AND TABLES
EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2:
Design of Concrete Structures,
Part 2: Concrete Bridges
DURABILITY AND COVER TO REINFORCEMENT
Relaxation loss of low relaxation prestressing tendon.
gfgfdgfddgfdgfdgfdgfdsg
Class 1:
gfhgfhgfhgfhgfhgfhgfhgfhgfh
Class 2:
Class 3:
t = long term relaxation losses period in hours (given, exp 57 yrs take as 500,000 hrs)
Cover for deck slab
Where,
,where
= 10 mm (recommended) and
= Previous step.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Simplified Criteria for Second-Order Effect
Effective flange width for a box girder
a) Considering mid-span first
i) For cantilever portion,
l
0
= 0.7l
2
,where b
eff,i
= 0.2b
i
+ 0.1l
0
< 0.2l
0
ii) For internal flange,
b
eff,i
= 0.2b
i
+ 0.1l
0
< 0.2l
0
where
b
i for internal flange
= b
i
/2
*Also compare with the available width of internal flange, b
i for internal flange
= b
i
/2. If b
i
/2 is less than
than the calculated at i and ii, so the least value will be taken.
Make Conclusion. (compare with available width)
b) Considering the supports
i) l
0
= 0.15(l
1
+ l
2
)
ii) The cantilever portion has effective width given by :
b
eff,i
= 0.2b
i
+ 0.1l
0
< 0.2l
0
iii) Similarly, the internal flange associated with the web has effective width :
b
eff,i
= 0.2b
i
+ 0.1l
0
< 0.2l
0 ;
b
i for internal flange
= b
i
/2
iv) Finally, the total width of flange acting with an outer web is:
b
eff,i
= b
eff,I +
b
w
v) Make Conclusion. (compare with available width)
Effective length of cantilevering pier, l
0
l
o
= l . max *
+
Where,
k = (
) (
) = rad/kNm , (
) = kNm/rad
Slenderness about the minor axis,
lim
,where
lim
=
and =
; f
cd
=
where
= 0.85 ,
= 1.5
=
, where i =
General Method Second-order Non-linear Analysis Second-order Analysis Based on
Normal Stiffness
Final Moment at the base of the pier clause 5.8.7, EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete
Structures, Part 2: Concrete Bridges
K
c
=
,where k
1
=
and k
2
=
0.2 K
s
=1.0
E
cd
=
= 1.2, EI = K
c
E
cd
I
c
+ K
s
E
s
I
s
(in Nmm
2
) , N
B
=
(in kN)
l
i
.
i
= l .
0
.
h
where
h
=
and
0
=
(unit in mm)
M
Ed
=
)
, and M
0Ed
= lateral load x length +axial load x l
i
.
i
General Method Second-order Non-linear Analysis Second-order Analysis Based on
Nominal Curvatures
Final Moment at the base of the pier clause 5.8.8, EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete
Structures, Part 2: Concrete Bridges
, where
yd
=
and E = 200GPa , d =
, i
s
= i
K
= 1 + .
ef
; where = 0.35 +
, =
= K
r
. K
.
, where K
r
= 1.0
M
2
= N
Ed
. e
2
where e
2
=
(
and c =
l
i
.
i
= l .
0
.
h
where
h
=
and
0
=
(unit in mm)
M
Ed
= M
0Ed
+ M
2
, M
0Ed
= lateral load x length +axial load x l
i
.
i
Immediate Loss of Prestress For Post-Tensioning
Immediate loss of prestress in a concrete box girder
Stressing force per tendon,
where
Stress in the concrete,
where P
0
= no. of tendon x P
max
;Where the equation is for
3 conditions :
i. End supports
ii. Midspan
iii. Piers
Average stress,
Losses due to the elastic deformation of concrete, P
el
P
el
= A
p
E
p
[
*Make a conclusion about the loss and convert to percentage. Compare with stress limit = 0.6f
ck
.
Sketch the diagram of loss of prestress from friction and anchorage draw-in. The value in the
diagram can be calculated as ;
P(x) / P
max
= e
-( + kx)
,
For small value of ( + kx), equation can be written as
P(x) / P
max
= 1 - kx
A
ad
=
ad
E
p
A
p
, where E
p
= 200 x 10
3
where
ad
= 6mm to 12mm
* Make a conclusion about the shaded region. Construct force-distance diaghram and compare with
formulae A
ad
.
