense nail pattern.
The non-uniform nail pattern will be accounted for as described in Appendix C, thus the two nail schedule Zones will be considered
to calculate the adjustment factor for the 0.188 constant.
Zone A Zone C
v
A
= 413 x 1.4 plf v
C
= 275 x 1.4 plf
Load per nail, v
n
:
S
A
= 2.5 inch o.c. nail spacing S
C
= 6 inch o.c. nail spacing
v
n.A
=
v
A
v
n.A
= 120
lbf
v
n.C
=
v
C
v
n.C
= 193
lbf
__ ___ __ ___
12 nail 12 nail __ __
S
A
S
C
The minimum load per nail in Zone A, occurs at 32-ft from the end and is:
v
n.A.min
=
v
C
v
n.A.min
= 80
lbf __ ___
12 nail __
S
A
The adjustment to account for non-uniform nail pattern is:
Adj
non.u
=
[
0.5
(
v
n.A
+ v
n.A.min
)
32 + 0.5
(
v
n.C
)
64
]
Adj
non.u
= 1.62
______________________________
0.5
(
v
n.A
)
96
Fastener slip, e
n
, for 8d Common nail for dry framing (from Appendix Table A-2). Note: the nail slip is increased by 20% for a non-
structural I panel.
e
n.A
= 1.2
(
v
n.A
)
3.018
e
n.A
= 0.0087 e
n.C
= 1.2
(
v
n.C
)
3.018
e
n.C
= 0.0359
___ ___
616 616
The nail slip term is based on the nail slip of Zone A, assuming that the non-uniform nail pattern adjustment factor is sufficient to
account for increased nail slip. (Note: if nail slip is based on the maximum load per nail in Zone C, then the total slip deflection
becomes 2.1 inches instead of 0.51inch.)
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17
Deflection Components

bending
=
5vL
3

bending
=0.306 in.
_____
8EAb

shear
=
vL

shear
=0.332 in.
_____
4 Gvt v

nailslip
=0.188Adj
non.u
Le
n.A

nailslip
=0.51 in.

chordsplice
=0 Steel channel chord is assumed to be welded thus no slip will occur

