Electronica II 2011 2012 Linhas e Ruido

Electrnica II
Jorge Guilherme 2008 #1

Linhas de Transmisso
Electrnica II
Metallic
Parallel Wire Pair
FM and TV antenna
Twisted Wire Pair
Phone line
10BaseT Ethernet
Coaxial Cable
RG58
Metallic Conduit
Planar Striplines
Printed circuit board
Hybrid IC carrier
Dielectric
Fiber
Glass
Polymer
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Velocidade de fase
Comprimento de onda
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Impedncia da linha
Caracteristica de propagao
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Para linha curta
Linha sem perdas
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ZL=
ZL=0
Impedncia de entrada de uma linha de transmisso
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Pista de circuito impresso c/ plano de massa = microstrip
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Cabo Coaxial
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Coaxial Cables
Coax

Attenuation in
db per 100 feet
(On 27MHz)

Velocity
Factor

Description
RG-8 1.15 dB .66 50 Ohm coax
RG-59 2.0 dB .66 75 Ohm coax
RG-8/U Foam 0.85 dB .80 50 Ohm coax, Foam Dielectric
RG-59/U Foam 1.5 dB .79 75 Ohm coax, Foam Dielectric
Belden 9913 0.7 dB .84 Premium 50 Ohm coax
1/2" Hardline 0.35 dB .81 Special coax, expensive!
RG-8X (Mini-8) 1.2 dB .78 Small 50 Ohm coax. Preferred
over RG-58. Recommended for
mobile installations.
RG-58 2.35 dB .66 50 Ohm coax
RG-213 1.35 dB .66 50 Ohm coax.
RG-11/U Foam 0.85 dB .80 75 Ohm coax.
RG-11/U 1.35 dB .66 75 Ohm coax
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Microstrip line
- characteristic impedance

c
r

W
h
t
( )
836 . 0
0724 . 0
r r
0
/ 735 . 1 1
1 120

+
=
h W
W
h
Z
c c
t

10
100
0.1 1 10
c
r
=2
20
Z
0

W/h
4
10
6
8
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Main wave type for stripline -
transverse electromagnetic
TEM wave
c
r

W
b
t
Stripline
b W
b
Z
441 . 0
30

e
r
0
+
=
c
t
s
|
.
|
\
|

>
=
. 35 . 0 for 35 . 0
35 . 0 for 0
2
e
b
b
W
b
W
b
b
W
b
W
b
W

1
10
100
Z
0
, Ohm
0.1 1 10
c
r
= 2
20
W/b
10
6
4
- characteristic impedance
provides lower
characteristic impedance
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Efeito Pelicular
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Factor de reflexo
Coeficiente
de onda
estacionaria
Reflexes em linhas de transmisso
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I =
+
=
+
o L
o L
Z R
Z R
v
v
Factor de reflexo
Casos especiais:
R
L
= (open) I = +1

R
L
= 0 (short) I = -1

R
L
= Z
o
I = 0
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Coeficiente de onda estacionaria - VSWR
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jx r
Z
Z
z
o
+ = =
I
I +
=
1
1
z
jv u + = I
( )
2 2
2 2
v u 1
v u 1
r
+

=
( )
2 2
v u 1
v 2
x
+
=
Normalizao da carga
( )
2 2
2 2
v u 1
v u 1
r
+

=
( )
2 2
v u 1
v 2
x
+
=
( )
2
2
2
r 1
1
v
r 1
r
u
+
= +
|
.
|
\
|
+
( )
2
2
2
x
1
x
1
v 1 u =
|
.
|
\
|
+
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( )
2 2
2 2
v u 1
v u 1
r
+

=
( )
2 2
v u 1
v 2
x
+
=
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Carta de Smith
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Dados:
O = 50 Z
o
Z = I 45 5 . 0
L
Qual o Z
L
?
( )
O + O =
+ O =
5 . 67 j 5 . 67
35 . 1 j 35 . 1 50 Z
L
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Dados:
O = 50 Z
o
O + O = 50 j 50 Z
L
Qual o Z
in
a 50 MHz?
0 . 1 j 0 . 1
50
50 j 50
z
L
+ =
O
O + O
=
Z = I 64 445 . 0
L
nS 78 . 6 = t
? Z
in
=
et |
I = I = I
2 j
L
d 2 j
L in
e e
= et 244 2
Z = I 180 445 . 0
in
( ) O = + O = 19 0 . 0 j 38 . 0 50 Z
L
= et 244 2
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Caracterizao de quadripolos
i
1
v
1
i
2
v
2
v z i z i
v z i z i
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
= +
= +
i y v y v
i y v y v
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
= +
= +
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Definio:
The scatter matrix
I =
b
a
The incident wave a depends only on the reference
impedance and the source E
s
, while the reflected wave b
depends also on the load, being zero when this is matched.