Time-dependent Loss
Time-dependent loss of prestress in a concrete box girder
*Shrinkage from clause 3.1.4
Remaining autogeneous shrinkage = (1-
as
) x
ca
( where ,
( )
Remaining drying shrinkage = (1-
ds
) x (k
h
.
cd,0
) ,where
where
t
s
= 3
Total Shrinkage,
cs
= Remaining autogeneous shrinkage + Remaining drying shrinkage
*Creep Coefficient from clause 3.1.4 or Annex B
- can be referred to creep coefficient calculation above.
*Relaxation from clause 3.3.2
i) Concrete stress at the tendon centroid,
+ ,where
ii) Concrete stress at the extreme fibre,
+ ,where
where A = 0.945 and B = 0.956
*Compare with clause 5.10.2.2(5) and similar to clause 7.2.If
c
, Q
P
and
bot
0.6f
ck
and 0.45f
ck
,
the creep factor would have need adjustment according to clause 3.1.4, basic the calculation on the
stress at the extreme fibre.
For Midspan,
, where
E
p
= 200GPa , (t,t
s
) = 1.5 and A
p
= no. of tendon x area
*convert to percentage,
p,c + s + r
/ n . P
max
, where n = no. of tendon. Finally, find total loss from
elastic loss, friction and draw-in and creep, shrinkage and relaxation.
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
Effect of Prestressing at Ultimate, Serviceability and Fatigue Limit State
Simply supported pre-tensioned beam with straight, fully bonded tendon
and
refer to table.
(i) Stresses at transfer at beam end (critical location)
Elastic loss of prestress force,
, where
,
where steel relaxation is assuming 1% to take place before transfer , and P
0
=
n . %stress . CTS where n = no of strands
or, more accurately,
)
(take the lowest)
P
mo
= 0.99( P
0
) - P
el
*Bottom fibre stress =
compressive limit of
where
f
ck
(t) = f
cm
(t) 8 [Clause 5.10.2.2(5)]
*Top fibre stress =
(ii) Final serviceability stresses at midspan
*short term losses
calculate on short-term losses
*Long term losses
i) The total steel Relaxation :
ii) Concrete shrinkage remaining after transfer is found to be 300 x 10
-6
[ clause 3.1.4]
iii) Stresses due to beam self-weight alone are :
*Bottom fibre stress = - M / w
p,1
*Top fibre stress = M / w
p,2
(iii) Sketch stress diagram combine of Stresses at transfer at beam end (critical location) +
Final serviceability stresses at midspan
(iv) Compare the maximum concrete stress with 0.45 f
ck
(t). If the maximum stress > 0.45
f
ck
(t), redesign by reduce the creep factor or replaced f
cm
(t) with f
ck
(t).
Ultimate Limit State Singly Reinforced Concrete Deck Slab
Reinforced concrete deck slab
(
,where K
av
= M/bd
2
f
av
*To ensure reinforcement is yielding, check limit with this formulae;
*Check again the x/d using this equation ;
withz = d x
*Decide to use the size of bar. The A
s
of bar need to be larger than the calculated.
*The average stress, f
av
and centroid ratio, :
i) Parabolic rectangular
f
av
= f
cd
( 1 -
)
= 1 -
ii) Bilinear
f
av
= f
cd
( 1 0.5
)
= 1 -
iii) Simplified rectangular
f
av
= f
cd
= / 2
* Calculate back K
av
and x/d ,
K
av
=
( 1
) =
)
2
(
*Reinforcement will yield by inspection with x = (
with z = d x
* Check on the moment resistance with the new steel area, A
s
M = A
s
f
yd
d( 1 -
)
= 1 -
ii) Bilinear
f
av
= f
cd
( 1 0.5
)
= 1 -
iii) Simplified rectangular
f
av
= f
cd
= / 2
where =
*Check against limit to ensure reinforcement is yielding ;
x D , z = D x ,
M
Rd
=
x A
s
x z for m width
*To find required increase in As
to resist M
M
rq
= 1.4 x M
Kav =
Less limit for reinforcement yield,
X =
, A
s(add)
=
*Provide at mm centres
Doubly Reinforced Concrete - Clause 6.1, EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures,
Part 2: Concrete Bridges
)
If the value less than x/d,
)
For compression reinforcement to yield :
Taking moments about top fibre to find moment of resistance :
Flanged Beams
Flanged reinforced concrete beam
) ;
{ *
(
Reinforcement strain = }0.0035
Pretressed Concrete Beam (Additional Sub-section)
Prestressed Concrete M beam. - Clause 6.1(2) P, EN 1992-2 Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete
Structures, Part 2: Concrete Bridges
f
pd
=
*consider horizontal top branch and a neutral axis depth, obtained by trial and error.
