1.

(a) (i)
electrons (1)
charge (1)
square brackets not essential
Mark independently
Ignore (labelling of) nucleus unless incorrect 2

(ii) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
Allow electron nuber as sub script
Allow orbitals as capital letters
Allow !" fro (a) (i) if #a ato or #a
$
ion 1

(iii) %aller
&ecause it has one less (sub) shell of electrons ' orbital ' energy le(el '
less shielding (1)
And the ratio of protons ) electrons has increased ' ore protons
than electrons ' greater net force on reaining electrons (so reainder
of electrons held ore closely) ' greater effecti(e nuclear charge (1) 2
bigger scores zero
greater nuclear charge /positive charge

(i() Any two fro)
%trong (electrostatic) forces ' attractions ' bonds (between ions) (1)
(ions) held in giant lattice ' many (ionic) attractions ' forces ' bonds (1)
%o large aount of energy needed (to break apart ions) (1) 2
Any mention of covalent or metallic bonds or atoms or
molecules scores zero
High temperature

(b) (i) &ecause the ions are free to o(e (when a potential difference is applied) 1
Electrons / particles are free to move
1
(ii) !he cations ' bariu and calciu (ions) are different si*es
Ignore any discussion of reasons
(could select either the calciu ion because it has ore water
olecules associated with it +, the bariu ion because it has
ore shells of electrons and so larger) 1
Atoms are different sizes

(iii) Mass of calciu ions in 1 kg - ./1.. 0 1. (- 1/.) (g) (1)
If ass quoted ust be correct to score first ark
2ence 1/. g per 1... g of solution
%o pp - (1/.'1...) 0 1......
- 1... (pp) (1)
+,
Mass of calciu ions in 1 kg - ./1.. 0 1./1
(- 1/.1) (g) (1)
2ence 1/.1 g per 1... g of solution
%o pp - (1/.1'1...) 0 1......
- 1.1. (pp) (1)
#orrect answer alone - 2 arks
Allow !" for second ark fro incorrect ass 2

(c) (%ulfur ' nitrogen o3ides) for when (fossil) fuels are burnt
' when petrol or diesel burn in (ehicle engines ' eissions fro
(ehicle (engines)
' (olcanoes
' lightning (1)
!hey (react with water to) for sulfuric ' sulfurous acid 'nitric acid
'acid rain ' gases are acidic (1)
4hich reacts with liestone (to for soluble copounds) ' liestone
and acid take part in neutralisation ' dissol(es building ' corrodes building (1)
Allow correct equation for third ark but Ignore equations if ark already
awarded/
Ignore coents regarding erosion 3
from factories alone
2
(d) Either
5es6 as the (alues atch closely (so little de(iation fro ionic odel)
Or
no6 as the (alues are (slightly) different so a degree of co(alency ' not
fully ionic 1
100% ionic
covalent
[15]

2. #
[1]

3. &
[1]

4. A
[1]

5. 7
[1]

6. (a) (i) Mark the two points independently, s!"ect to the constraint in
#e"ect colmn
E$$ect%
("quilibriu) shifts to the right (1)
ALLO) 8fa(ours forward reaction9 ' 8increase the aount of product9
' 8increase the yield (of product)9
#eason%
"3otheric (in forward direction) (1)
!O"E) &st 8(equilibriu) shifts in the e3otheric direction9
scores (1) 2
Equilibrium shifts to left will score (0) for (a)(i)
3
(ii) 'irst mark%
Acti(ation energy for the reaction is too high ' (if cooled) olecules
would not ha(e enough energy to react ' few(er) olecules ha(e the
required "a'ore olecules ha(e energy : E
a
at higher teperatures
O#
not (technologically) feasible to cool the gases before they enter the
con(erter'costly to cool the gases (1)
(econd mark%
(cooling the gases would ake) the rate (too) slow 'rate is faster if the
teperature is high (so the gases are not cooled) (1) 2
#ooling the gases decreases the yield $of products% /an
incorrect Le #hatelier argument

(iii) Mark the two points independently, s!"ect to the
constraint in #e"ect colmn
E$$ect%
("quilibriu) shifts to the right
ALLO) 8fa(ours forward reaction9 ' 8increase the aount of product9 '
8increase the yield of product9 (1)
#eason%
%hifts ' o(es in the direction of fewer (oles of gas) olecules
ALLO 8shifts in direction of fewer oles (of gas olecules)9 (1)
&'!O(E effect on the rate 2
Equilibrium shifts to left will score (0) for (a)(iii)
)**** fe+er atoms

(b) (i) ()n *O)% $2 ' 2$ (1)
()n *O
3
+
)% $; ' ;$ (1)
!O"E,
()n *O)% <ust 829
,*-
()n *O
3
+
)% <ust 8;9 scores (1) 2

(ii) =+
3
>
$ 42
$
$ 3e
>
? =+ $ 22
2
+
A##E-" ultiples 2

(iii) Ag ? Ag
$
$ e
(>)
' Ag > e
(>)
? Ag
$
A##E-" ultiples
&'!O(E state sybols6 e(en if incorrect 1
)Ag . e
/
Ag.0
4
(i() 3Ag $ =+
3
>
$ 12
$
3Ag
$
$ =+ $ 22
2
+ (2)
(1) for ultiplication of the sil(er half@equation by three or cq ultiple
fro (b)(ii)
(1) for rest of equation correct
!O"E) "quation ust be copletely correct for the second ark/
&'!O(E state sybols6 e(en if incorrect 2
if any e
/
are left in the final e1uation2 second mar3 cannot be
scored
[13]

.. A
[1]

/. #
[1]

0. &
[1]

11. A
[1]

11. 7
[1]

12. &
[1]

13. #
[1]
5
14. (a) (i) 2opper%
. to $2'2$'2
$
'II'2 (1)
*itro3en%
$;';$';
$
'A'; to $1'1$'1
$
'IA'1 (1) 2

(ii) #u ? #u
2$
$
( ) B
e 2
+,
#u C
( ) B
e 2
? #u
2$
(1)
#uD(2
2
+)
6
E
2$
+F if 6 waters shown on l/h/s/
>
3
=+
$ 22
$
$
( ) B
e
? =+
2
$ 2
2
+
+,
2
>
3
=+
$ 12
$
$
( ) B
e 2
? 2=+
2
$ 22
2
+ (1)
+,
2
>
3
=+
$ 12
$
$
( ) B
e 2
? =
2
+
1
$ 22
2
+ (1)
Ignore the full equation if it is gi(en as well
Allow equations written as re(erse of abo(e
Ignore state sybols e(en if wrong
Allow for ? 2

(iii) (electrode potential) (alues are for standard conditions (1)
nitric acid is concentrated ' not 1 ol d
>3
' not 1 M (1)
Allow teperature not stated for second ark 2
!O
4
/ are not 1 mol dm
/4
Any reference to loss of !O
5

(b) (i) initially a (pale'light) !le precipitate (1)
Allow blue solid
Ignore white precipitate
(re@dissol(es in e3cess to for) a (deep) blue
soltion (1) %tand alone ark
Accept any shade of blue e3cept greenish@blue 2
Any colour $other than blue% precipitate in blue solution
6
(ii) #u
2$
(aq) $ 2+2
>
(aq) ? #u(+2)
2
(s) (1)
Gn
2$
(aq) $ 2+2
>
(aq) ? Gn(+2)
2
(s) (1)
Gn(+2)
2
(s) $ 2+2
>
(aq) ? Gn(+2)
1

2>
(aq) (1)
If two pre(ious equations cobined correctly
then (1) only ) Gn
2$
$ 1+2
>
? Gn(+2)
1

2>
,llow
Gn(+2)
2
(s) $ 2+2
>
(aq) ? Gn+
2

2>
(aq)$ 22
2
+(l)
+,
Gn(+2)
2
(s) $ 1+2
>
(aq) ? Gn(+2)
6

1>
(aq)
+,
equi(alent non@ionic equations6 including those with Gn
2$
$ 2=a+2 etc
+,
#orrect balanced equations starting with he3aqua or tetraqua cations
AHH+4 the hydro3ides to be shown as e/g/ Gn(+2)
2
(2
2
+)
1
(s)
pro(ided that the whole equation balances/
Ienalise issing 'incorrect state sybols on product once only/
Ignore other state sybols 3

(iii) 452
'irst 2 marks%
*inc hydro6ide7o6ide aphoteric because it reacts with alkali (to gi(e
a solution of a *incate) (1)
and reacts with acid (to gi(e a salt) (1)
*inc hydro3ide is 7 acts as both an acid and an alkali > scores (1) only
8hird mark%
he3aqua*inc or hydrated *inc ions e3changed water for aonia or
other naed ligand (1)
+,
Gn(2
2
+)
6
2$
$ 1=2
3
? etc (1)
Allow any nuber of aonias fro 1 to 6
Allow balanced equations6 ionic or full/
Higand e3change reaction ust start with a cople3 ion
*ote%
If *inc entioned initially but equation refers to a correct copound
then credit should be gi(en
If equations wrong but words are correct then ignore equations 3
(eference to zinc ions or zinc metal
6o not allo+ deprotonation
7
(c) (i) I
2
$ 2%
2
+
3
2>
? 2I
>
$ %
1
+
6
2>
Ignore state sybols e(en if wrong/ 1
!on7ionic e1uation*

(ii) 452
Aount thiosulphate
- ./.331 d
3
0 ./1 ol d
>3
- ./..331 ol (1)
- aount of copper(II) ions in 2; c
3
portion (1)

aount #u - 1. 0 ./..331- ./.331 ol in total (1)

ass #u - ./.331 ol 0 63/; g ol

>1
(1)
- 2/1.2 g

J copper - (2/1.2 3 1..)K 3/.. (1)

- L./1J (1) to 3 s.$. only
Mark consequentially but if J M 1.. then (@1)
If equation in (i) is incorrect but used correctly in part (ii) then all arks
can be scored unless answer M 1..J
#orrect answer can score 6 arks irrespecti(e of the stoichioetry of
the equation in (c)(i)
If candidates uses 61 for olar ass of #u final answer will be L./6N
scores a3 of ; 6
80*09 or 80*0

(iii) soe reagent used to fill the Oet (which does not react with the iodine
solution) and so the titre is too high (1)
and hence the percentage (alue would be too high (1) Allow only if
the titre is said to be high
If the titre is thought to be too low then allow percentage (alue too
low for 2nd ark (1) 2
[23]
8
15. (a) (i) Any !4+ of)
cople3 ions ' cople3es (1)
coloured ions ' copounds ' solutions (1)
catalytic properties (1)
paraagnetic (1)
Allow
coloured cople3es (2)
coloured cople3 copound (1)
If a list appears with 1 or 2 correct properties followed by properties
related to the eleent6 then (1) ark only
Ignore Ppartially filled d@orbitalsQ 2
comple: compounds

(ii)
ignore absence of charge
clearly octahedral (ignore bonds to the 2 in 2
2
+) (1) but allow soe
latitude in the sybols used to show the 37 structure/
4edges do not ha(e to be e3act > if used they are enough to show
37 if the a3ial bonds are lines
!he word PoctahedralQ does not sal(age a poor drawing
dati(e (co(alent) ' coordinate (bond) (1)
not Oust shown by an arrow
lone pair (of electrons on the o3ygen) (1)
can be shown on the diagra 3

(b) (i) ($) ./31 (A) +, ($) .631 A
sign not needed 1

(ii) 452
(siultaneous) o3idation and reduction (1)
Allow redo3
of a species ' substance ' reactant ' copound ' cheical ' eleent (1) 2
9
(iii) > ./66(A) (1)
Allow !" fro (b)(i)
reaction not feasible since the potential is ne3ati9e (2
nd
ark is
for an answer consistent with sign of E
o
) (1) 2
[10]

16. #
[1]

1.. (a) A 1

(b) # 1
[2]

1/. (a) (i) 2Mg(=+
3
)
2
? 2Mg+ $ 1=+
2
$ +
2
#orrect forulae (1)
&alancing (1)
,::O5 ultiples or equation di(ided by 2 %econd ark on correct
species only Ignore state sybols e(en if incorrect
,::O5
=
2
+
1
"3tra o3ygen olecules on both sides in a balanced equation 2

(ii) %tand alone arks
Mg
2$
' Magnesiu ion saller or fewer electron shells ' greater
charge density (1)
O#
Magnesiu ion has sae charge (as calciu ion) but is saller (1)
#auses ore polarisation 'distortion of nitrate ' anion (electron clouds)
' =R+ (bond)(1)
O#
Mg+ produced has stronger lattice (1)
O#
production of Mg+ is ore e3otheric (1)
O# re(erse arguent based on #a
2$
2
;agnesium / calcium / atoms / molecules
10
(b) 2=a=+
3
? 2=a=+
2
$ +
2
,::O5 ultiples or equation di(ided by 2 Ignore state sybols e(en if
incorrect
,::O5
"3tra o3ygen olecules on both sides in a balanced equation 1

(c) =o asS/
double bond would be shorter (than single bond) ' shorter than dati(e
(co(alent) bond/
,::O5
%tructure has double and single bonds (between = and +)
7ouble and single bonds ha(e different lengths 1
&mplication that the single covalent and dative covalent bonds
have different lengths

(d) (i) Mark independently Toes darker (brown) (1)
AHH+4
Toes browner
Ignore coents on i3ture first becoing paler if (olue increases
"quilibriu o(es in the endotheric direction (1)
O#
"quilibriu o(es left as forward reaction is e3otheric (1)
Uor second ark ,::O5
"quilibriu o(es left to counteract addition of heat ' increase in
teperature(1)
O#
,eaction reo(es added heat by o(ing left (1) 2
<ro+n $gas evolved%

(ii) "quilibriu o(es right (AHH+4 forwards) (so =+
2
concentration
decreases) (1)
O#
,eaction reduces pressure (1)
As fewer oles ' olecules(AHH+4 particles) (of gas) on ,2% (1)
%tand alone arks 2
11
(e) At !
2
ore olecules'collisions ha(e energy greater than (or equal to) E
A
(1)
!his can be shown on the diagra by indicating areas to right of (ertical line
"nergy ust be at least E
A
for successful collision ' for reaction (1)
O# %o ore collisions ha(e sufficient energy to react (1)
Ignore references to the a(erage energy and speed of the olecules 2
[12]

