Steam Jet Refrigeration

Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.

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Chapter : Process For additional information on this subject, contact
File Reference: CHE21004 R.A. Al-Husseini on 874-2792
Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Steam Jet Refrigeration
Engineering Encyclopedia Process
CONTENTS PAGES
IDENTIFYING WHEN TO USE STEAM JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS .......................................... 1
Process Description ...............................................................................................................1
Advantages, Disadvantages, Features, and Limitations .........................................................9
Advantages ..............................................................................................................9
Disadvantages ..........................................................................................................9
Features....................................................................................................................9
Limitations...............................................................................................................9
When to Use Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems......................................................................9
ESTIMATING THE SIZES OF STEAM JET REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS ........................................ 10
WORK AID 1: PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE SIZES OF STEAM JET
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, GIVEN SAUDI ARAMCO
REQUIREMENTS, VENDOR INFORMATION, AND
APPLICABLE FORMULAS ........................................................................... 14
GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................................................. 25
ADDENDUM ........................................................................................................................................... 26
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Steam Jet Refrigeration System 2
Figure 2. Approximate Range of Operation of Ejectors 2
Figure 3. Common Pressure Equivalents 3
Figure 4. Water Vapor Pressure 4
Figure 5. Steam Jet Refrigeration Unit 6
Figure 6. Basic Steam Jet Ejector or Booster Assembly 8
Figure 7. Enthalpy Values for Water (Btu/lb) 15
Figure 8. 689 kPa (ga) (100 psig) Steam Demand for Steam Jet
Refrigeration System 18
Figure 9. Effect of Steam Pressure on Steam Demand at 32C (90F) Condenser 19
Figure 12. Enthalpy Values for Water (Btu/lb) 22
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards 1
IDENTIFYING When to use steam jet refrigeration systems
This section discusses steam jet refrigeration systems. The section covers the following items:
Process description
Advantages and features
When to use steam jet refrigeration systems
Process Description
The steam jet refrigeration process is based on evaporated water. When water is exposed to a vacuum,
evaporation occurs. If the vacuum is constant and the water vapor is removed at a constant rate, a constant
cooling of the unevaporated water occurs. In a steam jet refrigeration system, the cooled water is the
refrigerant.
Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of a steam jet refrigeration system. Steam is supplied to a nozzle in the
steam jet ejector (also called exhausters, thermocompressors, and eductors). As the steam travels through the
nozzle opening, the steam accelerates to high (usually supersonic) velocity and causes an extremely low-
pressure. This low-pressure draws the vapor out of the evaporator and lowers the vapor pressure inside the
evaporator. The mix of water vapor and steam is condensed in the condenser and returned via the condensate
pump to the evaporator through spray nozzles. Some of the water that enters the evaporator through the spray
nozzles and some of the water in the reservoir evaporates and heat is removed from the liquid that remains. The
chilled water from the reservoir in the evaporator is then pumped by the chilled water pump to the refrigeration
