PropertiesofFreshand

HardenedConcrete
PropertiesofFreshConcrete
Workability
SlumpLoss
Segregation/Bleeding
PlasticShrinkage
TimeofSet
Temperature
Outline
aoyelade@unilag.edu.ng04/01/2013
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
Lagos
3
Workability
easeofplacement
resistancetosegregation
homogeneousmass
Easewithwhichconcretecanbetransported,placedand
compactedinsuchawaythatthereisnosegregationofthe
individualconstituents
Consistency
abilitytoflow
Workability
aoyelade@unilag.edu.ng04/01/2013
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
Lagos
4
Workability
Slumtest
CompactingFactor
VBConsistometer
Tests
aoyelade@unilag.edu.ng04/01/2013
DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
Lagos
5
SlumpTest
Invertedcone
fillitupwiththreelayers
ofequalvolume
rodeachlayer25times
scrapeoffthesurface
200
100
300
SlumpTest
slumpcone
rod
concrete
Slumptest
Slump
Ruler
TypesofSlump
Collapse Shear True
Inacollapseslump
theconcrete
collapses
completely.
Inashearslump
thetopportionof
theconcrete
shearsoffandslips
sideways.
Inatrueslumpthe
concretesimply
subsides,keeping
moreorlessto
shape
Europeanclassesofslump
AccordingtoEuropeanStandardEN2061:2000five
classesofslumphavebeendesignated,astabulated
below
Slumpclass Slumpinmm
S1 10 40
S2 50 90
S3 100 150
S4 160210
S5 220
Factoraffectingworkability
Cementwater
Admixtures
Aggregate
AmbientConditions
Time
Cementwater
Theworkabilityoftheconcretedecreasesasthe
finenessofthecementincreases.
Admixtures
Theprincipaladmixtureseffectingimprovementin
theworkabilityofconcretearewaterreducingandair
entrainingagents.
Workabilityadmixturesareusedtoincrease
workabilitywhilethemixproportionsarekept
constantsortoreducethewatercontentwhile
maintainingconstantworkability.
Aggregate
Theworkabilityofconcreteismainlyinfluencedby
thetotalsurfaceareaoftheaggregate.
Thesurfaceareaisgovernedbythemaximumsize,
gradingandshapeoftheaggregate.
Workabilitydecreasesasthespecificsurface
increases.
.
AmbientConditions
Environmentalfactorsthatmaycauseareductionin
workabilityaretemperature,humidityandwind
velocity
.
Time
Timeofmixingofconcreteanditsfinalcompaction
dependsonthegeneralconditionsofworksuchas
thedistancebetweenthemixerandthepointof
placing,siteproceduresandgeneralmanagement.
.
Segregation
Whenthereisasignificanttendencyforthelargeand
fineparticlesinamixtobecomeseparated,
segregationissaidtohaveoccurred.i.e.coarse
aggregatetendstosegregateduetogravity.Typical
ofdrymixes.
.
Bleeding
Wheretheconsistencyofamixissuchthatitis
unabletoholdallitswater,someofitisgradually
displacedandrisestothesurface.
Typicalofwetmixes.
Bleeding
Causesofbleedingand
segregation
Improperslump
Excessiveamountofcoarseaggregate
Lackoffines
Inappropriateplacingandcompacting
.
ControlofBleeding
Reductionofwater
Introductionoffinesandair
ProperCompaction(toomuchcompaction
causesbleeding).
PropertiesofHardened
Concrete
Outline
Compressivestrength
Tensilestrength
Factoraffectingstrengthofconcrete
Deformation
Compressivestrength
Thecompressivestrengthofconcreteistakenas
maximumcompressiveloaditcancarryperunitarea.
Concretestructuresarenormallydesignedonthe
basisthatconcreteiscapableofresistingONLY
compression,thetensionbeingcarriedbysteel
reinforcement.
Tensilestrength
Thetensilestrengthisoneofthebasicandimportant
propertiesoftheconcrete.Theconcreteisnotusually
expectedtoresistthedirecttensionbecauseofits
lowtensilestrengthandbrittlenature.However,the
determinationoftensilestrengthofconcreteis
necessarytodeterminetheloadatwhichthe
concretemembersmaycrack.Thecrackingisaform
oftensionfailure.
Tensilestrength
Apartfromtheflexuretesttheothermethodstodetermine
thetensilestrengthofconcretecanbebroadlyclassifiedas
(a)directmethods,and
(b)indirectmethods.
Thedirectmethodsuffersfromanumberofdifficulties
relatedtoholdingthespecimenproperlyinthetesting
machinewithoutintroducingstressconcentration,andtothe
applicationofuniaxialtensileloadwhichisfreefrom
eccentricitytothespecimen
Tensilestrength
Astheconcreteisweakintensionevenasmalleccentricityof
loadwillinducecombinedbendingandaxialforcecondition
andtheconcretefailsattheapparenttensilestressother
thanthetensilestrength.
Indirectmethodshavebeendevelopedtodeterminethe
tensilestrength.Inthesetestsingeneralacompressiveforce
isappliedtoaconcretespecimeninsuchawaythatthe
specimenfailsduetotensilestressesdevelopedinthe
specimen.Thetensilestressatwhichthefailureoccursis
termedthetensilestrengthofconcrete.
Tensilestrength
Inducedtensilestress
ct
atfailureisgivenas