diaphragm
=
bending
+
shear
+
nailslip
+
chordsplice

diaphragm
= 1.148 in.
Diaphragm deflections are important for determining whether the diaphragm is to be considered rigid or flexible and to ensure that
story drift is within the limitations of Sec. 1617.3.
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18
DESIGN EXAMPLE 2. SHEAR WALL DESIGN TRADITIONAL SHEAR WALL
Design the following shear walls shown in Figure 8.
L =28 ft Total length of wall
L
w2
= 16 ft Total length of full height segments at upper level
L
w1
= 16 ft To minimize hold-down and tie straps, the lower level shear wall segments will match those of the
upper level. The lower level shear wall length could be considered to be 20-ft, perhaps reducing
shear wall nail density but this would increase the number of hold-downs and tie straps.
FIGURE 8
TRADITIONAL TWO-STORY WALLS TO BE DESIGNED AS SHEAR WALLS
8'
2'-6" 2'-6" 2'-6"
4'-0"
28'-0"
4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
8'
6'-8"
4'-0" 4'-0"
4'-0" 3'-0" 3'-0" 5'-0" 5'-0" 2'-0" 6'-0"
Loads are given, as shown in Figure 9.
Roof
DL
= 75 plf Based on 15 psf roof DL with 3-ft tributary (2-ft truss spacing and 2-ft overhang) and attic wall
5.33 ft at peak (above second floor ceiling).
Wall
DL
= 80 plf Based on 10 psf walls, 8 feet in height.
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19
FIGURE 9
LOADS ON SHEAR WALL
V2W
V1W
V base 2
V base 1
V1
Roof DL = 75 plf
Wall DL* = 80 plf
* Wall openings have
been conservatively
ignored for simplicity.
V2
Given load from diaphragm:
V
2
= 3,025 lbf (Includes inertial effects of roof and attic end wall)
V
1
= 2,075 lbf
Inertial forces due to self weight of wall (from ground acceleration, note that inertial effects are not considered for wind loads):
F
x
= 0.18
(
w
x
)
Eq. 16-50 strength design basis. The 0.18 is assumed for example purposes.
V
2w
= F
x
V
2w
=
0.18
(
Wall
DL
x L
)
V
2w
= 288 lbf The 1.4 is used to convert load from Strength to ASD basis.
_____________
1.4
V
1w
= V
2w
1. Calculate unit base shear (for design of shear walls):
v
base2
=
V
2
+ V
2w
v
base2
= 207 plf
_________
L
w2
v
base1
=
V
2
+ V
2w
+ V
1
+ V
1w
v
base1
= 355 plf
____________________
L
w1
Since the wall studs will be spruce-pine-fir and nails will be used, the shear values from Table 2306.4.1 (or Table 2) must be adjusted
according to footnote a.
SG = 0.42 For spruce-pine-fir
The specific gravity adjustment factor is: SGAF = 1 (0.5 SG) SGAF = 0.92
The effective shear strength needed is:
v
2.eff
=
v
base2
V
2.eff
= 225 plf
_____
SGAF
v
1.eff
=
v
base1
V
1.eff
= 386 plf
_____
SGAF
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20
2. Design shear wall:
2a. Select sheathing (from Table 2306.4.1 or Table 2)
7/16 WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL WITH 8d COMMON NAILS
Edge Field Allowable Effective
Nailing Nailing* Shear Shear Load
Panel Floor (in.) (in.) Strength* (plf) (plf) Status
7/16 Rated Sheathing 2 6 6 240 > 225 o.k.
7/16 Rated Sheathing 1 3 6 450 > 386 o.k.
*It is assumed that studs will be spaced at 24" o.c.
FIGURE 10
OVERTURNING FORCES SEISMIC LATERAL LOAD
8' = h
4'
8' = h
4'
C T C T C T C T
C T C T C T C T
C T C T C
V2W
V1W
v2
v1
V1
V2
T C T
3. Overturning forces due to seismic lateral load:
3a. For second floor:
T =C = v x h h = 8 ft Wall height
T
2
=
V
2
h +
V
2w
x
h
T
2
= 1,585 lbf Lateral loads act a distance h or h/2 as shown in Figure 10.
____ ____ __
L
w2
L
w2
2
3b. For first floor:
T =C = v x h h = 8 ft Wall height
T
1
= T
2
+
[
(
V
2
+ V
2w
+ V
1
)
h +
V
1w
x
h
]
T
1
= 4,351 lbf
______________ ___ __
L
w1
L
w1
2
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21
4. Resisting forces due to dead weight of structure:
Section 1605.4 provides Formula 20, 0.9D + E
m
, for when the effects of seismic ground motion counteract gravity forces. E
m
is
defined in Section 1617.1.2, and need not exceed the maximum force that can be transferred by the lateral force resisting system.