The reflection coefficient I depends on both the circuit
impedance Z
i
and the source impedance Z
S
.
b s a s a
b s a s a
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
= +
= +
a S b
a
a
s s
s s
b
b
=
(
=
(
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
The S parameters depend on both the circuit
impedances and a reference impedance Z
0

Z
0
E
1
Z
0
I
1
I
2
V
1
V
2
a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
S
Parmetros S
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Analysis
Measurements
|a
1
| and |a
2
| are the incident powers at the ports 1
and 2, while |b
1
| and |b
2
| are the reflected powers
at the two ports
0
2 0 2
2
0
1 0 1
1
Re 2
Re 2
Z
I Z V
a
Z
I Z V
a
+
=
+
=
0
2
*
0 2
2
0
1
*
0 1
1
Re 2
Re 2
Z
I Z V
b
Z
I Z V
b
=
s
b
a
a
11
1
1
2
0
=
=
s
b
a
a
12
1
2
1
0
=
=
s
11
= input reflection coefficient with matched output
s
12
= inverse transmission coefficient with matched output
s
21
= forward transmission coefficient with matched output
s
22
= output reflection coefficient with matched input
Ex.: s
11
is the reflection coefficient at port 1, when a
2

= 0, i.e. when the port 2 is terminated over the
reference impedance
The S parameters depend on both the device
and a reference impedance Z
0

Parmetros S
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Transmission lines scatter matrix
Let l
i
be the line length, Z
i
be the line impedance, |
the phase constant, u
i
the electrical length
S
e
e
j
j
u
u
u
=

0
0
S
e
e
S
e
e
j
j
j
j
u
u
u
u
u
u 1
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
=

(
=

( )
( )
(
' '
' '
=
+
+
1 2 1
2 1 1
2
22 21
12
2
11
u u u
u u u
j j
j j
e s e s
e s e s
S

S
Terminal plane 1 Terminal plane 2
Actual matrix S
Meas.d matrix S '
Meas.t plane 1 Meas.t plane 2
l
1
u |
1
=
1
l u |
2
=
2
l
Z
2
= 50 O
l
2
Z
1
= 50 O
a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
a
1
'
a
2
'
b
1
'
b
2
'
Parmetros S
Electrnica II
t

Z
o
1

2

| |
(
(
=
et
et
0 e
e 0
s
j
j
2

1

| |
(
=
1 0
0 1
s
1

2

| |
(
=
0 G
0 0
s
G

Transmission Line
Short
Amplifier
Electrnica II
Network analyzers measure S
parameters as a function of
frequency
At a single frequency, network
analyzers send out forward waves
a
1
and a
2
and measure the phase
and amplitude of the reflected
waves b
1
and b
2
with respect to the
forward waves.
a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
0
2
a
1
1
11
a
b
s
=
=
0
2
a
1
2
21
a
b
s
=
=
0
1
a
2
1
12
a
b
s
=
=
0
1
a
2
2
22
a
b
s
=
=
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Ruido em Sistemas
Electronicos
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Ruido termico
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Shot Noise
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Ruido associado a Diodos Zener. Evitar usar Diodos Zener em
circuito de baixo ruido
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Ruido referido entrada
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Ruido do amplificador
Calculo do ruido total:
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Modelo incremental de ruido para Diodos
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Modelo incremental de ruido para Transistores Bipolares
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Modelo incremental de ruido para Transistores MOS
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Ruido em serie de resistencias:
Geradores independentes
tm correlao zero
Ruido total
= 0
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Ruido em um circuito RC:
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Ruido em amplificadores:
Vs
Rs
Sistema
com
Ruido
Gerador
Vo
Vi
Vs
Rs
Sistema
sem
Ruido
Gerador
Vo
Vi
Vns
en
in
Zi
En e In so geradores de
ruido no correlacionados
i
o
v
V
V
A =
s i
i
s v o
R Z
Z
V A V
+
=
=
o
o
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
s n ns n v no
R i V e A e + + = o
Ruido total na saida
Rs a devido saida na ruido Potncia
saida na ruido total Potncia
= F
Factor de ruido:
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L
O
O
R
V
P
2
=
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F = 1 (Amplificador sem ruido)
Valor de Rs que minimiza o ruido
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Rs minimo para transistor bipolar
Temperatura de ruido Tn:
Tn o valor da temperatura a que uma
resistencia Rs gera ruido trmico igual ao
ruido de um circuito
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Factor de ruido de uma cadeia de amplificadores
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) log( 10 ) ( F dB F =
Factor de rudo:
dB
SNR dB F B dBm MDS Required ) ( ) log( 10 174 ) ( + + + =
Para T = 273 K
Valor mnimo detectvel de sinal
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Misturadores
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Receptor AM
Receptor FM
Arquitecturas de Receptores
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Arquitecturas de Receptores
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Misturadores
Modulao AM
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Misturadores
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Misturadores a diodos
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Misturadores com transistores
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Rc
Q1 Q2
+Vcc
Rc
V01 V02
V2
Vo
Q5 Q6 Q3 Q4
V1
-Vcc
Iee
Misturador de transcondutancia
Electrnica II
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Rc
Q1 Q2
+Vcc
Rc
V01 V02
Vc
Vo
Q5 Q6 Q3 Q4
V1
-Vcc
Iee
Rx Rx
Modelador equilibrado
( )
( )
( )
4
2
sin
cos . ) (
) ( ). ( ) (
Rx.Iee m V
Portadora VT m V

cos . ) (
cos . ) (
1
1
1
c
1 1 1
t
t
e
e
e
n
n
An
t n An t S
t S t V
Rx
Rc
t Vo
t m V t V
t m V t V
n
c c
c
c c c
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
~

<<
>>
=
=
=
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
=
+ + =
1
1 1 1
cos cos
2
) (
n
c c
t n t n
An
m V
Rx
Rc
t Vo e e e e
0 wc
Wc-W1 Wc+W1
w
3wc
portadora
sinal
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Electrnica II

Jorge Guilherme 2008 #1

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