ct
=
2F
nlJ
F=Maximumappliedload
l onJ J=cylinderlengthanddiameterrespectively
Tensilestrength
Flexuralstrengthofconcreteisanotherindirecttensile.
Flexuralstrength(modulusofrupture)isgivenby

c
=
FI
bJ
2
F=Maximumappliedload
I=distancebetweenthesupports
b onJ J=beambreadthanddepthrespectively
FactorsAffectingStrength
1.Influenceofconstituentmaterials
Cement:finenessandchemicalcomposition
Water:aminimumamountofwaterforaproper
hydration
Aggregate:thebond(aggregatematrixinterface)
FactorsAffectingStrength
2.Admixtures
Calciumchlorideisanacceleratoradmixtures,itincreasesthe
rateofdevelopmentofstrengthatearlydays.
3. Methodsofpreparation
4. Influenceofcuring
5. Influenceoftestcondition(Cube,Cylinderandsquare
prism)
6. Specimenmoisturecontentandtemperature
7. Methodofloading
StrengthandCuring
time
inairentiretime
moistcuredentiretime
inairafter3days
inairafter7days
Strength
28
100%
Deformation
Concretedeformsunderload,thedeformation
increaseswiththeappliedload elasticdeformation.
Whenitcontinuestodeformwithtimeunderconstant
loadtimedependentdeformationorcreep
Elasticdeformation
Deformationrelationshipforconcretesubjectedtoa
continuousincreasingloadisnonlinearincharacter
Whentheappliedloadisreleasedtheconcretedoesnot
fullyrecovereditsoriginalshape.
Creepdeformation
Concretesubjectedtosustainedloadwillundergo
elasticandcontinuestodeformwithtime.
Theincreaseinstrainwithtimeistermedcreep
Shrinkage
Settlementofsolidsandthelossoffreewaterfromthe
plasticconcrete,bythechemicalcombinationof
cementwithwater(autogenous shrinkage)andbythe
dryingofconcrete(dryingshrinkage)
PlasticShrinkage:takesplacebeforeconcreteset
Autogenous Shrinkage:ashydrationcontinuesinan
environmentwherewatercontentisconstant,thereis
adecreaseinvolumeofthecementpastewhichresults
inshrinkageoftheconcrete.
Shrinkage
Dryingshrinkage:waterlosesfromthevoidsand
capillaryporesafterconcretehardened,further
shrinkagewherewaterisdrawnoutofcementgel.