10. (a) (i) A hydrocarbon (sol(ent) ' (olasil ' naed hydrocarbon sol(ent '
tetrachloroethane Uorulae 1
Ethanol
Al3enes

(ii) ,ed ' brown 'orange ' aber ' yellow +r any cobination
=o !" on incorrect ' no reagent 1

(b) (i) +3idation nuber of % in 2
2
%+
1
- ($)6
+3idation nuber of % in %+
2
- ($)1 (1)
+3idation nuber had decreased (1)
AHH+4
% has gained electrons for second ark
%econd ark stands alone pro(ided o3idation nubers ha(e
decreased6 e(en if calculated wrongly 2
=ust >? has gained electrons@ +ithout calculating o:idation
numbers

(ii) &lack ' (shiny) grey solid (1)
Iurple ' (iolet ' pink (apour ' fues (1)
%ell of (bad) eggs (1)
5ellow solid (1)
,::O5
&rown liquid (1)
Any two 2
-urple solid

(iii) +3idation nuber of % has reduced ore ' to >2 (in 2
2
%) (1)
+,
+3idation nuber of % is lower in 22% (than in %+
2
)
If += of % in 2
2
% is calculated it ust be correct 1
12
(c) Ieople can choose whether to take e3tra fluoride
AHH+4
Uluoride is not released into the en(ironent 1
Aluoride can be monitored
[8]

21. (a) %tarch (solution) 1

(b) (i) I
2
at start - 1 0 1.
>3
' ./..1 (ol) 1

(ii) 1/26 0 1.
>3
(ol) thiosulfate (1)
6/3(1) 0 1.
>1
' ./...63 (ol) I
2
(1)
#orrect answer with no working (2)
Ignore %U e3cept 1 %U 2

(iii) I
2
used - (1 0 1.
>3
@ 6/3. 0 1.
>1
) - 3/L. 0 1.
>1
(ol) (1)
Mol %+
2
- ol I
2
- 3/L. 0 1.
>1
' ./...3L (ol) (1)
#orrect answer with no working (1)
,::O5 !" fro (i) and (ii)
Ignore %U e3cept 1 %U 2

(i() Mass %+
2
in 1..
3
- (61/1 0 3/L. 0 1.
>1
) (1)
Mass %+
2
in 1
3
- 61/1 0 3/L. 0 1.
>1
'1.. - 23L(/2) 0 1.@6 g
- 2/3L 0 1.
>1
g (1)
(- 23L/2 ' 23L ' 21. Vg) units required
(

within liit)
Allow !" fro (iii)
Ignore %U e3cept 1 %U 2

(c) (i) Ipro(ed because titration ay be repeated 'a(erages could be taken
,::O5
%aller titration reading so greater (J) error 1

(ii) Harger titration reading (1)
%o saller (J)error in titration reading (1)
+,
%aller ass of sodiu thiosulfate used to ake solution (1)
%o greater J) error in the ass easureent (1)
%econd ark dependent on correct first or near iss 2
13
(iii) %aller titration reading as ore I2 reacts' less I2 left (1)
%o greater (J) error in titration reading (1)
%econd ark dependent on correct first or near iss)
+,
%aller (J) error in easuring (olue of air (1) 2
[13]

21. (a) 452
(%trong) co(alent bonds between atos within the layers ' good o(erlap of
electron orbitals in layers (1)
(4eak) Hondon ' dispersion ' induced dipoleinduced dipole (AHH+4 (an
der 4aals) forces between layers (1) 2
&ntermolecular forces alone

(b) 4ithin a layer6 one electron per carbon is (AHH+4 electrons are) delocali;ed
(so electrons can o(e easily along layers) (1)
"nergy gap (AHH+4 distance) between layers is too large for (easy) electron
transfer (1) 2
Electrons bet+een layers not delocalized

(c) = has one ore (outer shell) electron than #(1)
4ould increase nuber of (delocalised) electrons S
contributing to the Hondon ' dispersion (AHH+4 (an der 4aals) forces (1)
+,
holding layers together (1) 2
=ust London / dispersion / van der aals% forces stronger

(d) =o heat energy required ' low energy requireent ' high teperatures not
needed ' sunlight (which is renewable) could be used
Ignore generalisations such as PgreenerQ6 Pen(ironentally friendlyQ Psaller
carbon footprintQ cheaper or fossil fuels not used/ 1

(e) #+ $ 22
2
? #2
3
+2
+,
%tructural and displayed forulae
AHH+4
#2
1
+ for #2
3
+2 1
14
(f) 452
%core 1 ark for each clearly ade point
1/ =eed energy to ake ben*ene ' catalyst ' hydrogen
2/ 2igh energy ' teperature ' pressure needed for the reaction
(AHH+4 stated ! or I)
3/ Uossil fuel (oil or coal) used as source of energy6 ben*ene or
hydrogen
1/ 2ydrogen has to be anufactured
;/ 2ydrogen has to be stored
6/ Uossil fuels non@renewable
L/ ,educes #+
2
in atosphere ' recycles #+
2
W/ #+
2
6 is a greenhouse gas ' causes global waring
X/ #+ to3ic
1./ &en*ene to3ic ' carcinogenic
11/ 1..J ato econoy in aking ethanol
12/ &eneficial if phenol useful ' not beneficial if phenol a waste
product
Ignore generalisations such as PgreenerQ6 Psaller carbon footprintQ or P
en(ironentally friendlyQ/ 6
(eferences to the ozone layer

(g) 7eli(ering drugs to cells
,::O5
7eli(ering drugs to specific ' targeted parts of the body
#atalyst with big surface area 1
=ust drug delivery
[15]

22. (a) (i) Yse of heat (1)
!o break down (a reactant)'one reactant into ore than one product (1) 2

(ii) #a#+
3
(s) ? #a+(s) $ #+
2
(g)
Allow correct ultiples 1
15
(iii) Troup 2 carbonates are ore (therally) stable as you go down the
group (1)
as the cations get bigger'charge density gets less'cation has ore shells (1)
%o ha(e less of a polarising effect'distortion on the carbonate
(ion)'less of a weakening effect on #>+ (1)
2nd and 3rd arks cq on first 3
;etal gets bigger/element gets bigger
#arbonate molecule

(b) (i) orange 1
Bello+
Any colour in conCunction +ith orange

(ii) (1W/.'1... 0 ./1..) - 1/W 0 1.
>3
'./..1W'2 0 1.
>3
'./..2
&'!O(E sf and units e(en if incorrect 1

(iii) (;.'1... 0 ./1..) - ; 0 1.
>3
(1)
DIf candidate fails to di(ide by 1... in both (b)(ii) and b(iii) penalise
only onceE
Moles 2#l reacted - 3/2 0 1.
>3
(can get first ark here if ; 0 1.
>3
not shown abo(e)
%o oles #a+ - 1/6 0 1.
>3
(1)
&'!O(E sf
Allow !" fro b (ii) 2
16
(i() Mass #a+ - (1/6 0 1.
>3
0 ;6/1) - ./.WXW g (1)
J purity - ./.WXW'./121 01.. - L1/2J (1)
+,
Allow J calculated in ters of oles e/g oles of #a+ should
be ./121 0 ;6/1 - ./..21;6W (ol) (1)
J purity - ./..16'./..21;6W - L1/2J (1)
,ccept
- (1/6 3 1.
>3
0 ;6)
- ./.WX6 g (1)
J purity - ./.WX6'./121 01.. - L1/.J (1)
Allow !" of incorrect oles of #a+ fro (b)(iii)
Allow !" fro incorrect ass of #a+ if answer is Z1..J
./.X g and L1/1J is 1 out of 2 (rounding too soon) 2
Any % purity +ithout 4 sf for second mar3

(c) (i) (#lean) nichroe'platinu wire'ceraic rod'silica'nickel'chroe rod (1)
(In conc/) 2#l'2#l(aq)'dilute 2#l (1)
2eat'place in (blue &unsen) flae (1) 3
;etal loop/inoculating loop/glass rod/silver/spatula
-lace in yello+ <unsen flame/burn

(ii) &ariu'&a'&a
2$
1
[16]

23. &
[1]
17
24. (a)
(1)
!rigonal planar (1)
12.[ (1)
Allow !" (1 a3) for both nae and angle if &U
3
shown with lone pair 3
-lanar alone

(b) (i) 1.W[ > 1.6[ 1

(ii) 3 electron pairs around central & ato but 1 electron pairs around
central = ato (hence less space) ' aonia has an e3tra pair
of e@ around =
%tateents regarding lone pairs repelling ore than bond pairs should
be regarded as neutral but are not worth credit on their own 1

(iii) Instantaneous dipole > induced dipole ' teporary dipole > induced
dipole 'Induced dipole > Induced dipole ' ' Hondon forces ' (an der
4aalsQ forces 1

(i() 2ydrogen bonds ' 2@bonds 1
>Hydrogen@ alone

(c) (i) @3 1

(ii) #ur(e with higher peak to left of L;.[# peak (1)
%aller area under cur(e abo(e "
a
(1)
,eaction rate slower as fewer particles ha(e " : "
a
(so fewer successful
collisions per second) (1) 3
D00E# line touching : a:is on rhs
18
(d) 452
Iro(ides alternati(e echanis ' route ' pathway (1)
+f lower acti(ation energy (1)
2ence a greater proportion of olecules can react (at a gi(en !) (1) 3
[14]

25. (a) #u#+
3
(s) $ 2
2
%+
1
(aq) #+
2
(g) $ #u%+
1
(aq) $ 2
2
+(l) 1

(b) & 1

(c) (i) (./.2; 0 123/;) 0 1/1 - (1)
3/3X6' 3/1. ' 3/1g (g) (1)
+,
./.2; ol copper carbonate - 3/.WL'3/.X (g)(1)
3/.WL $1.J - 3/3X6' 3/1.' 3/1 (g)
Uull arks for correct answer with no working 2

(ii) =o6 as copper carbonate is in e3cess 1
(eCect no2 as molar mass is only to one decimal place

(d) Uilter to reo(e e3cess copper carbonate 1

(e) (i) 21X/6 1

(ii) "3pected yield - ./.2; 0 21X/6 (1)
- 6/21g
J yield - (1.. 0 3/XW'6/21 )- 63/W'63/LWJ (1) 2
[9]

26. (a) \4# (i) < (iii)
(Hattice of) positi(ely charged ions' ions with 2$charge (1)
held together by (electrostatic) attraction to delocalised electrons (1)
7elocalised electrons 'free electrons' electrons in sea of electrons
are free to o(e and carry charge ' current (1) 3
(eCect incorrect use of the terms atom or molecule for ion*
(eCect incorrect descriptions of delocalised electrons*
19
(b) (i) Mg
2$
shown as 26W (1) 1

(ii) U
>
shown as 26W (1) 1

(c) 4hen olten' when dissol(ed in water so that ions can o(e'
lattice breaks down (1) 1
(eCect dissolved in other solvents*
(eCect reference to atoms or molecules rather than ions*

(d) (i) LLJ
21
Mg6 1.J
2;
Mg6 13J
26
Mg (1)
A(erage atoic ass
1..
)) 26 13 2; 1. ( ) 21 LL (( + +
- 21/36 - 21/1 g (1) 2

(ii) 2a(e sae electron configuration 1
(eCect same number of electrons in outer orbit

(e) (i) 1/2. 0 1.
>X
ol of Mg per d
3
(1)
(1/2. 0 1.
>X
0 21/3 0 1.
>3
) -
2/X2 0 1.
>11
' 2X/2 0 1.
>12
(g) (1)
a3 1 for ore'less than 3 significant figures eg 2/X16 2

(ii) 2ydrogen because it has the least nuber of electrons per ato 1
[12]

2.. A
[1]

2/. (a) & 1

(b) # 1
[2]
20
20. #
[1]

31. 7
[1]

31. 7
[1]

32. (a) (i) UeDArE 3d
6
1s
2
in either order6 allowing superscripts to be subscripts
UeDArE 3d
6
or 3d
6
1s
.
in either order6 allowing
superscripts to be subscripts
Hetter d ust be lower case 1
(eCect any other letters

(ii)
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
+ U e
2 $
+ 2
2
2
2
+
+ ,
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
U e
2 $
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
+
2
2
+
U e
2 $
2
2
+
2
2
+
2
2
+
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
+
I n s t e a d o f d o t t e d l i n e
+ ,
AHH+4 bond to 2 of 2
2
+ (accept on left side if +2
2
is gi(en)
IT=+," charge unless incorrect 1
21
(iii) DUe(2
2
+)
6
E
2$
$ 2+2
>
DUe(+2)
2
(2
2
+)
1
E $ 22
2
+
+,
DUe(2
2
+)
6
E
2$
$ 2+2
>
Ue(+2)
2
$ 62
2
+ 1

(i() Treen precipitate'solid Uo3y@red'red@brown'
brown'orange
&oth colours and precipitate'solid needed 1
(eCect Cust )6ar3ens0

(b) (i) \4#
"f of cell' potential difference of cell containing Ue (1)
dipping into a 1 ol d
>3
Ue
2$
solution (1)
And standard hydrogen electrode'half cell
+, hydrogen electrode and 1 ol d
>3
2
$
and 1 at
2
2
+, description of standard hydrogen electrode (1)
IT=+," teperature 3
(eCect>?HE@

(ii) \4#
"f of hydrogen electrode is *ero > stated or implied
e/g/ if calculate "
cell
- $./11 A (1)
Iotential for the reaction is positi(e so reaction is feasible
+, Ue half cell has ore negati(e electrode potential
+, 2
$
and (])2
2
has a ore positi(e electrode potential (1) 2

(iii) 2igh E
a
so slow reaction ' reactants are kinetically stable
&'!O(E any mention of non7standard conditions 1
[10]

33. (a) (i) #r) DArE 3d
;
1s
1
#u) DArE 3d
1.
1s
1
=oth needed $or the mark 1
Accept Fs
1
4d
D
Accept Fs
1
4d
10
Accept GArH +ritten in full
22
(ii) all the others are 1s
2
' ha(e full 1s orbital (1)
Accept #r and #u/they do not have a full Fs orbital
(eCect Cust >only have one electron in Fs@
O(
Have incomplete Fs orbital
!he d subshell is ore stable when either half or fully filled
+,
A specific e3aple of chroiu ha(ing half@filled or
copper ha(ing filled d sub@shell'set of d orbitals which
is ore stable (1) 2
Accept sub7energy levels d shell
(eCect half7filled or filled d orbital(s)