Therefore, E
m
is essentially limited to being equal to the lateral forces used in the design of the shear wall. It is more conservative to
consider the load combination of 0.6D + 0.7E (Formula 16-12) to compare the situation when lateral load effects (E) are counter-
acted by the effect of gravity load. In Formula 16-12, E is multiplied by 0.7 (approximately equal to 1/1.4) to convert strength level
design values to allowable stress design level. Thus the resisting forces due to the design dead loads will be reduced by the factor 0.6,
rather than 0.9 in Formula 20. Formula 16-12 was introduced into the IBC from ASCE 7-98, and the commentary from ASCE 7-98
describes that this load combination is intended to be used for the overturning situation.
The dead load from the roof and wall are transferred to the hold-downs based on the tributary width. For example, the wall segments
are 4 ft long, so 2 ft is used as the tributary width for wall dead load going into the hold-down for that wall. Note that the weight of
the wall segments with openings is neglected. For the roof dead load, hold-downs are spaced at 4 ft segments, so 4 ft is used as the
tributary width for roof dead load going into the hold-downs. Note that 4 ft is used for the roof tributary because window and door
headers will effectively transfer the dead load down to the hold-downs.
The dead load forces transferred to the hold-down at the second floor are:
H
DL.2
= (4)Roof
DL
+ (2)Wall
DL
H
DL.2
= 460 lbf
The dead load forces transferred to the hold-down at the first floor are:
H
DL.1
= H
DL.2
+ (2)Wall
DL
H
DL.1
= 620 lbf
5. The net uplift forces are:
Uplift
2nd.fl
= T
2
0.6
(
H
DL.2
)
Uplift
2nd.fl
= 1,309 lbf
Uplift
1st.fl
=T
1
0.6
(
H
DL.1
)
Uplift
1st.fl
= 3,979 lbf
Proprietary hold-down strap/connection to resist these uplift forces can be selected from manufacturers catalogs. Locations are
shown in Figure 11.
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22
FIGURE 11
HOLD-DOWN PLACEMENT OF TRADITIONAL ENGINEERED SHEAR WALL
8'
2'-6" 2'-6" 2'-6"
4'-0"
28'-0"
4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
8'
6'-8"
4'-0" 4'-0"
4'-0" 3'-0" 3'-0" 5'-0" 5'-0" 2'-0" 6'-0"
Typical 1st floor hold-down
must resist 3,979 lbf.
Typical 2nd floor hold-down/tension tie
must resist 1,309 lbf.
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23
6. Shear wall deflection
=
8vh
3
+
vh
+ 0.75he
n
+
h
d
a
Eq. 23-2 modified to include h/b multiplier with d
a
____ ___ __
EAb Gt b
IBC Sec. 1617.4.6.1 states that where ASD is used, deflections are to be calculated using earthquake forces without dividing by 1.4
(in other words use strength-level load combinations).
v
u2
= v
base2
x 1.4 v
u2
= 290 plf Strength level unit shear in second and first floors
v
u1
= v
base1
x 1.4 v
u1
= 497 plf
h =8 feet
E =1,400,000 psi for spruce-pine-fir #2 NDS, 1997. Table 4a
A =2 x 1.5 x 5.5 in.
2
For two 2x6 studs
The 7/16-in. Rated Sheathing is typically rated 24/16 (see Table A1). Panel rigidity from Table A3 is 27,000 lbf/in. and for OSB, panel
rigidity should be adjusted by C
g
= 3.1 from Table A4:
G
v
t
v
= 3.1 x 27,000
For the lower level a 3" o.c. nail spacing, or 4 nails per foot are used along the panel edges
Vnail
1
=
v
u1
Vnail
1
= 124 lbf/nail
__
4
For the upper level a 6" o.c. nail spacing, or 2 nails per foot are used along the panel edges
Vnail
2
=
v
u2
Vnail
2
= 145 lbf/nail
__
2
The approximate nail slip can be calculated from the equations given in Table A2. It is assumed that the studs will be green then dry.
e
n1
= 1.2
(
Vnail
1
)
1.869
e
n1
= 0.032 in. From Table A2. The nail slip is increased 20% for a
_____
non-structural I panel
857
e
n2
= 1.2
(
Vnail
2
)
1.869
e
n2
= 0.043 in.
_____
857
Width of shear wall, b:
b = 4 ft
d
a
= 0.125 in. Consult hold-down manufacturer literature for accurate information on hold-down slip, d
a
.
Shear wall deflection of upper level:

2
=
8
(
v
u2
)
h
3
+
v
u2
(
h
)
+ 0.75
(
h
)
e
n2
+
h
d
a

2
= 0.55 inches
______ _____ __
E
(
A
)
b G
v
t
v
b
Shear wall deflection of lower level:

1
=
8
(
v
u1
)
h
3
+
v
u1
(
h
)
+ 0.75
(
h
)
e
n1
+
h
d
a

1
= 0.514 inches
______ _____ __
E
(
A
)
b G
v
t
v
b
Shear wall deflections are important for determining whether the diaphragm is to be considered rigid or flexible and to ensure that
story drift is within the limitations of Sec. 1617.3.
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24
DESIGN EXAMPLE 3 SHEAR WALL DESIGN
WITH OPENINGS USING THE PERFORATED METHOD
Two methods can be used for the design of shear walls with openings, one method is called force transfer around openings
(Sec. 2305.3.7.1) and the other no force transfer around openings (Sec. 2305.3.7.2) or the perforated shear wall. The advantage of
these methods is that fewer hold-downs are required. As shown in Example 2, only full height segments were considered shear
walls and each full height segment must be held down, requiring 16 hold-downs for the two walls shown. With these methods the
effect of openings is accounted for by providing for force transfer around the opening a mechanics-based approach, or by using
empirical shear capacity adjustment factors with the perforated method. This design example will show the empirical perforated
shear wall method.
The walls in Example 2 will be redesigned as perforated shear walls.
1. Determine shear capacity adjustment factor (from Table 2305.3.7.2)
Percent shear wall segments (full height segments) and maximum height of opening:
%
fh.2
=
16
%
fh.2
= 0.571 For upper level
__
28
%
fh.1
=
20
%
fh.1
= 0.714 For lower level
__
28
For the upper level the maximum height of opening is 2'-6". For the lower level the maximum height of opening is 6'-8".
The shear capacity adjustment factor (SCAF) is:
For the upper level: SCAF
2
= 1.0
For the lower level: SCAF
1
= 0.69
2. Applied (ASD) unit base shear from Example 2:
v
base2
=
3025 + 288
v
base2
= 207 plf
__________
16
v
base1
=3025 + 288 + 2075 + 288 v
base1
= 284 plf Note: the entire 20' of full height ________________________
segments is now considered
20
2a. Specific gravity adjustment
Since the wall studs will be spruce-pine-fir and nails will be used, the shear values from Table 2306.4.1 (or Table 2) must be adjusted
according to footnote a.
SG = 0.42 for spruce-pine-fir
The specific gravity adjustment factor (SGAF) is: SGAF = 1 (0.5 SG) SGAF = 0.92
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25
3. The effective shear strength needed is:
Both the specific gravity adjustment factor and the shear capacity adjustment factor can be applied to either the load side or the
strength side of the equation (Load Strength). These adjustments are intended to reduce the shear wall strength. In this example
the adjustments will be used to increase the load, an effective load accounts for these factors.
The effective shear strength needed is:
v
2.eff
=
207
v
2.eff
= 225 plf
_____________
SGAF x SCAF
2
v
1.eff
=
284
v
1.eff
= 447 plf
_____________
SGAF x SCAF
1
4. Design shear wall:
4a. Select sheathing (from Table 2306.4.1 or Table 2):
7/16 WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL WITH 8d COMMON NAILS
Edge Field Allowable Effective
Nailing Nailing* Shear Shear Load
Panel Floor (in.) (in.) Strength* (plf) (plf) Status
7/16 Rated Sheathing 2 6 6 240 > 225 o.k.
7/16 Rated Sheathing 1 3 6 450 > 447 o.k.
*It is assumed that studs will be spaced at 24" o.c.
5. Overturning forces due to seismic lateral load:
From 2305.3.7.2. Requirements for overturning restraint at the ends of the shear wall, uplift and shear connections at the base
shall be calculated using the unadjusted allowable shear capacity.
5a. For second floor: T = C = (v)( h)
T
2
= 240 x 8 T
2
= 1,920 lbf
5b. For first floor:
T
1
= T
2
+ 450 x 8 T
1
= 5,520 lbf
6. The dead load resisting forces:
The dead load resisting forces could be ignored for simplicity and conservatism. As can be seen in Example 2 including the DL resis-
