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The Integumentary System

Integument = outer protective layer


Components
Skin, sweat and oil glands, and hair

3 Layers of Skin
Epidermis
Outer layer, epithelial tissue
Dermis
Middle layer, connective tissue
Vascularized

Meissners Corpuscles
Mechanoreceptors that are hairless

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
Not apart of the skin
Generally comprised of adipose tissue
Anchors skin to the muscles
Sliding component
Serves as shock absorber and insulator
Fascia
Tough connective tissue that wraps around the organs

Epidermis
4 Types of Cells

Keratinocytes = cells that produce keratin
Keratin = fibrous proteins

Melanocytes = cells that produce melanin
Melanin = pigment
Melanosomes = membrane granule containing melanin


Epidermal Dendritic Cells (Langerhans)
Ingest foreign substances and activate an immune response


Tactile (Merkel Cells)
Sensory input for touch
At dermal-epidermal junction
Dermis Cells
Mast Cells = make cells leaky inflammation
Fibroblasts = make fibrogen
Macrophages = white blood cells (leucocytes)

3 Types of Fibers
Elastic = stretchiest + weakest
Reticular = made of collagen but branched
Collagen = strongest





Callus
Thickening of cells
Layers (Deep Superficial)

Layers Functions
Stratum Basale Deepest layers, mitotic stem cells
Stratum Spinosum Intermediate filaments + resist tension
Stratum Granulosum Keratinization takes place
Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer) Clear in thick skin (dead keratinocytes)
Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer) Protect skin against abrasion
Glycolipids = waterproof



Ba Spain Gaya Luci Ke Satha


Layers of the Dermis
Papillary Layer (superficial layer) loose, phagocytosis
Dermal Papillae (peglike connections form fingerprints)

Recticular Layer
80% of the dermis

Sweat Gland

No sweat glands, nipples, pores of external genitalia

Sudoriferious Glands

Eccrine/Merocrine Glands
Abundant throughout the body except nipples + external genitalia

Sweat Properties (3)
Hypotonic to blood
99% water, NaCl, nitrogenous waste

Acidic Nature
pH 4-6
kills bacteria in the vicinity

Thermoregulation
Via evaporative cooling
Warming: hair stuck up to keep animals warm

Apocrine Glands
-larger than eccrine + lies deeper dermis
Axillary (armpit) + Anogenital

Secrete sweat + proteins + lipids
Odor = result of bacterial metabolism

Modified Apocrine Glands
Ceruminous = cerumen
Mammary Gland

Function: not thermoregulation, but pheromone production
Activated by stress and pain

Sebaceous Glands
Oil glands secreted sebum
Holocrine: release oil by bursting
Lubricates hair and skin
Bacetericidal properties

Hair
Shaft = visible
Root = lies in the hair follicle
Melanin is produced by melanocytes in hair follicle
Grey = pigment absence

Arrector Pilli
Allows the hair to stand up straight
Smooth muscle
Alopecia
A degree of baldness
Hair falls out faster than it grows
Male Pattern Baldness
Hair falls out before ever emerging from the follicle

Functions of the Integumentary Systems (8 functions)
Protection
Chemical Barrier: melanin, antimicrobial properties (low pH)
Physical/Mechanical Barriers
Waterproof
Biological Barriers
Immune-response: Langerhans (Epidermal Dendritic Cells in Epidermis)
Body Temperature Regulation
Keeping the body warm/cool
Cutaneous Sensation
Cutaneous = relating to skin
Cutaneous sensory receptors
Metabolic Functions
Produce Vitamin D role in calcium metabolism
Steroid like molecule
Blood Reservoir (dermal)
5% of blood to be used by various organs
Excretion
NaCl, nitrogenous

Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma
-80%of cancer in dermis and hypodermis

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-in the stratum spinosum due to damages keratinocytes

Melanoma
-damage in melanocytes (most dangerous)
Burns
Damage to tissue due to intense heat, electricity, or radiation
Partial-thickness = 1
st
and 2
nd
degree burns
Full thickness Burns = 3
rd
Degree Burns
1
st
Degree
epidermis is damage, will resolve in 2 or 3 days
2
nd
Degree
damaged epidermis + upper dermis (few weeks to resolve)

3
rd
Degree
-nerve ending damaged = no pain
-skin graft is necessary
-extensive risk for fluid loss + Infection

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