(b) (i) +ctahedral drawn ust be 3@7
IT=+," any or no charge 1
Accept /H
5
O $bond to H% e:cept on +ater molecules on left of
#r

(ii) 7ati(e bond fored fro electron pair'lone pair on o3ygen
(of the water olecule) to the ion
!his could be shown on a diagra 1
Accept a clear description of the dative bond
(eCect >dative@ alone or from +ater
(eCect Cust )dative bond formed from o:ygen0

(iii) D#r(2
2
+)
6
E
3$
$ +2
>
? D#r(2
2
+)
;
+2E
2$
> 2
2
+
+,
D#r(2
2
+)
6
E
3$
$ 2+2
>
? D#r(2
2
+)
1
(+2)
2
E
$
> 22
2
+
+,
D#r(2
2
+)
6
E
3$
$ 3+2
>
? #r(+2)
3
> 62
2
+
+,
D#r(2
2
+)
6
E
3$
$ 3+2
>
? D#r(2
2
+)
3
(+2)
3
E > 32
2
+
'irst mark is for the correct #r product
(econd mark is conditional on the first and is for the rest
of the equation correct and balanced 2
23
(i() Uors a green precipitate (1)
IT=+," initial colour of solution
(which reacts or dissol(es or changes to)
a 3reen soltion (with e3cess reagent) (1)
Accept any shade of green
2
nd
ark is conditional on an initial ppt 2

(() acid ' acidic 1
Accept amphoteric/able to be deprotonated
(eCect coloured ions/ligand e:change/ deprotonation /partially
filled d orbitals

(c) (i) 2heck workin3 + correct answer can !e o!tained !y not di9idin3
!y 2 $or 2
nd
mark and not mltiplyin3 !y 2 $or 4
th
mark
aount thiosulphate in titre - ./.3L2 d
3
0 ./1.. ol d
>3
- 3/L2 0 1.
>3
ol (1)
aount I
2
-
2
1. L2 / 3
3

(1) - 1/W6 0 1.
>3
ol
2
nd
ark cq on aount thiosulphate
aount dichroate in 2; c
3
-
3
1. W6 / 1
3

(1) - 6/2 0 1.
>1
ol
3
rd
ark cq on aount I
2
!otal ass #r - 6/2 0 1.
>1
ol 0 2 0 1. 0 ;2 g ol
>1
(1)
- ./61; g
1
th
ark cq on aount dichroate
J of #r - 61/; J (1)
IT=+," %U unless rounded to 1 %U cq on ass #r6 pro(ided less than 1 g
Accept 9F*FI %
24
+,
aount thiosulphate for whole saple
- ./.3L2 d
3
0 ./1.. ol d
>3
0 1.
- 3/L2 0 1.
>2
ol (1)
aount I
2
- 1/W6 0 1.
>2
ol (1)
aount dichroate - 6/2 0 1.
>3
ol (1)
ass #r - 6/2 0 1.
>3
ol 0 2 0 ;2 g ol
>1
(1)
- ./61; g
J of #r - 61/;J (1)
IT=+," %U unless rounded to 1sf Mark consequentially6 as abo(e
*ote%
#orrect answer with no working (3) ;

(ii) #olour at the end point would be green which
would pre(ent the loss of iodine colour being seen
+,
colour change at end point would be disguised by the colour of #r
3$
1
Accept chromium instead of #r
4.
(eCect end point disguised by colour of #r
5
O
8
5/
/orange
[16]

34. (a) (i) etallic 1
(eCect metal

(ii) attraction between ions and delocalised electrons
is stronger in lithiu (1)
ith reference to atoms 1 ma:
as lithiu ion is saller ' lithiu ion has greater charge
density' electrons closer to nucleus (1) 2
Accept reverse argument
25
(b) (i)

( 1 )
# l
^
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
>
( 1 )
# l
3
3
$
2
Accept all dots and crosses
Accept charges ne:t to element symbols
(eCect correct electronic structure but +rong or no charges ma:
1
(eCect covalent structures J 0

(ii) Electrons are prooted (to higher energy le(el)/ (1)
!hen they fall back to lower le(els (they eit light
of particular wa(elength)/ (1) 2

(iii) strontiu ' calciu 1
Accept rubidium
[8]

35. (a) Hithiu
carine' red' agenta' crison
Any cobination of these or prefaced by deep or dark
Accept scarlet
(eCect bric37red
Iotassiu) lilac
Accept mauve or purple
%odiu) yellow
Accept orange or yello+7orange
,ll three correct 2 marks
8wo correct 1 mark 2
26
(b) "lectrons (absorb heat energy and) are prooted (to higher le(el) (1)
Accept >e:cited@
Accept any phrase that implies movement to higher level
&f ans+er based on absorption spectra scores zero
!hey drop back and eit light'radiation (of characteristic colour) (1) 2
&gnore references to shells2 sub7shells2 etc*
(eCect colour or energy

(c) (i) Hi#l $ 2
2
%+
1
? Hi2%+
1
$ 2#l
Ignore state sybols 1
Accept multiples
Accept 5Li#l .H
5
?O
F
K Li
5
?O
F
.5H#l

(iii) =aI $ Ag=+
3
? AgI $ =a=+
3
Ignore state sybols and spectator ions 1
Accept multiples
Accept Ag
.
. &
/
K Ag&
[6]

36. (a) (i)
# l # # # l
# l U
U U
1
(eCect )Al0 for fluorine
27
(ii) #>U bond is stronger' they are stronger'the bonds are
stronger
+,
#>U higher bond energy' enthalpy
+,
they ha(e a higher bond energy'enthalpy 1
Accept LM $photon% too lo+ energy to brea3 #/A bond
(eCect #/A or #/#l as an ionic bond
O(
#/#l bond is +ea3er
O(
any reference to difference in polarity or difference in
electronegativity
O(
references to hydrogen bonding/van der aals forces

(iii) netral particles with an unpaired electron
+,
netral species with an unpaired electron
+,
atos'olecules with an unpaired electron (1)
(eCect ions/elements/substances +ithNN*
)unbonded electron/free electron/ lone electron/single
electron0 instead of )unpaired electron0
u( radiation (1) stand alone
+,
u( light
+,
sunlight 2
Accept higher fre1uency than visible light
(eCect homolytic fission
O( description of atoms ta3ing electron from covalent bond O(
Cust )high fre1uency light0
28
(b) (i)
#
# l
2
#
2
2
( 1 )
# #
U U
U U
( 1 )
brackets are not required
If e3tension bonds are issing fro both6 gi(e total 1
ark if all other atos and bonds are correct 2
more than one repeat unit may be dra+n but one repeat unit
must then be clearly labelled or indicated by brac3ets2 but only
penalise this once
(eCect /#J#/
O(
)Al0 for fluorine
[6]

3.. (a) (i) uses E
_
(alues to find E
reaction
- ($) 1/;L (A) (1)
(eCect / 1*D8
Gn $ 2=+
3
>
$ 12
$
Gn
2$
$ 2=+
2
$ 22
2
+ (1) 2
Accept e1uation +ith e1uilibrium sign
(eCection e1uation +ith On on the right

(ii) E
reaction
for the production of hydrogen is ($) ./L6 (A) (1)
saller than reaction in (i) so is less likely (1)
+,
=+
3
>
being the o3idised for of a redo3 couple with a ore
positi(e "
_
than "
_
2
$
'] 2
2
(1)
is a stronger o3idising agent than 2
$
(1) 2
29
(iii) he3aaquacopper(II) (1)
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
# u
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
+
2
2
+
2 $
+ ,
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
2
2
2
+
2
2
+
(1)
&oth arks stand alone
DIT=+," chargeE 2
DIT=+," how 2
2
+ ligand is bonded to central cationE
Accept he:a1uacopper$&&%
(eCect formula

(i() li3and e3change'replaceent'substitution (1)
D#u(2
2
+)
6
E
2$
$ 1#l
>
#u#l
1
2>
$ 62
2
+ (1)
+,
D#u(2
2
+)
6
E
2$
$ 12#l #u#l
1
2>
$ 12
$
$ 62
2
+ (1) 2
ALLO K
Accept H
5
#u#l
F
. 5H
.
for #u#l
F
5/
. FH
.

(b) (i) E
_
for the reaction is + ./3X (A) (so not feasible) D(alue is requiredE/ 1
Accept #u
5.
being the o:idised form of the redo: couple +ith
the more negative E
P
2 +ill not o:idise &
/

(ii) #uI is a solid (so conditions are not standard) (1)
"quilibriu is pulled o(er'o(es to fa(our the r/h/s/ (1) 2
(eCect Cust >conditions not standard@

(iii) D#u(=2
3
)
1
E
$
+, D#u(=2
3
)
1
(2
2
+)
2
E
$
1
Accept G#u$!H
4
%
5
H
.
(eCect G#u$!H
4
%
9
H
.
(eCect any 5. comple:
30
(i() (atospheric) o3ygen (1)
o3idises #u
$
to #u
2$
(1) 2
(eCect air for o:ygen

(c) (i) starch (1)
blue@black'blue'black to colourless (1) 2
(eCect clear for colourless

(ii) (If added too early) insoluble cople3'black solid fored6 aking
titre too low
+, (If added too early) insoluble cople3'black solid fored6
reo(es iodine fro solution
+, (If added too early) insoluble cople3'black solid fored6
causes inaccurate titre/
+, (If added too early) insoluble cople3'black solid fored6 not
all the iodine is titrated/ 1

(iii) Aount thiosulphate - ./.16;; d
3
0 ./1 ol d
>3
(1)
- aount #u
2$
in 2;/. c
3
- 1/6;; 0 1.
>3
ol (1)
aount of #u
2$
in 2;. c
3
- 1/6;; 0 1.
>3
0 1. (1)
ass of #u (in saple) - 1/6;; 0 1.
>2
0 63/; (1) - 1/.;1 g
J #u in brass - 1/.;1 0 1..'1/; - L. J (1)
DIT=+," sfE
Dass of 1/.;1g with working scores (4)N
correct answer with no working scores (3)/E
Mark consequentially ;
[22]

3/. (a) 3d
1.
1s
1
and 3d
1.
1
Accept Fs
1
4d
10
31
(b) (i) \4#`
the (3)d sub>shell is full (1)
Accept orbitals $it must be plural% for sub7shell
(eCect comments on partially filled sub7shell
so no d@d transitions are possible
+, no transitions in the right energy range are possible (1)
(and no light is absorbed)
Any ention of light eission loses 2
nd
ark 2

(ii) cobine the half>reactions to get 2#u
$
#u
2$
$ #u (1)
IT=+," state sybols
and show that "
_
for this is ($) ./3L (A) (and as it is positi(e it is
feasible) (1)
conditional on correct reaction 2
(eCect Cust >Q 0*4 $M%@

(iii) acti(ation energy (for the disproportionation) is high
+,
#u
$
is kinetically stable 1
(eCect activation energy for one of the half7e1uations is too
high

(c) (i) di(ides each by atoic ass (1)
di(ides by sallest to obtain #u
2
%+
6
2
2
(1) 2
6ivision by atomic number scores zero

(ii) #u%+
1
/#u(+2)
2
(2)
If forula wrong but sulphate' %+1 is present scores 1 (out of 2) 2
Accept #u
5
?O
F
$OH%
5
Accept #u
5
$OH%
5
?O
F
Accept $#uOH%
5
?O
F
(eCect H?O
F
instead of ?O
F

(iii) D#u(=2
3
)
1
(2
2
+)
2
E
2$
1
Accept G#u$!H
4
%
F
H
5.
(eCect G#u$!H
4
%
9
H
5.

(i() ligand e3change ' ligand substitution 1
32
(d) (i) \4#
(add aldehyde to 261>7=I) to obtain precipitate'ppt'solid'crystals (1)
recrystallise deri(ati(e (1)
deterine elting teperature of deri(ati(e (1)
copare with data tables (1) 1th ark conditional on elting
teperature of a deri(ati(e being easured 1
(eCect any identification method based on &(2 !;( or mass for
last 5 mar3s

(ii) the aldehyde is distilled off as it is fored 1
(eCect any mention of reflu:
(eCect Cust @the aldehyde is distilled off@

(iii) propanoic acid +, #2
3
#2
2
#++2 +, #2
3
#2
2
#+
2
2 1
Accept #
5
H
D
for #H
4
#H
5

(i() =o (e3tra) o3ygen present
+, catalyst specific to foration of aldehyde ' only lowers "
a
of first o3idation
+, presence of hydrogen gi(es reducing conditions
+, copper is not an o3idising agent
+, aldehydes rapidly lea(e catalyst surface 1

(() (At high pressure) all acti(e sites are occupied'full
+,
(At higher pressures) rate controlled by a(ailability of sites/ 1
Accept reverse argument for lo+ pressure
[20]

30. (a) #a(=+
3
)
2
(s) ? #a+(s) $ 2=+
2
(g) $ ]+
2
(g) 1
Accept doubled up version or multiples

(b) (i) &lue 1
Accept purple
(eCect green2 green7blue
33
(ii) +2
>
' 2+
>
'
>
+2 '
>
2+ 1
[3]

41. (a) ,ed ' crison ' carine 1
Accept magenta / cherry red
(eCect pin3
(b) 7uring the flae test prooted'e3cited electrons return to
ground state6 whereas during ionisation electrons lea(e
8peranently9'copletely
Ulae test) electrons o(e to higher shells ' are e3cited
then fall back again ' return to lower shells ' to ground state
(releasing energy)6 i/e/ electrons 8up then down9
Ionisation) electrons lea(e (peranently)6 i/e/ electrons 8out9
Any false stateent regarding energy changes loses the ark6 eg
8electrons are prooted to higher shells releasing energy SSS9 1
[2]

41. (a) (1s
2
) 2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
SSS//// (1)
//SS 3d
W
1s
2
' 1s
2
3d
W
(1) 2