tance against overturning doesnt make a significant difference. For example purposes the same DL distribution shown in Example 2
is used here:
6a. Dead load forces acting to resist end uplift (from Example 2):
H
DL.2
= 460 lbf
H
DL.1
= 620 lbf
6b. Uniformly distributed dead load:
Roof DL = 75 plf Considering the windows as weightless, for the upper level 87% of the wall is sheathed (13% is
Wall DL = 80 plf
openings) and for the lower level 82% is sheathed. For uplift between ends, the uniform dead
loads will be adjusted to account for these openings.
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26
7. Net uplift:
Although not clearly stated in Sec. 2305.3.7.2, the intention is that uplift between hold-downs must be provided and be equal to, or
exceed, the unadjusted allowable shear capacity. The most current state of the art provisions regarding this empirical perforated shear
wall design are contained in the 2000 NEHRP.
7a. At ends (for hold-downs):
Uplift
2nd.fl
= 1,920 (0.6 x 460) Uplift
2nd.fl
= 1,644 lbf
Uplift
1st.fl
= 5,520 (0.6 x 620) Uplift
1st.fl
=5,148 lbf
7b. Between ends (for uplift connection between hold-downs):
At upper level:
Uplift
2
= 240 (0.6)(75 + 0.87 x 80) Uplift
2
= 153 plf Note: the 0.6 factor for the DL is
At lower level:
from Formula 16-12 and described
Uplift
1
= 450 (0.6)(75 + 0.87 x 80 + 0.82 x 80) Uplift
1
= 324 plf
in Example 2.
8. Hold-down connections
8a. At ends:
Proprietary hold-down strap/connections to resist these uplift forces can be selected from manufacturers catalogs as shown in
Figure 13.
8b. Between ends:
For the upper level the required shear to be transferred = 240 plf, and uplift = 153 plf. For the lower level the required shear to be
transferred = 450 plf, and uplift = 324.
There are several options using nails and/or proprietary metal connectors to provide the shear and uplift connections required. Some
options are shown in Figure 12 but no specific design is given in this example. Refer to the APA EWS Data File: Shear Transfer at
Engineered Wood Floors, Form Y250, for additional information.
FIGURE 12
UPLIFT AND SHEAR TRANSFER
Minimum
nail penetration
1-3/8" for 8d
1-1/2" for 10d
Additional nails
holding double
Rim Board
together
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27
9. Shear wall deflection
Deflection of shear walls with openings, Sec. 2305.3.7.2.1, shall be taken as the maximum individual deflection of the shear wall
segments, calculated in accordance with 2305.3.2 and divided by the appropriate shear capacity adjustment factor (SCAF).
The upper level deflection will be identical to that determined in Example 2, since SCAF = 1.0.
For the lower level a SCAF and longer length of full height segments are used:
=
8vh
3
+
vh
+ 0.75h
en
+
h
d
a
Eq. 23-2 modified to include h/b multiplier with d
a
____ __ __
EAb Gt b
IBC Sec. 1617.4.6.1 states that deflections are to be calculated using strength level earthquake forces.
V
u1
= 284 x 1.4 v
u1
= 398 plf Strength level unit shear
h = 8 feet
E = 1,400,000 psi For spruce-pine-fir #2 NDS Table 4a
A = 2 x 1.5 x 5.5 in.
2
For two 2x6 studs
The 7/16-in. Rated Sheathing is typically rated 24/16 (see Table A1). Panel rigidity from Table A3 is 27,000 lbf/in. and for OSB, panel
rigidity should be adjusted by C
g
= 3.1 from Table A4:
G
v
t
v
= 3.1 x 27,000
For the lower level a 3" o.c. nail spacing, or 4 nails per foot are used along the panel edges.
Vnail
1
=
v
u1
Vnail
1
= 99 lbf/nail
__
4
The approximate nail slip can be calculated from the equations given in Table A2. It is assumed that the studs will be green then dry.
e
n1
= 1.2
(
Vnail
1
)
1.869
e
n1
= 0.021 in. From Table A2. The nail slip is increased 20% for a
_____
857
non-structural I panel
Width of shear wall segment, b:
b = 4 feet
d
a
= 0.125 in. Consult hold-down manufacturer literature for accurate information on hold-down slip, d
a
.
Shear wall deflection of lower level:

1
=
(
8v
u1
h
3
+
v
u1
h
+0.75he
n1
+
h
d
a
)
1

1
= 0.629 inches
_____ _____ _ ____
EAb G
v
t
v
b 0.69
Shear wall deflections are important for determining whether the diaphragm is to be considered rigid or flexible and to ensure that
story drift is within the limitations of Sec. 1617.3.
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28
FIGURE 13
HOLD-DOWN PLACEMENT OF ENGINEERED PERFORATED SHEAR WALL
8'
2'-6" 2'-6" 2'-6"
4'-0"
28'-0"
4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0" 4'-0"
8'
6'-8"
4'-0" 4'-0"
4'-0" 3'-0" 3'-0" 5'-0" 5'-0" 2'-0" 6'-0"
Typical 1st floor hold-down
must resist 5,148 lbf.
Typical 2nd floor hold-down/tension tie
must resist 1,644 lbf.
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29
TABLE A-2
FASTENER SLIP EQUATIONS
Minimum For Maximum
Approximate Slip, e
n
(in.)
(a)(b)
Fastener Penetration (in.) Loads up to (lbf)
(c)
Green/Dry Dry/Dry
6d common nail 1-1/4 180 (V
n
/434)
2.314
(V
n
/456)
3.144
8d common nail 1-7/16 220 (V
n
/857)
1.869
(V
n
/616)
3.018
10d common nail 1-5/8 260 (V
n
/977)
1.894
(V
n
/769)
3.276
14-ga staple 1 to 2 140 (V
n
/902)
1.464
(V
n
/596)
1.999
14-ga staple 2 170 (V
n
/674)
1.873
(V
n
/461)
2.776
(a) Fabricated green/tested dry (seasoned); fabricated dry/tested dry. V
n
= fastener load.
(b) Values based on Structural I plywood fastened to Group II lumber, specific gravity 0.50 or greater. Increase slip by 20% when plywood is not Structural I.
(c) ASD basis.
TABLE A-1
NOMINAL THICKNESS BY SPAN RATING.
(The nominal thickness is given. The predominant thickness for each Span Rating is highlighted in bold type.)
Nominal Thickness (in.)
Span Rating 3/8 7/16 15/32 1/2 19/32 5/8 23/32 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8
APA Rated Sheathing
24/0 .375 .437 .469 .500
24/16 .437 .469 .500
32/16 .469 .500 .594 .625
40/20 .594 .625 .719 .750
48/24 .719 .750 .875
APA Rated Sturd-I-Floor
16 oc .594 .625
20 oc .594 .625
24 oc .719 .750
32 oc .875 1.000
48 oc 1.125
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
APPENDIX A Reference Information
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30
APPENDIX B
High-Load
Diaphragms
Tables 1 and 2 present recommended
shears which apply to most diaphragm
designs. Occasionally, due to higher
lateral loads or to building geometry or
layout, higher allowable shears are
required. Calculation by principles of
mechanics using values of nail strength
and panel shear values (see APA Research
Report 138) is one way to design
for higher shears.
Another option is to use Table B-1 for
high-load horizontal diaphragms (see
ICBO ES Evaluation Report No. 1952).
For high-load shear walls, structural
panels may be applied to both faces of
framing. Allowable shear for the wall
may be taken as twice the tabulated
shear for one side. Where the shear
capacities are not equal, the allowable
shear may be either the shear for the
side with the higher capacity or twice
the shear for the side with the lower
capacity, whichever is greater. If nail
spacing is less than 6 inches o.c. on
either side, panel joints should be offset
to fall on different framing members or
framing should be 3-inch nominal or
greater and nails on each side should
be staggered.
TABLE A-3
PANEL DRY RIGIDITY AND SHEAR CAPACITIES THROUGH THE THICKNESS
Rigidity Through The Thickness, G
v
t
v
(lbf/in. of panel depth)
Along Across
Span Rating Rated Sheathing
24/0 25,000 25,000
24/16 27,000 27,000
32/16 27,000 27,000
40/20 28,500 28,500
48/24 31,000 31,000
Span Rating Rated Sturd-I-Floor
16 oc 27,000 27,000
20 oc 28,000 28,000
24 oc 30,000 30,000
32 oc 36,000 36,000
48 oc 50,500 50,500
Nominal Thickness Sanded Plywood
1/4 22,000 22,000
11/32 23,500 23,500
3/8 23,500 23,500
15/32 34,500 34,500
1/2 35,000 35,000
19/32 44,500 44,500
5/8 45,000 45,000
23/32 46,000 46,000
3/4 46,500 46,500
7/8 48,000 48,000
1 67,000 67,000