chamber where the chilled water provides cooling. After the water is heated in the cooling process, the water
flows back to the evaporator where the water is sprayed into the evaporator, and the cycle is repeated.
Figure 1. Steam Jet Refrigeration System
When multiple steam jet ejectors are employed in a series, relatively large quantities of gas or vapor can be
evacuated at very low absolute pressures. The approximate pressure range for multi-stage ejector systems is
provided in Figure 2.
NUMBER OF ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
STAGES mm of Hg kPa* psia*
1 760 - 75 101.3 - 10.0 14.7 - 1.45
2 100 - 10 13.3 - 1.3 1.93 - 0.193
3 30 - 3 4 - 0.4 0.58 - 0.058
4 5 - 0.3 0.67 - 0.04 0.097 - 0.0058
5 0.35 - 0.01 0.047 - 0.0013 0.0068 - 0.00019
* kPa and psia values calculated from the mm of Hg values given in the source document.
Source: Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book, 10th Edition, American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1957, p.
23-09, table 1.
Figure 2. Approximate Range of Operation of Ejectors
Figure 3 shows some common pressure equivalents that are used in low-pressure calculations.
1 inch Hg = 25.4 mm Hg @ 0C
1 mm Hg = .03937 inch Hg @ 0C
1 psi = 2.036 inch Hg @ 0C
1 psi = 51.715 mm Hg @ 0C
1 inch H
2
O @ 39.2F = 1.868 mm Hg @ 0C
1 kPa = 7.5006 mm Hg @ 0C
Figure 3. Common Pressure Equivalents
To obtain water in the evaporator that is at a specific temperature, the vapor pressure in the evaporator must be
maintained at the vapor pressure of water for that temperature. Figure 4 provides vapor pressure data for water
at some selected temperatures. For example, assume that refrigerated water at 5.5C (42F) is required. Figure
4 indicates that a vapor pressure of .90 kPa (.131 psia) is required, and Figure 2 indicates that a three-stage
ejector is the minimum required.
TEMPERATURE VAPOR PRESSURE
C F kPa psia
0 32 0.61 0.089
1.11 34 0.66 0.096
2.22 36 0.72 0.104
3.33 38 0.77 0.112
4.44 40 0.84 0.122
5.55 42 0.90 0.131
6.67 44 0.98 0.142
7.78 46 1.05 0.153
8.89 48 1.14 0.165
10.0 50 1.23 0.178
11.11 52 1.32 0.192
12.22 54 1.42 0.206
13.33 56 1.53 0.222
14.44 58 1.64 0.238
15.56 60 1.76 0.256
21.11 70 2.50 0.363
26.67 80 3.50 0.507
32.22 90 4.81 0.698
37.78 100 6.54 0.949
43.33 110 8.79 1.275
48.89 120 11.67 1.693
Source: Steam Tables, Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, NY, 1969, pp. 2, table 1.
Figure 4. Water Vapor Pressure
Although Figure 2 indicates that three stages are required to obtain and maintain the required vapor pressure,
the compression to condenser pressure occurs in only one stage, the first stage. This stage is usually called the
main stream ejector or booster. The other two stages compress the noncondensables to atmospheric pressure
and remove them from the system. The ejectors for the other two stages are small when they are compared to
the main stream ejector.
Figure 5 illustrates a typical steam jet refrigeration unit. The steam is supplied to the steam jet ejector. After
traveling through the ejector and picking up water vapor from the evaporator, the steam enters the condenser
where it is cooled to the recovery temperature. In this process, the vapor stream must be compressed from the
vapor pressure that is required at the evaporator to the pressure that is required of the barometric condenser.
This compression occurs in the outlet tube of the ejector. The ejector compression ratio is the ratio between the
condenser pressure and the evaporator pressure. The ejector efficiency depends on the compression ratio. A
lower ejector compression ratio results in a higher ejector efficiency. Therefore, it is desirable to operate with
the condenser temperature as low as possible and the evaporator temperature as high as possible. The
evaporator temperature is established by the cooling requirements and the condenser temperature is established
by the available cooling water.
Source: Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book, 10th Edition, American Society of
Refrigerating Engineers, 1957, p. 23-10, Figure 9.
Figure 5. Steam Jet Refrigeration Unit
The evaporator is a large vessel in which the water to be chilled is allowed to flash down (depressure) to the
evaporator temperature that is established by the main stream ejector pressure. The water that enters the