(b) MrD=iE - (;W 0 ./6X.2) $ (6. 0 ./2L32) $ (62 0 ./.366)
+r correct fraction using percentages (1)
- ;W/6X2W (calculator (alue)
- ;W/L (3 s/f/) (1)
=o 2
nd
ark if units gi(en6 e/g/ g6 J etc 2
Accept DI*9R5I / DI*9R4 / DI*9R
;rG!iH J DR2 if +or3ing sho+n
(eCect 90 /&ncorrectly rounded ans+er2 e*g* DI*9R52 DI*802 DI*9

(c) ;/X g of nickel -
;X
X / ;
- ./1. (ol) (1)
Uro equation6 ./1. ol of #+ required
Aolue of #+ - ./1. 0 21 - X/6 d
3
' X6.. c
3
(1)
#orrect units needed for 2nd ark6 eg d
3
ol
>1
'd
>3
(1)
Allow !" for 2
nd
ark6 fro wrong nuber of oles
(i/e/ 1 0 nuber of oles 0 21 d
3
) 2
Allo+ full mar3s for ans+er based on A
r
G!iH calculated in $b%
34
(d) (i) =i $ 22
$
? =i
2$
$ 2
2
Ignore state sybols 1
Accept !i . 5H
4
O
.
K !i
5.
. 5H
5
O . H
5
(1)

(ii) (top markin3 when operation no lon3er ?works@, e.3.
distil7add 2a(O
4
7!oil soltion to dryness
=oil'heat (*O8 war) to dri(e off soe of the water'to
concentrate (not to dryness) (1)
lea(e'set aside for soe tie'o(ernight (to crystallise) '
allow to cool (ust be e(ident that soe solution reains
afterwards) (1)
#ollect crystals by decantation'filtration'use of twee*ers (1)
7ry crystals between (sheets of) filter paper (ust iply
an 8acti(e process9 > lea(ing on filter paper isnQt enough) '
use of warm o(en6 not Oust 8o(en9 (1)
1 key points 3
3 key points 2
2 key points 1
1 or . key point . 3

(i() MrD=i%+
1
/L2
2
+E- ;X $ 32 $ 61 $ (L 0 1W)
- 2W1 (g ol
>1
) (1)
2/X; g of =i -
;X
X; / 2
- ./.;. ol
Mass of crystals fored - ./.;. 0 2W1 - 11/1 (g) (1)
Ignore units6 e/g/ g ol
>1
Allow !" fro incorrect M
r
D=i%+
1
/L2
2
+E6 i/e/ ./.; 0 M
r
Allow full credit for answer based on accurate A
r
D=iE6 e/g/ ;W/L 2
Accept 1F*0D g ans+er to bet+een 5 and F sig* fig
[12]

42. (a) (i) Ue
2
+
3
$ 3#+ 2Ue $ 3#+
2

(1)
H - (3 0 >3X1) @ (3 0 >11.) > (>W22)
- >3. (k< ol
>1
) (2)
;ultiply by 4 t+ice (1)
#orrect ans+er +ith sign (1)
ALLO conse1uential calculation if +rong stoichiometry
&f O
5
given as product 1 ma6 on conse1uential calculation 3
35
(ii) (i) is ore likely because the rate of a reaction between a solid
and a gas will be faster than that between two solids
ALLO
(i) is ore likely because it is e3otheric (and (ii) is endotheric)
O(
products in (i) are ore therodynaically stable relati(e 1
to reactants than in (ii)
#onse1uential on $a%$i%

(b) (i) S
p
-
1
2
1
2
+ p2
p2
(1) )p@s0 are essential !O D E
-
1
1
2 / 1
6 / 1
- 3/16 ' 3/2 and no units (1) 2
#onse1uential on S
p
e:pression provided no Ae or Ae
4
O
F
included

(ii) S
I
decreases (1)
\4# &ecause forward reaction release heat ' e3otheric
O( re(erse reaction absorbs heat ' endotheric (1) 2
6ependent on S
p
decreases
6o not allo+ 5
nd
mar3 if decrease is e:plained in terms of position
moving to the left2 L!LE?? moving is a conse1uence of S
p
decreasing*

(c) &'!O(E state symbols
^) 22
2
+ $ +
2
$ 1e
()
1+2

(1) O( ] this O( ultiples (1)

5) Ue Ue
2$
$ 2e
()
' Ue 2e
()
Ue
2$
(1)
&A T and B not identified 1 (out of 2)
iron())) hydro3ide (1)
ALLO Ue(+2)
2
' DUe(+2)
2
(2
2
+)
1
E 3

(d) co(alent bonds labelled (1)
dati(e bonds labelled O( shown as arrows (1)
ALLO dot and cross diagram (2)
?tructure +ith Ae7Ae bond does not score first t+o mar3s
!etrahedral (around Ue) (1)
ALLO good 476 diagram dependent on F covalent/dative bonds around Ae
&f Al
5
#l
9
ALLO ma6 2 (ot o$ 3)
Any mention of ionic 1 (ot o$ 3) 3
36
(e) (i) add (aqueous) sodiu hydro3ide ' aonia (1) ALLO +2
>
(aq)
red'brown'fo3y red'red@brown'rust ppt'solid (1)
O(
add (aqueous) potassiu he3acyanoferrate(II)'he3acyanoferrate(II)
ions (1)
(Irussian) blue ppt7solid (1) A ALLO result for near miss spelling
of reagent
O(
add (aqueous) potassiu thiocyanate (1)
blood red (solution) (1) !O" ppt 2

(ii) Ue
3$
polarises the (+2 bond in water) ligands (1)
DUe(2
2
+)
6
E
3$
$ 2
2
+ DUe(+2)(2
2
+)
;
E
2$
$ 2
3
+
$
O( in +ords
eg deprotonation (of the ligand) !y the (sol(ent) water (1)
the 2
3
+
$
' 2
$
(aq) ions ake the solution acidic (1) A stand alone 3
[19]

43. (a) #a $ ] +
2
?#a+ 1
&'!O(E state symbols
ALLO multiples

(b)
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
# a
2 $ 2 >
+
$
$
(1) (1)
ALLO all dots or all crosses for o:ide ion
;a: 1 if no/+rong charges
1 mar3 for t+o correct charges
#ovalent bonding (0) 2

(c) (i) #alciu hydro3ide 1
!O" liewater
(ii) 1. > 11 1
[5]
37
44. (a) (i) Add sil(er nitrate (solution) (1) A##E-" correct formula
(pale) yellow precipitate'solid(1)
O(
Add chlorine (solution)'broine (solution) and hydrocarbon sol(ent (1)
%ol(ent goes purple'pink'(iolet (1)
5
nd
mar3 is dependent on 1
st
2

(ii) Iodine 'I and sulphur ' % identified (1) @!O" I
2
'I
>
'iodide
)odine
initial ($); final >1 (1)
(lphr
initial ($)1 final ($)6 (1)
A##E-" as roman numerals
A##E-" .// on either side/sub or superscript
A##E-" as +ords 3

(iii) 1 0 >6 - >66 3 0 $2 - $6 ALLO "E from $ii%
O( total change in o3idation nuber of $6 for %6 >6 for I
A##E-" Custification in terms of electrons 1

(b) (i) pipette
ALLO burette
!O" easuring cylinder 1

(ii) %tarch (solution) (1)
blue'dark blue'blue@black'black to colourless (1)
ALLO ma6 1 if candidate states 8no indicator needed'self@indicating9
with colour change brown'yellow to colourless
&f no indicator given but correct colour change 1 (ot o$ 2) 2

(iii)
1
1. ) . ( 1 / 2
1...
. / 21


O( ./...21 (ol)
"he mar3 is for the ans+er 1

(i()
=

2
1. 1. / 2
1
1/2(.) 0 1.
>1
(ol) O( ./...12 (ol)
ALLO "E from $iii%
"he mar3 is for the ans+er 1
38
(() 1/2 0 1.
>1
0 1.. - ./.12(.) (ol d
>3
)
AHH+4 !" fro (i()
"he mar3 is for the ans+er 1
[12]

45. (a) %odiu chlorate(I) 1

(b) %pecies ' particle ' entity ' group ' ato ' olecule with an unpaired '
odd electron O( with an une(en'odd nuber of electrons 1

(c) Iro(ides an alternati(e echanis'route'different transition state (1)
of lower acti(ation energy (1)
;ar3 independently 2

(d) A process that)
> uses aterials fro renewable resources'+4!!"
> consues inial ener3y (resources) !O" use a lower teperature
> does not release polluting end products'+4!!"
3 ? 2
2 ? 1
1? . 2

(e) (Accuulation in food chain) ay ean dio3ins reach high '
to3ic ' poisonous ' harful ' carcinogenic ' ha*ardous le(els/ 1

=ote that words appearing in the title to the suary do not count in the word
total/ =orally hyphenated words6 nubers and cheical forulae count as one
word/ !he question does not ask for equations in the suary6 but if included they
should be counted in the word total/
%ub headings do not count in the word total/
!AMH - 1 word
2
2
+
2
B 2 words
=a+#l B 2 words
Markin3 $or key points
+ne ark should be awarded for e9ery key point clearly identified in an answer/
Cey points mins word penalty B ma6imm 6 marks
!o gain the ark for a key point the wording used by the candidate ust ake
clear the essential cheistry of the point/
39
Cey Doints
1
2
3
1
%tain reo(ers contain (solid) percar!onates or per!orates (1)
which prodce hydro3en pero6ide on reaction with water (1)
which decomposes ' !reaks down producing (free) radicals (1)
that can o3idise stain olecules and change'alter their colour (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
M,E 3
; produce no or3anochlorine pollutants (1)
6 (but can be unselecti(e as) other olecules are e3posed to free
radicals
resulting in unwanted reactions
(1)
L and require longer reaction ' wash tie 'higher teperatures '
pressures Any two
O( higher costs for ener3y6 eFipment and la!or (1)
M,E 1
W used in (pulp and) paper'te3tile 'laundry industries Any two (1)
6 a3 (fro W possible points)
!o score 66 candidates need to get)
a three from points 17 F
a point D
a one from points 9 / 8
a point I

4ality o$ 5ritten 2ommnication
!hese should be impression arked on a scale 2@1@.6 and the ark out of 2
should be recorded in the body of the script at the end of the answer/ !his ark
can not be lost as a result of a word penalty/
#andidates are e3pected to)
a show clarity of e3pressionN
a construct and present coherent arguentN
a deonstrate effecti(e use of graar punctuation and spelling/
40
!he aspects to be considered are)
a use of technical tersN the answer should con(ey a correct understanding by the writer of the
technical ters used in the passage which are in(ol(ed in the key points/
a articulate e3pressionN the answer should be well@ organised in clear6 concise "nglish6 without
abiguity/ It should read fluently6 with the links between key points in the original
aintained/
a legible handwritingN the reader should be able to read the answer without difficulty at noral
reading pace6 with only the occasional difficulty with a word/
a points ust be in a logical order/

Tood style and use of "nglish6 with only infrequent inor faults6 no use of forulae (2)
Urequent inor or a few aOor faults in style and use of "nglish (1)
Aery poor style and use of "nglish (1) 2
=&) !he quality of written counication ark cannot be lost through word penalties/
[7]

46. (a) (i)
$
2 = # # = 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
$ $ $
$ $
$$$$$
A##E-" all dots / crosses
G#hec3 for non bonding electrons on the nitrogen2 number of electron
pairs bet+een carbons and all hydrogens presentE 1

(ii) 1.X/;[ iniu repulsion ' a3iu separation for four
\4# bonding pairs of electrons (1)
1.L[ (AHH+4 1.6 > 1.W) non@bonding pair of electrons repel
more than bonding pairs ' bonds (closing down tetrahedral angle)
+, e3tra spatial requireent of non@bonding electrons (1)
<oth values correct and some attempt at e:planation (1)
10R*DE and 115*5E +ith some reasoning 1 (ot o$ 2)
&f first value is incorrect 1 mark may be a+arded for 115*5E
if some appropriate chemical reason given* 2
41
(b) 2
2
=#2
2
#2
2
=2
2
$
22#l ?
2
3
=
$
#2
2
#2
2
=
$
2
3
$2#l
>
Uully correct (2)
+nly one ole of 2#l (1)
Aully correct organic product (1) / irrespective of other errors
&'!O(E state symbols
ALLO ionic e1uation
ALLO / !H
4
#l at each end
ALLO /
+
3
!H
#l
/
at each end 2

(c) (i) &identate ALLO #helate 1

(ii) -ati9e co9alent ' co@ordinate (1)
\4#` Uored between non@bonding ' lone pair electrons on nitrogen and
nickel ' positi(e ' etal ion ' +4!!" (1) 2

(iii) +ctahedral 1

(i() =i(2
2
+)
6
2$
$ 32
2
=#2
2
#2
2
=2
2
? =i(2
2
=#2
2
#2
2
=2
2
)
3
2$
$ 62
2
+ 1

(() 4hen the cople3 fors6 four particles produce se(en'increased nuber
\4# of particles (1)
gi(ing a large positi9e (alue for the entropy chan3e of the
system (1)
A##E-" b%
syste
' %
syste
increases 2

(d)
2
=
#
2
+
( # 2 ) = ( # 2 )
#
+
2 2 2 1
#an start at either end and contain e3tra units
Aide link (1) A##E-" > =2#+ >
,est of structure (1) > 5
nd
mar3 dependent on 1
st
&f amide group /H!O#/1 ma6
Aully correct dimer molecule 1 ma6 2
[14]
42
4.. (i) (&uchner) flask ' boiling tube connected to pup6 glass tube
through stopper into solution
eg
p u p
o r
p u p
A##E-"
A i r
p u p
<ut must be a test tube and tube to bottom as sho+n 1

(ii) W2
$
12
2
+
A##E-" multiples 1

(iii) =uber of oles of anganate(AII) ion
) . ( ...1 / .
1...
.2. / . 2.
=

=
(1)
=uber of oles of electrons
- ; 0 ./...1. - ./..2(.) (1)
=uber of oles of (anadiu ions
..1 / .
1...
1. / . 1.
=

=
(1)
(as (anadiu(A) is fored by loss of 2 oles of electrons)
+3idation nuber of (anadiu in aerated solution is $3 (1) 1