1-1/8 68,500 68,500
Note: 1 inch = 25.4 mm; 1 lbf/in. = 0.175 N/mm.
TABLE A-4
ADJUSTMENT TO DESIGN CAPACITIES
BASED ON PANEL GRADE AND CONSTRUCTIONS, Cg
Strength Axis
(a)
Perpendicular to Supports Parallel to Supports
Other Structural I Other Structural I
Panel Rigidity Through The Thickness, G
v
t
v
Rated Panels
3-Ply Plywood 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3
4-Ply Plywood COM-PLY 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.7
5-Ply Plywood
(b)
1.5 1.7 1.5 1.7
OSB 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
Sanded Plywood
A-A, A-C 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3
Marine 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Other 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3
(a) The strength axis is the long panel dimension unless otherwise identified.
(b) Adjustment apply to plywood with 5 or more layers; for 5-ply/3-layer plywood, use adjustments
for 4-ply.
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31
TABLE B-1
ALLOWABLE SHEAR IN POUNDS PER FOOT FOR HIGH-LOAD HORIZONTAL BLOCKED DIAPHRAGMS WITH FRAMING OF
DOUGLAS-FIR, LARCH OR SOUTHERN PINE
(a)
FOR WIND OR SEISMIC LOADING
(b)
Fastener
Minimum
Cases 1 and 2
(d)
Nominal
Fastener spacing per line at boundaries
Minimum Minimum Width of
Penetration Nominal Framing
4 inches 2-1/2 inches 2 inches
Panel in Framing Thickness Member Lines of
Fastener spacing per line at other panel edges (inches)
Grade
(c)
Type (inches) (inch) (inches) Fasteners 6 4 4 3 3 2
3 2 605 815 875 1,150
15/32 4 2 700 915 1,005 1,290
4 3 875 1,220 1,285 1,395
10d 3 2 670 880 965 1,255
Common
1-5/8 19/32 4 2 780 990 1,110 1,440
Nails 4 3 965 1,320 1,405 1,790
Structural I 3 2 730 955 1,050 1,365
23/32 4 2 855 1,070 1,210 1,565
4 3 1,050 1,430 1,525 1,800
3 2 600 600 860 960 1,060 1,200
14 Gage
15/32
4 3 860 900 1,160 1,295 1,295 1,400
Staples
2
3 2 600 600 875 960 1,075 1,200
19/32
4 3 875 900 1,175 1,440 1,475 1,795
3 2 525 725 765 1,010
15/32 4 2 605 815 875 1,105
4 3 765 1,085 1,130 1,195
10d 3 2 650 860 935 1,225
Common 1-5/8 19/32 4 2 755 965 1,080 1,370
Other
Nails 4 3 935 1,290 1,365 1,485
APA 3 2 710 955 1,020 1,335
Grades 23/32 4 2 825 1,030 1,175 1,445
4 3 1,020 1,400 1,480 1,565
3 2 540 540 735 865 915 1,080
14 Gage
15/32
4 3 735 810 1,005 1,105 1,105 1,195
Staples
2
3 2 600 600 865 960 1,060 1,200
19/32
4 3 865 900 1,130 1,430
(e)
1,370
(e)
1,485
(e)
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 plf = 14.6 N/m.
(a) Allowable shear values for fasteners in framing members of other species shall be calculated for all grades by multiplying the values for fasteners in
Structural I by 0.82, for species with a specific gravity of at least 0.42 but less than 0.49, and by 0.65 for species with a specific gravity of less than 0.42.
Allowable shear values noted in the table are for fasteners in framing members having a minimum specific gravity of 0.49.
(b) Fastening along intermediate framing members: Nails must be spaced 12 inches on center, except spacing must be 6 inches on center for spans greater than
32 inches.
(c) Panels must conform to UBC Standard 23-2, UBC Standard 23-3, PS 1-95, PS 2-92, or NER-108.
(d) This table gives shear values for Cases 1 and 2, defined in Table 23-II-H of the code. The values shown are applicable to Cases 3, 4, 5 and 6, provided
fasteners at all continuous panel edges are spaced in accordance with the boundary fastener spacing, and provided the maximum shear is limited to 1,200 plf.
(e) Allowable shear value may be increased 60 pounds per foot when 23/32-inch wood structural panels are used.
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32
3/8
1/2
3/8
3/8
1/2
3/8
1
-
1
/
4
2
-
1
/
2
1
-
1
/
4
Panel joint
1/2
3/4
1/2
1/2
3/4
1/2
1
-
3
/
4
3
-
1
/
2
1
-
3
/
4
3/8
1/2
3/8
3/8
1/2
3/8
1
-
3
/
4
3
-
1
/
2
1
-
3
/
4
1/2
1/2
2
-
1
/
2