evaporator must be dispersed in small drops or thin sheets to facilitate evaporation, and the design must allow
the incoming water to reach the equilibrium temperature before reaching the bottom of the evaporator. There
must be large openings to allow the water vapor to enter the ejector, because large volumes of vapor must be
removed and very little pressure drop can occur between the evaporator and the ejector. A 0.18 kPa (.026 psi)
pressure difference is equivalent to an evaporator temperature increase from 4.4C (40F) to 7.2C (45F). A
kg (1 lb) of water vapor at 4.4C (40F) has a volume of approximately 69.2 m
3
(2,445 ft
3
). Water must be
added to replace the water that evaporates during the cooling process.
The condenser may be either a surface condenser (Figure 1) or barometric condenser (shown in Figure 5).
Because a surface condenser is more compact, the recovery of the condensate for use as boiler feedwater is
practical. However, a barometric condenser is less expensive to construct and more thoroughly cools the
discharge water, due to the direct contact between the condensing water and the vapor stream. Unless
condensate recovery or condenser height are important, the barometric condenser is usually preferred.
A basic steam jet ejector is illustrated in Figure 6. In an injector, high-pressure steam enters the steam chest.
Steam from the steam chest enters the steam nozzle with essentially zero initial velocity. The steam expands in
the converging section of the steam nozzle. The velocity increases to a maximum at the nozzle steam throat,
which is the velocity of sound. In the diverging section of the steam nozzle, the steam expands further and the
pressure decreases. For example, if saturated steam enters the steam chest at essentially zero velocity at 689,
kPa (ga) (100 psig), then the exit velocity at the diffuse end of the steam nozzle has a velocity on the order of
1,200 m/s (4,000 ft/s). The high velocity steam travels across the suction chamber and entrains refrigerant
vapor. The mixture of steam and refrigerant vapor is compressed to the condenser pressure in the diffuser. The
mixing of the steam stream and the refrigerant vapor is a constant momentum process that generates heat
through a decrease in kinetic energy. In addition, because the steam stream is usually supersonic, as the
mixture becomes subsonic somewhere within the diffuser, preferably in the diffuser throat, a shock wave is
created that results in an increase in pressure. In the diverging segment of the diffuser, the stream velocity
decreases until the pressure reaches the condenser pressure.
Nozzle
throat
Steam
nozzle
Suction
chamber
Diffuser
throat
Diffuser
Discharge
Suction
Nozzle
plate
Steam
chest
Steam
inlet
Refrigerant
Vapor
Mixture of Steam and
Refrigerant Vapor
STEAM
Source: Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book, 10th Edition, American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, 1957, p.
23-12, Figure 10.
Figure 6. Basic Steam Jet Ejector or Booster Assembly
As illustrated in Figure 1, a steam jet refrigeration system will have auxiliary equipment that consists of a
chilled-water circulating pump, heat exchanger, and a condensate water pump. In addition, the system will
have gauges, valves, and other auxiliary equipment to provide control of the system. This auxiliary equipment
typically requires utilities to operate that can add to the overall cost of the system. However, as a percentage of
the total, costs for utility usage are negligible.
Advantages, Disadvantages, Features, and Limitations
Advantages
In a steam jet refrigeration unit, the lack of moving parts yields a system free of vibration. Maintenance
requirements are low. Waste steam can be used, and the refrigerant is a low-pressure liquid that can be
transported in small lines. Thus, the system is inexpensive to build and operate. Water is used as the
refrigerant, and water is neither toxic nor flammable.
Disadvantages
Systems that use water as a coolant are practical only where the required coolant temperatures are above
freezing, 0C (32F). The low operating pressures of the evaporator and condenser require the use of large
equipment.