(i() It is a powerful o3idising agent6 E
_
- $1/;1 A
O(
It is self@indicating 1
[7]

4/. (a) (i) (1s
2
) 2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1 1
43
(ii) 3
rd
I" roughly in line with first two in third row
(including lines)
1
th
I" well abo(e this line : difference between
2
nd
and 3
rd
$ two squares 2

(b) (i) Al ? Al
3$
$ 3e
>
+, > 3e
>
on H2%
ALLO multiples
&'!O(E state symbols 1

(ii) +
2
$ 1e
>
? 2+
2>
(=+! + $ 2e
>
? +
2>
) (=+! +
2
? 2+
2>
> 1e
>
)
ALLO multiples
&'!O(E state symbols 1

(iii) 1Al $ 3+
2
? 2AI
2
+
3
ALLO multiples
?tand alone
!O" conse1uential on bi and ii
!O" 1Al
3$
$ 6+
2>
1
[6]

40. (a) Metallic (1)
Habelled diagra of lattice of $ charged ions in sea of electrons with appro3 equal
nubers of $ and > charges (1)
Iositi(e ions ust not be touchingN should be regular arrangeent
Miniu of 6 positi(e ions
$ $ $ $ $
$ $ $ $
$ $ $ $ $
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
e
>
( i r o n ) i o n s
A l l o w 2 $ o r 3 $ ' U e ' U e
2 $ 3 $
( s e a o f ) e l e c t r o n s
#harges need not be sho+n on electrons
A##E-" e/ +ithout label
#ircles sho+n as 5
.
/4
.
must be labelled as ions
#ircles labelled Ae
5.
and Ae
4.
can be assumed to be ions 2
44
(b) (i) Ue
2$
and Ue
3$
both needed
O(
Ue
$$
and Ue
$$$
O(
Ue
$2
and Ue
$3
ALLO 5Ae
3$
!O" ,oan nuerals
!O" Ue
2
3$
6 (Ue
3$
)
2

!O" Cust $26 $3 or 2$6 3$
&'!O(E formula of sulphate ion if iron correct* 1

(ii) Iron loses electrons' iron fors positi(e ions ' o3idation nuber of iron
increases 'becoes ore positi(e ' becoes less negati(e
!O" iron becoes charged
!O" iron loses charge
&f b$i% is ans+ered in terms of sulphate2 iron must be mentioned in b$ii%
&gnore >gaining o:ygen@ 1

(iii) Iron
3
1. X3 / W
;6
;.. / .

=
' ./..WX3 './..WX ' ./..WX2X ' ./..X ol (1)
&gnore ?A
%ulphuric acid
.2 / . ' .2.. / .
1...
.. / 2 . / 1.
=

'2 0 1.
>2
' 2/. 0 1.
>2
' 2/.. 0 1.
>2
(ol) (1) 2

(i() 211 c
3
-
21...
211
- W/X2 0 1.
>3
'W/X1L 0 1.
>3
'W/X 0 1.
>3
' ./..Xol (1)
&gnore ?A
In equation 1 nuber of oles Ue - nuber of oles 2
2
O""E (1)
;L?" lin3 e1uation to calculation 2

(() !o ake sure iron reacts completely
O( to ake sure all iron reacts
O( if e3cess iron is used e3pt would not work as oles 2
2
%+
1
- oles
2
2
in both equations
O( to pro(ide enough acid for the 2
nd
equation to occur/
!O" to ensure reaction reaches copletion
!O" all reactants ust be used up
!O" arguents based on purity 1
45
(c) (i) Indicator (1)
#olours (1)
Methyl orange red to yellow
Hitus red to blue
ALLO Ihenolphthalein colourless to pink'purple'au(e'red
O( other indicators fro p/123 of &ook of 7ata
ALLO phonetic spellings of phenolphthalein
Allow litus paper 2

(ii) #oncentrate the i3ture by heating ' heat until saturated (1)
Hea(e to cool' e(aporate slowly (1)
(filter'pick out'decant and) pat dry'lea(e to dry'put in war
o(en'o(en less than 1. [# (1)
=+! hot o(en
&'!O(E filtering at the start
<oiling to dryness at start (1)
4 correct points (2)
5 correct points (1) 2
[13]

51. (i) 2Mg(s) $ 2=
2
(g) $ 6+
2
(g)
forulae of eleents (1)
balancing and state sybols (1) 2

(ii) bH
r
- bH
2
@ bH
1
%tated or used (1)
bH
r
- 2 (>6.1/L) $ 1(33/2) > 2 (>LX./L) (1)
Error in multiple or copying data J 0
bH J $;1./W ' $;11 ' $ ;1. k< ol
>1
(1)
>1 for wrong sign or units/
6o !O" penalise lac3 of . sign if +or3ing clear

If no ultiples used ) ($) 222/2 k< ol>1 (a3 2 out of 3)
If one ultiple issing (ma6 2 ot o$ 3)
e/g/ one Mg(=+
3
)
2
) > 2LX/X k< ol
>1
one Mg+) ($) 1112/; k< ol
>1
one =+
2
) ($) 111/2 k< ol
>1
Ma3iu 1 out of 3 if answer based on wrong 2essQlaw 3
[5]
46
51. +
2>
$ 2
2
+ ? 2+2
>
&'!O(E state symbols
ALLO if ;g
5.
sho+n on both sides 1
[1]

52. (a) (i) #l
2
(aq) $ 2I
>
(aq) ? 2#l
>
(aq) $ I
2
(aq ' s) O( halved version
"ntities (1)
&alancing and state sybols (1)
5
nd
mar3 dependent on 1
st
unless spectator ions included on
both sides of e1uation 2

(ii) Iurple'pink'(iolet'au(e'lilac O( any combination of these colours
#an be prefi:ed by deep or dar3
Any mention of red (1) 1

(iii) +range O( yellow ALLO red +, brown
ALLO any combination of these colours 1

(b) (i) iodine in I
2
) . iodine in I
>
) >1 (1)
sulphur in %+
2
) $1 sulphur in %+
1
2>
) $6 (1) 2

(ii) sulphur dio3ide ' %+
2
6
because of sulphurQs increased o3idation nuber'losing electrons
ALLO because sulphur dio3ide gains o3ygen
Gboth parts needed for the mar3H
ALLO reverse argument ie iodine gains
electrons'o3idation nuber decreases 1

(iii) I
2
(aq) $ %+
2
(aq) $ 22
2
+ ? 2I
>
(aq) $ %+
1
2>
(aq) $ 42
$
(aq)
ALLO multiples 1

(c) (i) the red colour would interfere with the colour change at the
end@point
O( so that the colour of the indicator'the end@point can be
seen'deterined 1

(ii) colourless to (deep'dark) blue ' blue@black ' black
Any mention of purple (1) 1
47
(iii) oles of iodine -
....122 / . ' 1. 22 / 1 ..1 / .
1...
) 2 / 12 (
;
=
(1)
oles of sulphur dio3ide
- 1/22 0 1.
>;
(1)
ALLO ans+er e1ual to or a single digit multiple of ans+er above
concentration of %+
2
- 1/22 0 1.
>;
0 (1...) - 1/WW 0 1.
>1
'./...1WW (ol d
>3
) (1)
2; O( 1/X 0 1.
>1
'./...1X (ol d
>3
)
ALLO "E from ans+er above
&'!O(E units 3

(i() acti(ated charcoal ight react with ' adsorb %+
2
'
(traces of) charcoal ight react with I
2
(thus gi(ing an underestiate of D%+
2
E in the wine) 1
[14]

53. (a) (i)
(1)
cycle with state sybols or as energy le(el diagra/ (1)
labels (in symbols2 +ords or numbers% (1)
H
soln
- > H
lat
$ H
hyd
#a
2$
$ 2 0 H
hyd
+2
>
+, (alues
H
lat
- >16;. $ 2 0 (>16.) > (>16/2) (1) 1
- > 2;;3/W

(ii) %olubility increases down the group (1)
(if this is +rong2 no mar3s available in this part)
\4#
H
hyd
of cation decreases ' less e3otheric (1)
but H
latt
decreases more (1)
therefore H
sol
gets more e3otheric ' increases (1) 1
48
(b) (i) #alciu hydro3ide will be less soluble at the higher teperature6 (1)
(if this is +rong2 no mar3s available in this part)
because the reaction is e3otheric (left to right) (1)
(an increase in teperature will cause a) decrease in the 9ale o$
(and (1) hence dri(e the equilibriu to the left)/ 3

(ii) !he solubility will decrease6
(if this is +rong2 no mar3s available in this part)
because the addition of +2
>
ions will increase GOH
+
I 7
concentration o$ OH
+
(1) dri(ing the equilibriu to the left/ (1) 3

(c) "he three gases are,
hydrogen broide ) (1)
broine ) +, forulae (1)
sulphur dio3ide ) (1)
!he hydrogen chloride ' #a#l
2
' chloride e(ol(ed is not a strong enough
reducing agent to reduce ' cannot reduce the concentrated sulphuric acid (or
sulphuric not a strong enough o3idising agent to S) (1) 1
[18]

54. (a) Any two
(Misty) steam ' water droplets ' condensation (on upper part of the test
tube) (1)
!O" water (apour
!O" white gas
&rown gas ' fues ' (apour e(ol(ed (1)
!O" =+
2
e(ol(ed
!O" fi**ing
#rystals dissol(e (in their own water of crystallisation) 'elt 'liquefy'
for a solution (1)
!O" crystals decopose' get saller'disappear
Uors a white solid (1) 2
49
(b) =ae (1)
!est (1) > is dependent on correct material
e/g/
4ater ' %tea ' 2
2
+ (1)
(Anhydrous) #u%+
1
(s) > (white) to blue
O(
#o#l
2
(paper) > (blue) to pink'purple (1)
!O" damp #o#l
2
(paper)
O(
=itrogen dio3ide ' =itrogen(IA) o3ide ' =+
2
(1)
(oist) litus'p2 paper turns to red'orange'pink (1)
!O" p2 eter
&A nitric acid2 allo+ test +ith pH paper for 1(ot o$ 2)
O(
+3ygen ' +
2
(1)
3lowin3 splint (re)kindles (1) 2
[4]

55. (a) (i) +2
C
'
C
+2 ' 2+
C
'
C
2+
&'!O(E brac3ets 1
(ii) Aonia (is a weak base) and is only partially ionised6 whereas
=a+2(aq) is fully ionised ' aonia has fewer +2
C
ions ' lower
+2
C
concentration Dor con(erseE
Ans+er ust gi(e a coparison6 either e3plicitly or iplicitly e/g/
ore'less'@er'only
A??L;E )it0 refers to ammonia <L" must still be a comparison
!O" answers in ters of protons being accepted on its own
!O" answers that iply rate e/g/ readily 1

(b) , ? \ ? I
O( , \ I
O( , c \ cI
A##E-" upper or lower case letters or i3ture of both 1
[3]

56. (a) (i) Irotons - 1X and electrons - 1X (1)
neutrons - 2. (1)
A##E-" as words or nubers 2
(ii) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(3d
.
)1s
1
ALLO subscripts
;L?" be in this order 1
50
(b) (i) Mn+
1
(1) C
1
(ii) Drple 79iolet 7 ma9e 7 lilac 7 pink colour has o(ed towards'
is at the positi(e ' left@hand electrode ' anode
&f purple colour associated +ith S
.
(1) 1
(iii) =le colour o(es towards the negati(e ' right@hand electrode 'cathode (1)
!he #u
2$
'positi(e copper ion (is blue) (and is attracted to it) (1)
ALLO,
,ed'brown deposit fors on cathode (1)
#u
2$
$ 2e
(@)
#u or in words (1)
O(
"ffer(escence at anode (1)
1+2
>
@ 1e
(>)
22
2
+ $ +
2
6 or in +ords (1) 2
[7]

5.. (a) (i) Uilter (1)
"(aporate soe of the filtrate by !oilin3 7 heatin3 (1)
Hea(e to crystallise ' cool (collect crystals) (1)
7ry between sheets of filter paper ' blotting ' dessicator ' warm
o(en (1)
!O" )dabbing0 / )patting0 on its o+n
!O" 8hot o(en9
!O" 8o(en9
&f temperature 1uoted2 must be U 80 [#
%tages ust be in correct order/
Mark until procedure fails
#an score reaining 3 arks e(en if initial filtration has not been
carried out 1

(ii) &a#+
3
(s) $ 22#l(aq) ? &a#l
2
(aq) $ 2
2
+(l) $ #+
2
(g)
ALLO H
5
#O
4
$a1%
balanced equation (1)
state sybols (1)
<a#l
5
*5H
5
O$a1/s% acceptable2 providing e:tra H
5
O$l% on left
ALLO 5
nd
mar3 provided a sensible but unbalanced e1uation is
given* 2

(iii) oles of 2#l used -
((2;'1...) 0 1/.)
- ./.2; ' 2/; 0 1.
>2
&'!O(E units 1
51
(i() M
r
D&a#l
2
/22
2
+(s)E - 13L $ L1 $ 36
- 211 (g ol
>1
) 1

(() Moles of &a#l
2
/22
2
+ - ./; 0 ./.2; - ./.12;
Mass of crystals - ./.12; 0 211 - 3/.; ' 3/1 (g)
&'!O(E units
ALLO transferred error from $ii%2 $iii% and $iv% 1

((i) Any one
&a#l
2
lost in the (saturated) filtrate when crystals collected '
+4!!" (1)
!ransfer loss' +4!!" (1)
Hoss when washing (1)
!O" incoplete reaction' inaccurate easureent of aterials '
spillage on its o+n <L" neutral other+ise 1

(b) (i) (Apple) green ' yellow@green !O" yellow 1
(ii) It'nichroe (wire)'ceraic rod ' spatula
!O" nickel ' chroiu wire
!O" wire of indeterinate aterial 1
[12]

5/. (a) #a
2$
(aq) $ #+
3
2@
(aq) ? #a
(2$)
#+
3
(2@)
(s)
left@hand side (1)
right@hand (1) 2
<L" if all formulae correct $including charges% but missing/
+rong state symbols 1 ma6