Prestrain =
s1,2,3.
=
s
+ Prestrain
Fs = no. of strands As f
pd
Fc = refer to formulae flanged beam
uk
=
M = F
c1
( x a
1
) + F
c2
( x a
2
) + Fc
3
( x a
3
) + [As x 2f
pd
] x (3 x [high of bar])
+ [15A
s
x fpd] x [high of bar], [high of bar]=refer to figure below
Reinforced Concrete Column (Additional Sub-section)
Reinforced concrete pier
cu2
(
,
cu2
= 0.0035
Mpa (compression)
)
Brittle Failure of Members with Prestress (Additional Sub-section)
Post-tensioned concrete box girder
(
)
(
(MNm)
Members Not Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement
Reinforced concrete deck slab.
d = h cover link bar /2
kN/m
Reinforced concrete column
(kN)
Prestressed Sections Uncracked In Flexure Shear Tension
Post-tensioned concrete box girder, un-cracked in flexure
where
tendons A
s
f
pk
0.70 0.75 10
-3
) (
Members Requiring Design Shear Reinforcement
Voided reinforced concrete deck slab
If V
Ed
>V
Rd,c
therefore design shear resistance is required.
(a) Try vertical links =90 =45
(b) Consider =45 =45
(c) =90 =21.8
))
Shear At Points of Contraflexure Section Cracked in Flexure
Post-tensioned concrete box girder without tendon drape
(a) Consider =90 =45
(b) By using =90 =41.5
If
Take the lowest V
Rd
APPENDIX
Summary of Tables and Graphs
Table 1 Sectional areas per meter width for various bar spacing (mm)
Bar size Spacing of bars
(mm) 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 300
6 566 377 283 226 189 162 142 113 94
8 1010 671 503 402 335 287 252 201 168
10 1570 1050 785 628 523 449 393 314 262
12 2260 1510 1130 905 754 646 566 452 377
16 4020 2680 2010 1610 1340 1150 1010 804 670
20 6280 4190 3140 2510 2090 1800 1570 1260 1050
25 9820 6550 4910 3930 3270 2810 2450 1960 1640
32 16100 10700 8040 6430 5360 4600 4020 3220 2680
40 25100 16800 12600 10100 8380 7180 6280 5030 4190
Table 2 A
sv
/ s
v
for varying stirrup diameter and
spacing
Stirrup
diameter
(mm)
Stirrup spacing (mm)
85 90 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 1.183 1.118 1.006 0.805 0.671 0.575 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335
10 1.847 1.744 1.57 1.256 1.047 0.897 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.523
12 2.659 2.511 2.26 1.808 1.507 1.291 1.13 1.004 0.904 0.822 0.753
16 4.729 4.467 4.02 3.216 2.68 2.297 2.01 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.34
Table 3 Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm)
Bar
size
Number of bars
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6 28.3 56.6 84.9 113.2 141.5 169.8 198.1 226.4 254.7 283
8 50.3 100.6 150.9 201.2 251.5 301.8 352.1 402.4 452.7 503
10 78.5 157 235.5 314 392.5 471 549.5 628 706.5 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 678 791 904 1017 1130
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1809 2010
20 314 628 942 1256 1570 1884 2198 2512 2826 3140
25 491 982 1473 1964 2455 2946 3437 3928 4419 4910
32 804 1608 2412 3216 4020 4824 5628 6432 7236 8040
40 1260 2520 3780 5040 6300 7560 8820 10080 11340 12600