Features
In locations where steam is inexpensive and cooling water is plentiful, operating costs for steam jet refrigeration
systems are relatively low.
Limitations
The maximum capacity of a steam jet system depends upon the following:
Amount and pressure of steam available
Amount and temperature of cooling water available
Cooling temperature required
Physical size of the unit that can be constructed
When to Use Steam Jet Refrigeration Systems
Steam jet systems should be used when the following conditions apply:
Cheap steam is available
Adequate cooling water is available
The level of refrigeration that is required allows the use of water as the refrigerant
As always, investment, operating costs, and schedule availability should be considered when selecting a
system.
Estimating the sizes of steam jet refrigeration systems
Sizing steam jet refrigeration systems requires calculation of the material and energy requirements of the
system. The refrigeration load and temperature level are known, and the following must be calculated:
Chilled-water flow rate
Makeup-water rate
Steam requirements
Cooling-water rate
Net condensate produced
The method provided below and covered in Work Aid 1 will allow these quantities to be calculated for
screening purposes. Accurate values should be obtained from the ejector vendor for the model that is proposed,
because some models may be more efficient than those that are used for this course.
The curves in Work Aid 1 are based on Tons of refrigeration. This number is obtained by the following:
Tons Refrigeration = Refrigeration Load (Btu/hr)/ 12,000
The chilled-water return temperature must be selected. The temperature selected will affect the size of the
installation. Several temperatures should be tried in an effort to minimize the investment and operating cost.
The temperature of the chilled water from the refrigeration unit is usually specified by the refrigeration user.
The exit and return temperatures are used to obtain the enthalpy values from steam tables (Figure 7) and to
calculate the chilled-water rate as follows:
Chilled-water rate, (lb/hr)
w
r
=
Q
r
h
output
h
input
(EQN A)
where: Q
r
= Refrigeration load, Btu/hr
h
output
= Enthalpy of chilled water from the load Btu/lb
h
input
= Enthalpy of chilled water to the load, Btu/lb
A condenser temperature must be selected. The temperature selected will affect the equipment size and cooling
water rate. Several temperatures should be tried in an effort to minimize investment and operating cost. The
rate at which water must be vaporized, in the evaporator, to provide the required cooling is then calculated as
follows:
w
vc
w
r
=
h
output
h
input ( )
h
vapor
h
makeup
(EQN B)
where: w
vc =
Water vaporized for cooling, lb/hr
w
r
= Chilled-water rate, lb/hr
h
output
= Enthalpy of chilled water from load, Bu/lb
h
input
= Enthalpy of chilled water to load, Btu/lb
h
vapor
= Enthalpy of vapor at chilled water supply temperature,
(chilled temp), Btu/lb
h
makeup
= Enthalpy of makeup water
The water-makeup rate is the same as the amount vaporized.
With steam jet units, the amount of steam that is required to generate one kW of refrigeration can vary widely
even in well designed systems. Steam pressure, condenser temperature, and evaporator temperature all affect
the amount of steam that is required. Data from several manufacturers were combined and averaged to arrive at
the data shown in Figure 8 in Work Aid 1. This figure provides information for a constant steam pressure of
689 kPa (ga) (100 psig) with variation in condenser temperature at specific evaporator (chilled water)
temperatures. If the refrigeration system uses steam at this pressure, the amount of steam required, per ton of
refrigeration, can be obtained directly from Figure 8. The total steam requirement is then obtained by:
w
s
= Q
r
n (EQN C)
where: w
s
= Steam required for the ejector, lb/hr
Q
r
= Specified refrigeration load, tons
n = Required steam, lb/hr per ton of refrigeration
The cooling water requirement of the condenser is then calculated as follows:
Obtain the enthalpy of the steam used in the ejector from steam tables or Figure 12. Calculate the condenser
heat duty with the following equation:
Q
c
(h
s
h
l
)w
s
+ (h
vapor