(b) (i) ("nergy - 1.. 0 1/2 0 1/; -) ($) 63. (<)
!O" > 63. (<) 1
(ii) \uantity of #a#l
2
- (;.'1...) 0 1/..
- ./.; ol 1
52
(iii) bH -
1...
(63.'./.;)
- $ 13 k< ol
>1
D2 %UE
answer (i) K (ii) (1)
sign6 units and 2 %U (1)
5
nd
mar3 dependent on 1
st
unless clear method given
Ans+er can be calculated in = mol
/1
$ 13 k< ol
>1
+ith no +or3ing (2)
$ 13 ... < ol
>1
+ith no +or3ing (2) 2

(i() !eperature6 since b! is so sall (and therefore leads to
relati(ely large J error) ' theroeter has liited accuracy
Heat loss / gain not sufficient 1

(() !heros flask ' (e3panded) polystyrene'plastic cup ' a beaker
contained in a larger one lagged with cotton wool
O(
#alorieter (unqualified) (1) <L" 8with cotton wool9'
insulated'lagged etc gets (1) 1

(c) 1/; [# ' no change 1
[9]

50. (a) (i) 2ydrogen iodide ' 2I' 2@I ' I2
AHH+4 either correct nae or forula
=+! hi ' ih
=+! 8$9 or 8>9 on any forula
If both nae and forula gi(en but one is incorrect (1) 1

(ii) 2
3
I+
1
$ 3FI ? 32I $ F
3
I+
1
O(
2
3
I+
1
$ 2FI ? 22I $ F
2
2I+
1
ALLO 2F
2
I+1
O(
2
3
I+
1
$ FI ? 2I $ F2
2
I+
1
ALLO 2
2
FI+1
#orrect forulae (1) AHH+4 inor slip in forula
#orrectly balanced (1) 2
ALLO multiples
&f overall formula of salt is correct ignore charges2 even if
incorrect
53
(iii) ,eagent
sil(er nitrate (solution) ' Ag
($)
=+
3
(>)
(1)
&f formula given must be correct
!O" Ag
$
+bser(ation
5ellow ' pale yellow precipitate7solid7crystals (1)
O(
Add chlorine'broine with a hydrocarbon sol(ent to gi(e
purple'pink'(iolet colour
5
nd
mar3 depends on correct test <L" allo+ 5
nd
mar3 if Ag
.
given as reagent 2

(b) (i) Iurple (apour ' gas' fues
O(
&rown'black solid'solution'liquid
!O" increase in teperature'fi**ing'solid dissol(es
&f more than one observation / eg all correct or correct plus
neutral (1) but if correct plus contradictory (1) 1

(ii) Iaper goes black 'sil(ery black ' grey'brown'
black ppt fors ' darkens
&'!O(E original colours
!O" 8discoloured9 1

(iii) Head(II) sulphide ' Ib(II) sulphide
ALLO Ib(II)% ' lead(II) sulphide(II)
!O" lead sulphide (II)
!O" Ib%
<rac3ets not essential 1

(i() "leents
iodine ' I ' I
>
' iodide and sulphur ' % (1)
!O" I
2
+3idation nubers
iodine o3idised fro >1 to . (1)
sulphur reduced fro ($)6 to >2 (1)
O:idation numbers must be given in correct order
1 mark for each correct pair of o:idation numbers 3

(c) (i) (%tandard) sodiu thiosulphate ' =a
2
%
2
+
3
ALLO any named thiosulphate
A##E-" 8thiosulphate ions9 ' %
2
+
3
2>
=+! 8thiosulphate9 on its o+n 1
54
(ii) %tarch (1)
&lue@black '(dark) blue'black to colourless (1)
ALLO 8no indicator'self@indicating'iodineQ9 and Pyellow to
colourlessQ 1 (ot o$ 2)
If indicator left blank (1)
5
nd
mar3 is dependent on 1
st
2

(iii) 1/W 0 1.
>1
0 2. - X/6 0 1.
>3
'./..X6'./..X6. ' ./..X6.. etc 1

(i() Molar ass of Fl - 166
Mass pure FI - 166 0 X/6 31.
>3
(1) - 1/;X'1/;X3 ' 1/;X36 g
ALLO "E from $iii%
J purity - (1/;X'1/L;) 0 1.. - X./X ' X1/1 ' X1 ' X1/.6 ' X1/.63J (1)
ALLO sensible "E from molar mass
O(
#alculation based on moles
&'!O(E ?A 2
[17]

61. (a) (i) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
1s
1
3d
;
O(
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
;
1s
1
1
\4#`(ii) A and Mn ha(e two 1s electrons ' filled 1s (orbital) #r has one (1)
due to stability of half@filled shell'1s and 3d le(els ha(e siilar
energies (1) 2

\4#`(b) #r
3$
(aq)6 #r
2$
(aq)(IIt) >./11(A) (1)
D+
2
(g) $ 22
2
+(l)E6 1+2
>
(aq)(IIt) $./1(.) (A) (1)
ALLO a state symbol omission in each*
ALLO half e1uations
#an be given in a cell diagram
by application of the anti@clockwise rule o3ygen will o3idise #r
2$
O(
"
.
cell - ($) ./W1(A) and this is 3reater than ($) ./6 (A)
O(
#r
2$
has ore negati(e electrode potential so will reduce o3ygen '
o3ygen ore positi(e etc/ (1) 3
55
\4#`(c) (i) 4ater acts as a ligand by a non@bonding pair (of electrons on
the o3ygen ato) (1)
Making a dati(e (co(alent)'co@ordinate bond (to the chroiu ion) (1) 2
(ii) &identate'chelate'bridging 1

\4#`(iii) !wo peaks in the =M, spectru (1)
7ue to two different en(ironents of hydrogen atos '
2 in 2
2
+ and 2 in #2
3
(1)
;ar3 independently 2

\4#`(i() ,ny two)
#@2 Oust below 3... ' 2X62@2W;3 ' 11W;@136;
+@2 32..@3W..
#-+ 1L..@1L;.
#@+ 123. @ 12;.
ALLO values or ranges +ithin these ranges
&f more than t+o given2 /1 for each incorrect 2

(d) (i) 3#
2
2
6
+ to 3#
2
2
1
+ pro(ided 1 =a
2
#r
2
+
L
(1)
12
2
%+
1
and L2
2
+ (1)
A##E-" multiples 2
(ii) +range to green
ALLO 1ualified green e*g* blue7green
!O" green to orange 1
(iii) (%odiu dichroate(AI)) is a carcinogen ' to3ic ' irritant
&n any combination
Lose mar3 for anything else +ith these/ 1
[17]
Mark %chee

61. (a) (i)
2 I
$

O( all dots/crosses
shared pair (1)
correct outer shell (1) > conse1uential on 1
st
mar3 2

(ii) &ecause 2I has ore electrons (1) !O" iodine'iodide
!O" because atos are bigger'hea(ier
it has stronger'larger indced dipole ' (d4 ' Hondon ' dispersion
forces (1)
ore energy is required to separate the olecules'break'o(ercoe (d4
forces (1) 3
56
(b) (i) 2I $ 2
2
+ ? 2
3
+
$
$ I
>
&'!O(E state symbols
!O" 2I 2
$
(aq)$I
>
(aq) 1
(ii) It fors (hydrated) hydrogen'hydro3oniu ions
Any reference to H
.
+ill suffice
!O" proton donor 1

(c) (i) #a+(s) $ 22#l(aq) #a#l
2
(aq) $ 2
2
+(l)
equation (1)
state sybols conse1uential on correct e1uation (1) 2
(ii) &ecause the surface of the calciu o3ide gets coated with
insol!le'sparingly soluble ' ipereable calciu sulphate
8A protecti(e layer of S/ d ipereable and coated 1
[10]

62. (a) "nergy'heat change (1) ALLO "nthalpy change
when gaseous ions (1) !O" 8one ole of gaseous ions9
for 1 ole of solid'crystal'lattice (1) !O" 8for one ole of an ionic
copound9 +ithout physical state
O(
"nergy change etc per ole (1)
%uitable equation (1)
%tate sybols (1)
If fro its eleents . (out of 3) 3

(b) (i) C161 C 122 C ;1X $ 31X C 1.X - C W62 (k< ol
>1
)
working (1)
answer (1)
#orrect ans+er +ith no +or3ing (2)
. I95 +ith +or3ing (1)
rong ans+er +ith only one error (1) 2
(ii) Hess endotheric due to weaker (etallic) bonding (1)
Hi'Hi
$
is saller O( vice versa in terms of potassium (1) 2

(c) (i) (Ionic) charge (1)
%i*e'radius (1)
#harge density une3plained (ma6 1) 2
(ii) co(alent character '9not 1.. J ionic9' 8not purely ionic9 (1)
due to polarisation'distortion of anion ' Ag
$
is hi3hly polarising (1) 2
57
(d) (i)
M ^ M ( a q ) $ ^ ( a q )
> H
H
l a t t
M ( g ) $ ^ ( g )
? o m e i n d i c a t i o n i t i s 5 v a l u e s
s o l n
( s )
> $
$
>
O(
energy le(el diagra
%pecies including state sybols (1) ALLO 5./5/ions
Arrows correctly labelled (1)
If H/"/ arrow e6 ust be shown as >H"
ALLO a specific e:ample eg =a#l 2

(ii) b2
solution
- > Hattice energy $ (f) hydration enthalpies
ALLO balance bet+een lattice energy and hydration enthalpies (1)
the ore e3otheric b2
solution
the ore likely the copound is to dissol(e
(1) > stand alone
O(
If (f) hydration enthalpies are greater than lattice energy (1)
!he copound (is likely to) dissol(e/ (1) 2

(iii) (Uro #a%+
1
to &a%+
1
) the lattice energy changes by less than the
hydration enthalpy ' lattice energy changes by 1.66 hydration by
2X. F< ol
>1
(1) so enthalpy of solution process is ore endotheric'
less e3otheric so solubility falls (1) > dependent on the 1
st
mar3 2
[17]

63. (a) ,eduction > gained electron(s)' decrease in o3idation nuber 1
(b)
1
(c) =a
$
or Mg
2$
or Al
3$
=e ' =eon
U
@
or =
3@
3
[5]
58
64. (a) S2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1.
1s
2
(1) 1p
6
;s
2
(1) 2
(b) (i) %r(g) ? %r
$
(g) $ e
C
Uorulae (1)
%tate sybols (1) 2
(ii) AHH increasing (1)
<up between second and third larger than between any other pair (1) 2

(c) Iro(ide red colour 1
(d) (i) %r
2$
1
(ii) %r(+2)
2
1

(e) (i) %r(s) $ 22
2
+(I) ? %r(+2)
2
(aq or s) $ 2
2
(g)
Uorula6 2
2
and balancing (1)
%tate sybols (1) 2
(ii) %r(+2)
2
(s) $ 22#l(aq) ? %r#l
2
(aq) $ 22
2
+(I)
Uorulae and balancing (1)
%tate sybols (1) 2

(f) Any nuber fro W to 12 inclusi(e 1
[14]

65. (a) (ionic) precipitation 1
(b) (i) (2)=2
1
$
and #r
2
+
L
2@
2
(ii) #r
2
+
L
2@
((aq)) $ 2=2
1
$
((aq)) ? (=2
1
)
2
#r
2
+
L
((s))
?tate symbols not re1uired 1
(iii) !he orange colour would o(e towards the anode ' $ ' left 1
59
(c) (i) 1W 0 2 $ ;2 0 2 $ 16 0 L - 2;2 (g ' g ol
@1
)
-enalise incorrect units eg 5D5 g
71
in $i% and $ii% only once* 1
(ii) ./1 ol has a ass of 2;/2 (g)
ALLO "E 1
(iii) 1.. c
3
' ./1 d
3
ust ha(e units 1
(i() Uilter (1)
5ash with (sall quantity) ' (cold) water (1)
7ry between filter papers ' in a war o(en (c 1.[ #) ' in a dessicator (1) 3
(() %oe reains in solution )
%oe lost on washing ) Any t+o
!ransfer loss eg on glassware6 filter paper ) 2
[13]

66. (i) #l in 2#l) >1 ' 1 > #l in #l
2
) . (1)
+ in 2
2
+
2
) >1 ' 1> + in 2
2
+) >2 ' 2> (1) 2
(ii) hydrochloric acid'hydrogen chloride'chloride ion' 2#l'#l
>
!O" 8chlorine9 L!LE?? 8the chlorine in 2#l9 1
(iii) !*<* (ead +hole thing through*
Loo3 for good use of chemical language eg use of molecule / atom
+/=/ of 2 #ls has increased by (1 0 2-) !4+
+/=/ of 2 +s has decreased by (1 0 2-) !4+
+,
In ters of electron e3change fro one o6idation state to another/
+,
#an consider total o3idation nubers reaining constant eg 8su of + and #l
+/=/ - >1 on left6 sun of + and #l +/=/ - >1 on right too9/ 1
[4]

6.. 2Mg(=+
3
)
2
(s) 2Mg+(s) $ 1=+
2
(g) $ +
2
(g)
ALLO +hole e1uation divided by 5 $i* e*] +
5
$g%% or other correct multiples 1
[10]
60
6/. (a) (i) =ichroe'platinu wire'ceraic rod (1)
cleaned in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1)
dipped in powdered saple and heated in flae (1)
both ideas needed for 3
rd
point/ 3
(ii) "lectrons prooted'e3cited to higher energy le(els (1)
Uall back releasing energy as light of a particular frequency
'wa(elength'er (1) 2
(iii) %odiu'=a
$
1

(b) (i) 1/1W 0 1.. 0 1/1 (1)
- 16.< ' ./16. k<'1;X/W< (1) 2
(ii) M
r
Mg%+
1
/L2
2
+ - 216 (1)
12/3'216 - ./.; (1) Allow !" 2
(iii) 16.'./.;
$X2.. < ol
>1
'$X/2 k< ol
>1
(1)
sign and units (1)
+1 for incorrect %U/
AHH+4 !" fro b(i) and'or b(ii) 2

(c) (i) H
r
- H
1
/ H
2
1
(ii) $X/2 > >W;/2
- $X1 k< ol
>1
(1)
sign and units (1) 2
[15]

60. (a) (i) Metallic (1)
Ions ust not be touching and ha(e a sin3le positi9e charge/ 2