o
r

3
-
1
/
2
Table
No. B-1
spacing
Panel edge
3

o
r

4
e
q
u
a
l

s
p
a
c
e
s
Table No.
B-1 spacing
Table No.
B-1 spacing
Table No.
B-1 spacing
FIGURE B-1
FASTENER PATTERNS FOR USE WITH TABLE B-1
3" Nominal Two Lines 4" Nominal Three Lines
4" Nominal Two Lines Typical Boundary Fastening
(Illustration of two lines, staggered)
Note: Space panel end and edge joints 1/8 inch. Reduce spacing between lines of nails as necessary to maintain minimum 3/8-inch fastener edge margins.
Minimum spacing between lines is 3/8 inch.
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33
APPENDIX C
DIAPHRAGM
DEFLECTION ISSUES
The diaphragm deflection equation used
in Example 1 is for blocked and uni-
formly nailed diaphragms. When
diaphragms are unblocked and not uni-
formly nailed the following is suggested:
Unblocked Diaphragm
Limited testing of diaphragms [APA,
1952, 1954, 1955, 1967] suggests that
the deflection of an unblocked
diaphragm at its tabulated allowable
shear capacity will be about 2.5 times
the calculated deflection of a blocked
diaphragm of similar construction and
dimensions, at the same shear capacity.
If diaphragm framing is spaced more
than 24" o.c., testing indicates a further
increase in deflection of about 20% for
unblocked diaphragms (e.g., to 3 times
the deflection of a comparable blocked
diaphragm). This relationship can be
used to develop an estimate of the
deflection of unblocked diaphragms.
SEAOC Blue Book, 1999, 805.3.2
Non-Uniform Nailing
The 0.188 constant in the nail slip
deflection contribution term is correct
when panel edge nailing is the same for
the entire length of the diaphragm.
When nail spacing becomes less dense
near the center of the diaphragm span,
the 0.188 constant should increase in
proportion to the average load on each
nail with non-uniform nailing compared
to the average load that would be pre-
sent if a uniform nail schedule had been
maintained (ATC 7, 1981). The new
constant can be written as:
0.188
(
v
n
'
)
__
v
n
where v
n
' is the average non-uniform
load per nail and v
n
is the average uni-
form load per nail. Graphically, this can
be shown and calculated in terms of
areas. In the figure below, area 1 is pro-
portional to v
n
and the sum of areas 2
and 3 is proportional to v
n
'.
To finish this graphic example, the increased constant would become:
0.188
(
Area
2
+ Area
3
)
= 0.188
[
0.5(100 + 75)20 + 0.5(125)50
]
= 0.188 x 1.39 = 0.262
____________ ___________________________
Area
1
0.5(100)70
70
Load
per nail
20 50
1/2 diaphragm span
150
100
50
0
1/2 diaphragm span
Area 1
v
n
v
n
Area 2 Area 3
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34
DIAPHRAGM/
SHEAR WALL DESIGN
REFERENCES
References Cited
ASCE-7. 1998. Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structures.
American Society of Civil Engineers.
Reston, Virginia 20191-4400.
ATC-7. 1981. Guidelines for the Design of
Horizontal Wood Diaphragms ATC-7.
Applied Technology Council.
Redwood City, OR.
AWC. American Wood Council.
Washington, D.C. www.awc.org
IBC, 2000. International Building Code.
International Building Council.
Falls Church, VA.
NDS, 1997. National Design Specification
for Wood Construction. American Forest
& Paper Association. Washington D.C.
NEHRP, 2000. Recommended Provisions
for New Building and Other Structures
(FEMA 368/369). Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA),
Washington D.C.
SEAOC, 1999. Recommended Lateral
Force Requirements and Commentary
Blue Book, Seventh Edition.
Seismology Committee Structural
Engineers Association of California.
Sacramento, CA.
The Consortium of Universities for
Research in Earthquake Engineering
(CUREE). 2001. http://www.curee.org/
projects/woodframe_project/
woodframe_project.html.
Faherty, K. F. and T. G. Williamson,
1999. Wood Engineering and Construction
Handbook, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill.
New York, NY.
Rose, J. D. 1996. Preliminary Testing of
Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls Under
Cyclic (Reversed) Loading. APA Research
Report 158. APA The Engineered Wood
Association. Tacoma, WA.
Tissell, J. R. 1967. 1966 Horizontal
Plywood Diaphragm Tests Laboratory
Report 106. American Plywood
Association (now APA The Engineered
Wood Association), Tacoma, WA.
(No longer in print.)
Tissell, J. R. 1993. Wood Structural Panel
Shear Walls Research Report 154.
APA The Engineered Wood Association.
Tacoma, WA.
Williams, Alan. 1998. Seismic Design of
Buildings and Bridges, Second Edition.
Engineering Press, Austin, TX.
SEAOC, 2000. Seismic Design Manual,
Volume II Building Design Examples:
Light Frame, Masonry and Tilt-up.
Structural Engineers Association of
California. Sacramento, CA.
Tissell, J. R. and J. R. Elliot. 1980.
Plywood Diaphragms Research
Report 138. American Plywood
Association (now APA The Engineered
Wood Association), Tacoma, WA.
Other References
Breyer, D. E., K. J. Fridley and
K. E. Cobeen. 1998. Design of Wood
Structures ASD, Fourth Edition.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY.
Countryman, D. 1952. Lateral Tests on
Plywood Sheathed Diaphragms
Laboratory Report 55. Douglas Fir
Plywood Association (now APA The
Engineered Wood Association),
Tacoma, WA.
(No longer in print.)
Countryman, D. 1955. 1954 Horizontal
Plywood Diaphragm Tests Laboratory
Report 63. Douglas Fir Plywood
Association (now APA The Engineered
Wood Association), Tacoma, WA.
(No longer in print.)
GDE,L350,Dia.0 9/14/01 10:38 AM Page 34
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35
ABOUT APA THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
APA The Engineered Wood Association is a nonprofit trade association
whose member mills produce approximately 70 percent of the structural
wood panels manufactured in North America. The APA trademark appears
only on products manufactured by APA member mills and is the manufac-
turers assurance that the product conforms to the standard shown on the
trademark. That standard may be Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-95 for
Construction and Industrial Plywood; Voluntary Product Standard PS 2-92,
Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use Panels; or an APA
Performance Standard.
APAs services go far beyond quality testing and inspection. Research and
promotion programs play important roles in developing and improving
plywood and other panel construction systems, and in helping users and
specifiers to better understand and apply panel products.
Always insist on panels bearing the mark of quality the APA trademark.
Your APA panel purchase is not only your highest possible assurance of
product quality, but an investment in the many trade services that APA
provides on your behalf.
For additional information on engineered wood construction systems,
contact APA, P. O. Box 11700, Tacoma, Washington 98411-0700, or the
nearest APA regional field office listed on the back cover. For a list of addi-
tional APA publications, request the: APA Publications Index, Form B300
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DIAPHRAGMS AND
SHEAR WALLS
DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION GUIDE
We have field representatives in most
major U.S. cities and in Canada who can help
answer questions involving APA trademarked
products. For additional assistance in specifying
APA engineered wood products, contact us:
APA THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
HEADQUARTERS
7011 So. 19th St.
I
P.O. Box 11700
Tacoma, Washington 98411-0700
(253) 565-6600
I
Fax: (253) 565-7265
(International Offices: Bournemouth,
United Kingdom; Hamburg, Germany;
Mexico City, Mexico; Tokyo, Japan.)
PRODUCT SUPPORT HELP DESK
(253) 620-7400
E-mail Address: help@apawood.org
The product use recommendations in this publica-
tion are based on APA The Engineered Wood
Associations continuing programs of laboratory
testing, product research, and comprehensive field
experience. However, because the Association has
no control over quality of workmanship or the con-
ditions under which engineered wood products are
used, it cannot accept responsibility for product
performance or designs as actually constructed.
Because engineered wood product performance
requirements vary geographically, consult your
local architect, engineer or design professional to
assure compliance with code, construction, and
performance requirements.
Form No. L350G/Revised September 2001/0400
www.apawood.org
@
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b
Addre
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:
THE ENGINEERED
WOOD ASSOCIATION
APA
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