h
l
)w
vc
(EQN D)
where: Q
c =
Condenser duty, Btu/hr
h
s
= Enthalpy of the steam from Figure 12, Btu/lb
h
l
= Liquid enthalpy at the condenser temperature (H
makeup
), Btu/lb
w
s
= Steam rate, lb/hr
h
vapor
= Vapor enthalpy at the chilled temperature, Btu/lb
w
vc
= Vapor rate from the evaporator, lb/hr
Calculate the cooling water rate as follows:
Assume the cooling water temperature out is the same as the condensing temperature. This will allow use of
only a single exchanger shell. The rate is:
w
c
=
Q
c
h
cwout
h
cwin
( )
(EQN E)
where: w
c =
Cooling-water rate, Btu/hr
Q
c
= Condenser duty, Btu/lb
h
cwout
= Enthalpy of cooling water at outlet temperature, Btu/lb (Use Figure 7)
h
cwin
= Enthalpy of cooling water at inlet temperature, Btu/lb (Figure 7)
The last item to calculate in sizing the system is the net condensate that is produced. The net condensate is
equal to the steam rate to the ejector.
As discussed earlier in this module, when the condenser temperature is lowered, the amount of steam that is
required is decreased, because the compression ratio in the ejector is lowered and the efficiency is increased.
As the temperature of the chilled water in the evaporator is lowered, the amount of steam that is required
increases because the compression ratio in the ejector increases. Therefore the efficiency decreases. Higher
steam pressures require less steam for a given amount of refrigeration. Figures 9, 10 and 11 have been
provided to allow estimation of steam rates with various steam pressures. Each figure is for a different specific
condenser temperature.
Examination of Figures 9, 10, and 11 in Work Aid 1 show, that while less steam is required as steam pressure
increases, there is a point where increased steam pressure no longer has significant impact on the steam
requirement. Furthermore, comparison of Figures 9, 10, and 11 reveal that as condenser temperature rises and
chilled-water temperature decreases, the point where increased steam pressure no longer has significant impact
on the steam requirement also rises.
WORK AID 1: PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING THE SIZES OF STEAM JET
REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS, GIVEN SAUDI ARAMCO
REQUIREMENTS, VENDOR INFORMATION, AND APPLICABLE
FORMULAS
First, sketch a simple diagram of a steam jet refrigeration system, similar to Figure 1. Use this to record given
information and track calculations.
1. Obtain the amount and temperature of refrigeration that is required and calculate tons of refrigeration that
is;
Tons =
Btu / hr
12,000