(ii)
#orrect nuber of electrons on each ion (1)
#orrect charge on each ion (1) 2
61
(iii) %aller (with soe Oustification) (1)
fewer shells'energy le(els (1)
increased relati(e nuclear charge gpullsg reaining electrons closer to
nucleus (1) 3

(b) Troup 2 (1)
%ignfficant ' large ' big increase in I" between 2
nd
and 3
rd
electron reo(ed (1) 2

(c) %all dip in I" because
electron is in sae quantu le(el'shell (1)
but is in higher energy sub le(el'shell (1) 2
[11]

.1. (a) (i) #1
2
(aq)'(g) $ 2I
>
(aq) 2#l
>
(aq) $ I
2
(aq)'(s)
Uorulae > including charges (1)
&alancing and all state sybols (1) ALLO multiples 2
(ii) &rown'yellow'red
O( any combination of the three eg red@brown/
=+! 8orange9 on its o+n or as a combination of the above 1

(b) (i) >1'1> )
$;';$ ) 1
(ii) $1'1$ )
$6'6$ ) 1
(iii) 3%+
2
(aq) 3%+
1
2>
(aq) (1)
32
2
+(I) 62
$
(aq) (1)
ALLO multiples 2

(c) (i) %eparating funnel (1)
upper hydrocarbon layer (1)
pink'purple (1) 3
(ii) "(aporate ' 7istil sol9ent 1
[11]
62
.1. (a) Ihosphine has ore electrons 1
(b) (i) 2ydrogen'2 bonds 1
(ii)
#orrect atos (1)
Angle 1W.[ '=@2
///
= in straight line (1) 2
[4]

.2. (a) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
1s
2
'1s
2
3d
6
O( 3d
W
(1s
.
) (1)
Incoplete d shell (in the ion) (1) 2

(b) (i) =i(#+)
1
1
(ii) . 1

(c) (i) =i(2
2
+)
6
2$
(aq) $ =2
3
(aq) =i(2
2
+)
;
(=2
3
)
2$
(aq) $ 2
2
+(I) 1
452J (ii) % is likely to be sall ' close to *ero (1) / !o "E
(ame nm!er o$ moles7molecles7particles in the same states
on both sides of the equation (1) 2

(d) (i) Ag
$
(aq) $ #l
>
(aq) Ag
($)
#l
(>)
(s) 1
(ii) 1 ole of Ag#l has a ass of 113/;'(1.W$3;/;) (1)
O( 113/3 fro 7ata &ook (or 113/1)
=uber of oles of Ag#l - 6/133'113/; - ./.12L(1) ./.12W. (1)
=uber of oles of cople3 - ./.12L1'2 - ./.213L
!herefore ass of 1 ole - ;/...'./.213L - 231'231/1 (1)
4?A sufficient but not 5?A 3
63
(iii) ;X $ 1W 0 3 $ 1L 0 (6 > 3) $L1 - 231
232 $ 3 - 231
3 - 2 1
(D=i(2
2
+)
2
(=2
3
)
1
E#l
2
) Uorula =+! needed for ark
(i() !he two water olecules could be at 1W.[ or X.[ to one another
+ctahedral structure (1)
AHH+4 the word octahedral to e3plain diagrags shape 2
[14]

.3. =uber of olecules
- 12724 (1) 0 601.
23
- 301.
23
(1) 2

.4. (a) 7iagra showing
"lectrons 26W (1)
#harge 2$ (1) 2

(b) "nergy'light'radiation
is eitted outside the (isible spectru' in YA region
or frequency'wa(elength'eission outside (isible region/ 1

.5. (a) 2
2
%+
1
(aq) $ #u#+
3
(s) #u%+
1
(aq) $ #+
2
(g) $ 2
2
+(l)
,eactants (1)
Iroducts (1)
=o'wrong state sybols 1ma6
If 2
2
#+
3
product 1 ma6 2
2
2
%+
1
(I) 1 ma6

(b) (i) Measuring cylinder ' pipette ' burette
Aoluetric flask (1) 1
(ii) 2/;01.
>2
' ./.2; 1
64
(c) (i) 2/; 0 1.
>2
0 123/; (1) 0 1/1 - 3/1 ' 3/1. ' 3/3X6 g (1)
ALLO "E from $b%$ii% 2
(ii) !o pre(ent the reaction i3ture fro frothing out of the beaker 1
(iii) Uilter (to reo(e unreacted copper(II) carbonate) 1

(d) (i) 21X/; 1
(ii) actual ass' ol 0 1.. ' - 3/XW ' 21X/; 0 1..
ethod
theoretical ass ' ol 2/; 0 1.
>2
+, ethod using asses - 3/XW - 3/XW etc
(1)
./.2;021X/; 6/23L; 2
answer 63/W ' 61 J (1)
ALLO !" fro (a) ' (c) (I) ' (d)(i)

(e) !o3ic'irritant'en*ye inhibitors 1
[12]

.6. (a) (i) Mg(s) $ #u
2$
(aq) Mg
2$
(aq) $ #u(s)
entities (1)
state sybols (1) 2
(ii)
H
P
$r%
- H
P
f
DMg
2$
(aq)E > H
P
f
D#u
2$
(aq)E
entities including state sybols (1)
arrows (1)
2ess applied (1) 3

(b) (i) 1/201;.06. (1)
- 3LW.. ' 3W... < (1)
O( 3L/W ' 3W k& 2
(ii) 3LW.. ' ;3....
- ./.L(13) (ol) 1
(iii) 1... 0 ./.L13 ' W
- W/X(2) c
3
ALLO !" fro (i) and (ii) 1
65
(c) 2eat losses to srrondin3s 'container ' through container (1)
2eat capacity of cheicals not considered (1)
Incoplete reaction ' i3ing (1)
Any two reasonable points 2
[11]

... (a) (i) a particle ' species 'group with an unpaired electron '+4!!" 1
(ii) 1
(iii) hoolytic 1

(b) & and # 1
(c) (i) #1
2
$ #2
1
#2
3
#l $ 2#l 1
(ii) $212 $ 1 $ >33X - >X3 k< ol
>1
(A $ & $ U)
O(
$1 > XL - >X3 k< ol
>1
(& $ #)
Method (1)
answer with units (1) 2

(d) (i) @212 k< ol
>1
1
(ii) "3otheric because a bond has been fored/ 1
(e) Hess endotheric (1)
the bond is weaker (1) 2
[11]

./. (a) (i) It would turn red/ 1
(ii) 4hite fues 1
(iii) %ulphur dio3ide ' %+
2
1

(b) (i) A pale yellow ' off@white ' crea precipitate ' solid 1
(ii) !he precipitate would dissol(e ' disappear ' the i3ture goes clear
&oth Ag#l and Ag&r are soluble in concentrated aonia 2
66
(c) (i) =o ore of the solid will dissol(e (1)
at that teperature (1) 2
(ii) 1.. g F&r and 2;g F#l (1)
crystals only F&r (1)
solution contains both F&r and F#l (1) 3
[11]
67
.0. (a) W1 g ol
>1
1
(b) (i)
3 . .
2 ; .
2 . .
1 ; .
! e p e r a t u r e
' F
2 . 1 . 6 . W . 1 . . 1 2 .
M a s s o f 1 o l e ' g
correctly plotted points (1)
sooth cur(e (1) 2

(ii) As you go down the group the nuber of electrons increases/ (1)
so the strength of the (an der 4aals forces increase/ (1) 2
68
(c) (i) 2.1 > 21. F 1
(ii) Hydrogen/H7 bonds 1
(iii) O:ygen is more electrone!ative than the others $because
the outer electrons are closer to the nucleus% 1
(i() aonia (1)
hydrogen fluoride (1) 2

(d) 2igher surface tension )
#oparison of density of water and ice ie ice is lighter than water )
It e3pands on free*ing )
2igher enthalpy change of (apori*ation ) Any t+o
%hape of snow flakes'ice crystals )
2igher (iscosity )
2igher heat capacity ) 2
[12]

/1. (a) (i) I 21/6 ' 31h (1) ./LX1 ' ./LX1 - 1 h "U is IU
;
(1)
U L;/1 '1Xh 3/XL ' ./LX1 - ; h
;
r
of "U - 126 (1)
!herefore MU - "U - IU
;
(1) 1
There must be some use of the data of 126 g mol
1
OR
Mass of phosphorus in I mole = 126 24.6100 = 31 (1)
Mass of fluorine in 1 mole = 126 75.4100 = 95 (1)
Moles of phosphorus in 1 mole !ompoun" = 3131 = 1
Mole of fluorine in 1 mole !ompoun" = 9519 = 5 (1)
M# = $#
5
(1)

(ii)
U U
U
U
I I U U
U
U
U U
1 2 . i
X . i
+ ,
(1)
note, there must be an attempt at a 476 dra+ing $i*e* one +edge
and one dotted line%
Angles drawn on diagra of X.[ (1) and 12.[ (1) 3
69
(iii)
U U
U U
U
U
I I
( 1 )
U U
U
U
U U
X . i + ,
( > ) ( > )
note, again it must be 476 $again +edges and dotted lines%
=ae stated as octahedral (1) 3
Angle arked ' stated as X.[ (1)

(b) 2U has interolecular hydro3en bonding (but others do not) (1)
&ecause U ato is (ery sall ' other halogen atos ' chlorine etc/ radii are too
large (1)
2ydrogen bonding is stron3er than IMU'(d4'dipole@dipole'induced dipole@
dipole'dispersion forces and so ore ener3y required (to boil) (1) 3
6o not give any mar3s if the candidate ans+ers in terms of
strength of covalent bonds*
6o not give all 4 mar3s unless the candidate has e:pressed
their ideas clearly*

(c) S
a
-
+ +
+
+ 2 or 2 allow
E 2U D
E U D E 2 D
3
(1)
D2
$
E - 1.
@2/.1
(1) - ./..X12. ol d
@3
D2
$
E - DU
@
E or S
a
- D2
$
E
2
' D2UE
-
(1)
.1;. / .
) ..X12. / . (
or
) ..X12. / . 1;. / . (
) ..X12. / . (
2 2
=

;
- ;/X. 0 1.
@1
(1) ol d
@3
(1) or - ;/;; (or ;/;1) 0 1.
@1
the unit mar3 can be given in the e:pression for S*
[18]

/1. (a) (i) 1g% - 1'W ol ' ./12; ol 1
(ii) 1'Wol % 1'W ol %+
2
(stated or iplied) (1)
Aolue - 21'W - 3 d
3
7 3/. d
3
' 3/.. d
3
' 3... c
3
(1)
>1 for incorrect'issing units 2
70
(b)

(1)
>
2
2+2 %+ +


(1)
+ 2 %+
2
> 2
3
+
2
[5]

/2. (a) (i) %r(s) $ 22
2
+(I) %r(+2)
2
(aq) $ 2
2
(g)
hydrogen as product (1)
correctly balanced (accept ultiples) (1) 2
(ii) loses electrons' turns to positi(e ion ' increases o3idation nuber
=o arks for 8gains o3ygen9 1

(b) (i) !o ensure solution is saturated owtte
=+! reacts copletely 1
(ii) (16/X)(./1..)(1.
>3
) - 1/6X 0 1.
>3
' ./..16X 1
(iii) ol %r(+2)
2
reacting - 1/6X 0 1.
>3
'2 - ( ./W1; 0 1.
>3
) ' ./...W1; (1)
ol %r(+2)
2
in 1 d
3
-
2;
1... 1. W1; / .
3 >

- ./.33W (1)
first ark is for correct use of ole ratio
allow !" fro (ii) and within (iii) 2
(i() ass 1 ol %r(+2)
2
- 122 (1)
solubility - (122)(./.33W) - 1/12 (g d
>3
) (1) 2

(c) (i) "(aporate'boil off soe of the water ' o(en ust ha(e a low
teperature quoted (1)
Hea(e to cool (1)
Uilter off'decant crystals and dry with filter paper ' with propanone '
in desiccator 3
(ii) 2%r(=+
3
)
2
/12
2
+ /2
2
+ $ 2%r+ > 4=+
2
> O
2
o3ygen produced (1)
equation balanced (1) 2

(iii) 2%r(=+
3
)
2
(aq) $ F
2
%+
1
(aq) 2F=+
3
(aq) $ %r%+
1
(s)
&alanced equation (1)
%tate sybols/ (1)
A##"I! ionic equation) %r
2$
(aq)$ %+
1
2>
(aq) %r%+
1
(s) 2
[16]
71
/3. (a) (i) 4hite ' colourless 1
(ii) 5ellow ' orange 1
(iii) 2&r
>
$ #l
2
&r
2
$ 2#l
>
A##E-" multiples 1
(i() %eparate layers > stated or implied (1)
+rganic '2ydrocarbon ' upper layer coloured orange (1) 2

(b) (i) %ulphur ' % )
&roine ' &r ) (1)
%6 initially >26 finally $1 sign needed (1)
&r6initially .6 finally >1 (1) 3
(ii) 2 0 $3 - $66 6 0 >1 - >6
O( total change in += of % - $66 total change in += of &r - >6
O( Yp 66 down 6
O( 6 electrons lost6 6 electrons gained 1

(c) (i) Treater 9an der 5aals attractions in 2I ' iodine (1)
because it has ore electrons (1)
#an be from a H<r perspective 2

(ii) 2ydrogen ' 2 bonding in 2U (but not in 2&r or 2I) 1
(iii) 4ithin range 1L1 to 1X; (actually 1WW) (F) (1)
Uewer electrons than in 2&r (but no hydrogen bonding)
weaker (an der 4aals forces than in 2&r (1) 2
[14]

/4. (a) (i)
2 # = 2 # = O (
3
o
3
o
3
o

3
3
3

o
o
o

o
3

o
3

o
o

o
o
1

(ii) 1W.[ (1)
!wo regions ' areas of negati(e charge ' electrons repel so as to
be as far apart as possible (1) 2
72
(b) 12#= $ ;+
2
22
2
+ $ 1#+
2
$ 2=
2
1
(c) ;ar3 according to 1uality of argument given*
!o mar3 if ans+er
effectively re/1uotes the 1uestion +ithout amplification
is chemically unsound
is nonsensical
Ans+er must come to a conclusion and then loo3******
for E"#$E% a sophisticated statement about dangers of H#!
&% the usefulness of perspe:*
!ot enough to say )!o2 because it is very to:ic0 but a developed
point such as >6anger of an escape of H#! is an unacceptable ris3
to local residents0 +ould score*
Alternatively2 an argument in favour of its use could be based on the
e:istence of ade1uate ris3 assessment and/or procedures for evacuation
in the event of an emergency or need for a safer alternative to glass or
other Custification for use of -erspe:* 1

(d) (i) 2(g) $ #(g) $ =(g) (1)
] 2
2
(g) $#(s'graphite) $ ] =
2
(g) (1)
all formulae correct2 but missing state symbols, 1 ma6 2

(ii) 2
$ 1 1 . ( k < o l ) ( 1 )
A # # E - " r e v e r s e d a r r o +
+ i t h / 1 1 0 $ 3 = m o l %
> 1
> 1
/ 1
/ 1
M Y % ! b e n u e r i c a l ( a l u e s
1 1 3 $ " ( # = )
$ 2 1 W $ L 1 L $ 1 L 3
- $ 1 1 . W ( k < o l )
( 1 )
A # # E - " r e v e r s e d a r r o +
+ i t h / 1 F 0 I $ 3 = m o l %

(iii) " (#=) - 11.W > 11. > 113
- $WW; (k< ol
>1
) 1
[10]
73
/5. (a)
2 = + 2
o
3

3
o

o o
o o

3

o
o
2
#orrect Pdot>and>crossQ diagra (1)
2=2 or 2=+2 - 1.L[ 3
=+2 - 1.1/;[ (2)

(b) (i) p2 W>11 (1)
Hone pair of electrons on nitrogen to accept a proton (1)
=2
2
+2(aq) $ 2
2
+(I)

+
+
+
2 2
aq) ( +2 =2
3
OH !H Or
+2
>
(aq) (1) 3
(ii) 2ydro3ylaine should for cople3es because it has a lone pair(s)
of electrons 1

(c) (i) , pink7prple color of potassiu anganate(AII) will reain 1
(ii) =uber of oles of FMn+
1
- 22/1 3 ./.2 K 1...
- 1/1W 3 1.
>1
=uber of oles of Ue
2$
ions - ; 3 1/1W 3 1.
>1
- 2/21 3 1.
>3
(=uber of oles of Ue
3$
ions - 2/21 3 1.
>3
) 1

(iii) =uber of oles of hydro3iaine - ./.3L K (11 $ 16 $ 3)
- ./.3L K 33
- 1/12 3 1.
>3
1
(i() 2 1
(() +3idation nuber of nitrogen in hydro3ylaine is >1 1
((i) !wo iron ions reduced by one o3idation nuber
!herefore6 one nitrogen o3idised by two o3idation nubers
!herefore the likely product is =
2
+ with nitrogen ha(ing an o3idation
nuber of $1 1
((ii) 2Ue
3$
(aq) $ =2
2
+2(aq) 2Ue
2$
(aq) $ ] =
2
+(g) $ 22
$
(aq) $ ] 2
2
+(I) 1

(d) It Ue
2$
(aq)6 Ue
3$
(aq)

DMn+
1
>
(aq) $ W2
$
(aq)E6DMn
2$
(aq) $ 12
2
+(I)EIt (1)
"

- $ 1/;1 > ./LL - $ ./L1 A (1)

\4#`
"

is greater than ./6(A) and so the reaction should go to copletion (1) 3

[17]
74
/6. (a) (i) =+
>
3
(ii) #r+
> 2
1
2
(b) Ag
$
6 #r+
> 2
1
or naes 1
(c) 2Ag
$
(aq)$ #r+
> 2
1
(aq) Ag
2
#r+
1
(s)
Uorulae and balancing (1)
%tate sybols (1) 2
[5]

/.. (a) A Acid base ' neutralisation (1)
& thermal decoposition'redo3'dehydration (1) 2

(b) (i) Iipette 1
(ii) &urette 1
(iii) eg ethyl orange (1)
5ellow red'pink'orange O(
+range red'pink (1)
A##E-" other indicators $p* 154 <oo3 of data% eg
Ihenolphthalein pink colourless !O" clear
%creened ethyl orange green purple
&roothyol blue blue yellow
&roophenol blue blue yellow
#olour change must match the indicator*
#olour change mar3 can only be given if indicator named*
!O" litus'Y/I/ 2

(i() 2. c
3
' ./.2 d
3
;L?" have correct units 1
(() "(aporate ' boil off some of the water (1)
Evaporate to dryness (1 ot o$ 3)
Hea(e to cool (1)
Uilter off'decant crystals and dry with filter paper (1)
Ovens must have a lo+ temperature 1uoted 3
75
(c) (i) W. (g ol
>1
) 1
(ii)
2.
1
W.
1
=
or ./.; ALLO "*E* from $i% 1
(iii) ./.; 3 21 - 1/2 d
3
' 12.. c
3
;L?" have correct units 1
[13]

//. (a) (i) (16 0 W $ 1L 0 L/3 $ 1W 0 L1 $ 1X 0 ;/; $ ;. 0 ;/2) K 1.. - 1L/X26
- 1L/X
Method (1)
#orrect answer to three significant figures (1) 2
(ii) ass spectroeter 1
(b) (i) 1s
2
2s
2
2 p
6
3s
2
3 p
6
(1) 1s
2
3d
2
+, 3d
2
1s
2
(1) 2
(ii) !ransition etals 'eleents O( d block 1
(c) (i) reduction or redo3 1
(ii) X1. > 2 0 11. - $L2. k< ol
>1
Method (1)
Aalue (1)
%ign and units (1) 3
(iii) 2ess ' Haw of #onser(ation of "nergy Uirst Haw of !herodynaics 1
(i() #arbon ono3ide ' #+ is produced (1)
which is to3ic ' poisonous (1) 2
[13]

/0. (a) (i) 7escription of asyetry of electron'charge cloud hence attracti(e
forces between neighbouring induced dipoles 1
(ii) =#l
3
' chlorine because ore electrons 1
(iii) =U
3
because U ore electronegati(e (than #l) 1
(i() Aan der 4aals forces ore significant'greater than peranent
dipole@dipole interactions 1
76
(b) (i) =(g) $ 3U(g) in top right@hand bo3
] =
2
(g) $ 1 ] U
2
(g) in lower bo3/ 1
(ii)
> 1 2 ; ( k < o l )
( 1 )
1 L 3 $ ( 3 0 L X )
- ( $ ) L 1 . ( k < o l )
L 1 .

A # # E - " a l o n e
( 1 )
> 1 > 1
Arro+s in correct directions and labelled +ith correct data 2
(iii) H
_
at
for D=U
3
(g)E = (g) $ 3U (g) - L1. > ( > 12;) - ($) W3; (k< ol
>1
) (1)
" (= > U) -
3
W3;
- ($) 2LW k< ol
>1
(1)
-enalise F or more ?A
-enalise incorrect units 2
[9]

01. (a) (i) Uorward and re(erse reactions occur at the sae rate (1)
so there is no change in the proportions of reactants and products (1) 2
(ii) Iroportion of 2I e3pected to becoe saller (1)
because reaction will respond to teperature increase by shifting in the
endotheric direction (1) 2
(iii) =o change e3pected because catalysts affect only the rate at
which equilibriu is attained/ 1
77
(b)
" n e r g y
I r o g r e s s o f r e a c t i o n
2 2 l ( g )
( r e a c t a n t s )
2 ( g ) $ l ( g )
( p r o d u c t s )
"
( c a t a l y s e d )
"
( u n c a t a l y s e d )
a
a
2 2
Iroducts at higher energy le(el than reactants (1)
Hine going up fro reactants to peak (corresponding to transition state)6
then down to products (1)
%econd line with lower peak representing the catalysed reaction (1)
Acti(ation energies of uncatalysed and catalysed reactions correctly arked (1) 1
[9]

01. (a) (i) !icks in #l
2
'F&r and #l
2
'Fl bo3es 1
(ii) %olution ' it becoes darker ' turns brown ' orange ' yellow
O( black ppt 1
(iii) &r
2
$ 2I
>
I
2
$ 2&r
>
1
(i() !est for broide ions) add sil(er nitrate (solution) (1)
pale yellow'crea'off@white'i(ory ppt (1)
O(
test for iodine) add starch (solution) (1) O( hydrocarbon sol(ent (1)
blue@black colour (1) purple'pink upper layer (1)
#olour must be consistent +ith reagent* 2

(b) (i) #r'chroiu and I'iodine identified (1)
#r6 initially $66 finally $3 (1)
I6 initially >16 finally . (1) 3
(ii) #r
2
+
L
2>
$ 11 2
$
$ 6I
>
2#r
3$
$ 3I
2
$ L2
2
+ 1
78
(c) (i) &roine is to3ic ' poisonous ' corrosi(e ' causes burns 1
(ii) May lea(e harful residues (1) )
2arful (apour could escape (1) )
!otal opposition to use of cheical pesticides as posing a ) Any one
general health risk (1) )
7epletes 'daages' hars o*one layer/ (1) )
&uild up in the food chain (1) ) 1
[11]

02. (a) (i) 2#a $ +
2
2#a+ (1) 1
(ii) =a
2
+ $ 2
2
+ 2=a+2 (1) 1
(iii) =a
2
+ $ 22#l 2=a#l $ 2
2
+
%pecies (1) &alancing (1) 2

(b) (!heral stability) increases (1) (with soe
attept at a reason)
(cat)ion si*e increases 7 (cat)ion charge density
decreases (1)
polarises or distorts carbonate ion ' anion '
electron cloud less/ (1) 3
[7]

03. (a) (i) #a brick red or orange red6 &a (apple) green (1) each 2

(ii) electrons e3cited ' prooted (1)
fall to lower energy le(el ' orbital (1)
gi(e out energy in the (isible region ' in for of light (1) 3

(b) 2&a(=+
3
)
2
2&a+ $ 1=+
2
$ +
2
(2)
species (1) balance (1) 2

(c) (i) ability (of a cation) to distort ' change shape of (1)
the electron cloud around an anion (1) 2

(ii) %i*e 'radius 'ionic radius (1) charge (1) 2
79
(iii) Mg
2$
' agnesiu ion saller than &a
2$
' bariu ion
or
Mg
2$
has higher change density (1)
Iolarising power increases' Mg
2$
able to polarise the nitrate
ion ore effecti(ely than &a
2$
(1)
this weakens the bonds in the nitrate ' bonds in nitrate ore
easily broken (1) 3
[14]

04. (a) & (1) 1
(b) Hiewater turns ilky

#+
2
(1)
Mg#+
3
decoposes on heating to #+
2

label correct ' equation (1) 2

(c) %ubstance on wire in flae (1) not burn or heat (in test tube)
(Iale) green flae for bariu (1)
=o colour for agnesiu (1)
or
add dilute sulphuric acid (1)
bariu hydro3ide does not dissol(e (1)
agnesiu hydro3ide dissol(es ' fors colourless solution (1)
or
Aalid cheical test 3

(d) (brown gas is) nitrogen dio3ide (1)
(gas relights a glowing splint) o3ygen (1)
2Mg(=+
3
)
2
2Mg+ $ 1=+
2
$ +
2
species (1) balance (1) 1
[10]

05. (a) (i) S
p
-
) p(Al#l
p(Al#l)
3
3
$ % not essential
G H scores $0% 1
(ii) #on(ersion to ols (1)
#on(ersion to ole fractions (1)
0 2 at (1)
#onsequential use of S
p
and units in answer (1)
80
E6ample
./63 g - ./63'62/; ol - ./.1 ol of Al#l
./6Lg - ./6L'133/; - ./..; ol of Al#l
3
(1)
total - ./.1; fractions are 2'3 and 1'3 (1)
Iartial pressure - ole fraction 0 2 (1)
S
p
- (2'3)
3
0 1 '(1'3) - 3/6 at
2
(1)
Allow 26 3 or 1 sig/ figs/ 1

(iii) 2 $(e ' positi(e ' endotheric 1
(i() S
p
stays constant (1)
position of equilibriu o(es to Al#l
3
' to left (1)
to side with fewer 3as olecules or oles of 3as (1) 3
(() add ' react with ' heat with Al#l
3
(to for Al#l) (1)
then cool ' increase pressure (1) 2

(b) (i) ;.'1... 0 ./1 - ;/.. 0 1.
>3
(1) 1
(ii) ;/.. 0 1.
>3
+, sae as (i) (1) 1
(iii) Mass of #l - ;/.. 0 1.
>3
0 3;/; - ./1LW g
Mass of Al - ./232 > ./1LW - ./.;;. g
Mols of Al - ./.;;'2L - 2/.. 0 1.
>3
ol (1)
;/.. 0 1.
>3
ols of #l Ooin with 2/.. 0 1.
>3
ols of Al
epirical forula Al
2
#l
;
(1) allo+ Al#l
5*D
2

(i() fors 2#l 3as (1) which can escape ' is lost (1)
not all Al#l
4
reacts scores 1 mar3 $ma:% 2
(c) 7iagra to show 37 structure tetrahedral about each aluiniu (1)
dier showing 2 bridging chlorine (1)
consequential co(alent and dati(e bonds shown and labelled (1)
# l # l
# l
# l # l # l
A l A l
&f dra+ dot and cross diagram can score mar3 for dimer and for identification of
bond types
3
[20]
81
06. (a) (i) Hi#l red'scarlet'crison'carine red (1)
=a&r orange'yellow (1)
FI lilac'purple'au(e'pink'(iolet'la(ender (1) 3
(ii) "3cited electrons (1)
Mo(e down energy le(els (1) 2

(b) (i) Hi#l @ white'steay fues
=a&r @ brown'orange (apour or liquid
Fl @ purple (apour ' dark solid or liquid or residue 1
(ii) Hi#l(s) $ 2
2
%+
1
(l) Hi2%+
1
(s) $ 2#l(g)
forulae (1)6 states (1)
or 2Hi#l(s) $ 2
2
%+
1
(l) Hi
2
%+
1
(s) $ 22#l(g)
forulae (1)6 states (1) 2
[11]
82