2. Obtain or determine the temperature of the cooling water available.
3. Obtain or determine the pressure of the steam that is available or that is to be generated for refrigeration.
4. Determine the condenser temperature.
5. Obtain or determine the temperature of the chilled water that is returning to the evaporat or. (This water is
typically 8.3C (15F) warmer than the chilled water temperature.)
6. Use Figure 7 to determine the enthalpy of the water that is used for refrigeration (chilled water) at its
input and output points to the unit that is being cooled.
ENTHALPY
TEMPERATURE Liquid Vapor
F Btu/lb Btu/lb
32 -0.01 1075.4
35 3.00 1076.7
40 8.02 1078.9
45 13.04 1081.1
50 18.06 1083.3
55 23.07 1085.5
60 28.08 1087.7
65 33.09 1089.9
70 38.09 1092.0
75 43.09 1094.2
80 48.09 1096.4
85 53.08 1098.6
90 58.07 1100.7
95 63.06 1102.9
100 68.05 1105.0
105 73.03 1107.2
110 78.02 1109.3
Source: Steam Tables, Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, NY, 1969, pp. 2-3, table 1.
Figure 7. Enthalpy Values for Water (Btu/lb)
7. Use the following equation to determine the required chilled water flow rate.
w
r
=
Q
r
h
output
h
input
(EQN A)
where: w
r
= Required chilled-water flow rate, lb/hr (to convert lb/hr to kg/hr, multiply by
0.453 592)
Q
r
= Refrigeration load, Btu/hr (to convert kW to Btu/hr, multiply by 3,415; to
convert tons to Btu/hr, multiply by 12,000)
h
output
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is leaving the refrigeration load unit, Btu/lb,
which is obtained from Figure 7 (to convert kJ/kg to Btu/lb, multiply by 0.430)
h
input
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is entering the refrigeration load unit, Btu/lb,
obtain from Figure 7
8. Use the following equation to determine the rate at which water must be vaporized in the evaporator to
chill the returning chilled water.
w
vc
= w
r
h
output
h
input
h
vapor
h
makeup
(EQN B)
where: w
vc
= Required evaporation rate to chill the returning chilled- water stream, lb/hr (to
convert lb/hr to kg/hr, multiply by 0.453 592)
w
r
= Required chilled-water flow rate, lb/hr (to convert kg/hr to lb/hr, multiply by
2.205)
h
output
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is leaving the refrigeration load unit, Btu/lb,
which is obtained from Figure 7 (to convert kJ/kg to Btu/lb, multiply by 0.430)
h
input
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is entering the refrigeration load unit, Btu/lb,
obtain from Figure 7
h
vapor
= Enthalpy of the vapor that is being removed from the evaporator, which is
obtained from Figure 7
h
makeup
= Enthalpy of liquid makeup from condenser
9. Note that the water rate that is required for makeup is the same as the rate that is vaporized (W
VC
= W
M
)
10. Based on the condenser temperature, select the appropriate figure from among Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11.
Use the selected figure to determine the approximate steam requirement per ton based on the steam
pressure and chilled-water temperature. Figure 8 is for 100 psig steam pressure. Figures 9, 10, and 11
are used for other steam pressures at condenser temperatures of 90F, 100F, and 110F, respectively.
110

105

100

95

90

85

80
POUNDS STEAM PER TON HOUR
C
O
N
D
E
N
S
E
R

T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E

F
0 10 20 30 40 50
CHILLED WATER TEMPERATURE F
6
0

5
5

5
0

4
5

4
0
Source: Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book 10th Edition, The American Society of Refrigerating
Engineers, 1957, p. 23-13, Fig. 11.
Figure 8. 689 kPa (GA) (100 psig) Steam Demand for Steam Jet
Refrigeration System
Source: Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book 10th Edition, The American Society of Refrigerating Engineers,
1957, p. 23-13, Fig. 12.
Figure 9. Effect of Steam Pressure on Steam Demand at 32C (90F)
Condenser
1957, p. 23-13, Fig. 13.
Condenser
1957, p. 23-13, Fig. 14.
Condenser
11. Use the following formula and the steam requirement that is found in Step 10 to calculate the steam
requirement for the refrigeration unit.
w
s
= Q
r
n
(EQN C)
where: w
s
= Estimated steam requirement to provide the refrigeration, lb/hr (to convert lb/hr to
kg/hr, multiply by 0.453 592)
Q
r
= Specified refrigeration load, tons (to convert kW to tons, multiply by 0.284; to convert
Btu/hr to tons, multiply by 0.000 083 33)
n = Required steam, lb/hr per ton of refrigeration, that was determined in Step 10
12. Use Figure 12 to determine the enthalpy of the steam that is being supplied to the refrigeration system.
ENTHALPY
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE Liquid Vapor
psia F Btu/lb Btu/lb
25 240.08 208.52 1160.7
50 281.03 250.24 1174.4
75 307.63 277.61 1182.4
100 327.86 298.61 1187.8
125 344.39 315.90 1191.8
Source: Steam Tables, Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, NY, 1969, pp. 9-11, table 2.
Figure 12. Enthalpy Values for Water (Btu/lb)
13. Use the following equation to determine the heat being absorbed in the condenser from the ejector
stream.
Q
c
= h
s
h
l
( )w
s
+ h
vapor
h
l
( )
w
vc
(EQN D)
where: Q
c
= Heat to be removed from ejector stream by the condenser, Btu/hr (to convert
Btu/hr to mW, multiply by 0.2931)
h
s
= Enthalpy of the steam, which was obtained in Step 12, Btu/lb (to convert kJ/kg
to Btu/lb, multiply by 0.430)
h
l
= Enthalpy of the water that is leaving the condenser (h
MAKEUP
), obtain from
Figure 7, Btu/lb
w
s
= Estimated steam requirement to provide the refrigeration, lb/hr (to convert kg/hr
to lb/hr, multiply by 2.205)
h
vapor
= Enthalpy of the vapor that is being removed from the evaporator, obtain from
Figure 7
w
vc
= Vapor rate from the evaporator, lb/hr
14. Use the following equation to calculate the required cooling water flow rate. Assume cooling water
temperature out is equal to condensing temperature. (This allows use of only one exchanger shell.)
w
c
=
Q
c
h
cwout
h
cwin
( )
(EQN E)
where: w
c
= Required cooling-water flow, lb/hr (to convert lb/hr to kg/hr, multiply by
0.453 592; to convert lb/hr to L/hr, multiply by 0.453 592; to convert lb/hr to
gal/min @ 60F, multiply by 0.002)
Q
c
= Heat to be removed from steam stream by the condenser, Btu/hr (to convert MW
to MBtu/hr, multiply by 3.412)
h
cwout
= Enthalpy of the cooling water at outlet temperature, Btu/lb, obtain from Figure 7,
Btu/lb
h
cwin
= Enthalpy of the cooling water that is entering the condenser, obtain from Figure
7, Btu/lb
15. Determine the net condensate that is produced. The rate is equal to the steam rate to ejector.
GLOSSARY
booster Main stream ejector.
condenser The component in which the steam and entrained refrigerant vapor are
cooled and condensed.
eductor Another name for ejector.
ejector Jet pump used to withdraw fluids from a space.
entrainment The capturing of particles by a moving stream.
evaporator The container in which the cooling agent gets cooled in a jet steam
refrigeration process.
exhauster Another name for ejector.
flash The evolution of vapor from a bubble-point liquid when the pressure is
reduced.
main stream ejector The ejector that actually entrains the vapor from the evaporator.
thermocompressor Another name for ejector.
ADDENDUM A: EQUATIONS USED IN ChE 210.04
w
r
=
Q
r
h
output
h
input
(EQN A)
where: w
r
= Required chilled-water flow rate
Q
r
= Refrigeration load, Btu/hr
h
output
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is leaving the refrigeration load unit
h
input
= Enthalpy of the chilled water that is entering the refrigeration load unit
w
vc
= w
r
h
output
h
input
h
vapor
h
makeup
(EQN B)
where: w
vc
= Required evaporation rate to chill the returning chilled- water stream
w
r
h
output
h
input
h
vapor
= Enthalpy of the vapor that is being removed from the evaporator
h
makeup
ADDENDUM A: EQUATIONS USED IN ChE 210.04, CONT'D
w
s
= Q
r
n
(EQN C)
where: w
s
= Estimated steam requirement to provide the refrigeration
Q
r
= Specified refrigeration load
n = Required steam, lb/hr per ton of refrigeration
Q
c
= h
s
h
l
( )w
s
+ h
vapor
h
l
( )
w
vc
(EQN D)
where: Q
c
= Heat to be removed from ejector stream by the condenser
h
s
= Enthalpy of the steam
h
l
= Enthalpy of the water that is leaving the condenser
w
s
h
vapor
w
vc
= Vapor rate from the evaporator
w
c
=
Q
c
h
cwout
h
cwin
( )
(EQN E)
where: w
c
= Required cooling-water flow
Q
c
= Heat to be removed from steam stream by the condenser
h
cwout
= Enthalpy of the cooling water at outlet temperature
h
cwin
= Enthalpy of the cooling water that is entering the condenser
ADDENDUM B: SYMBOLS USED IN ChE 210.04
h
cwin
= Enthalpy of the cooling water that is entering the condenser
h
cwout
= Enthalpy of the cooling water at outlet temperature
h
input
h
l
= Enthalpy of the water that is leaving the condenser
h
makeup
h
output
h
s
= Enthalpy of the steam
h
vapor
n = Required steam
Q
c
= Heat to be removed from ejector stream by the condenser
Q
r
= Specified load
w
c
= Required cooling-water flow,
w
r
w
s
w
vc
= Vapor rate from the evaporator

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Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional

Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.

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