Final Chapter 4 (For Printing)

CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter provides the gathered data which has been written in statistical tables, a
narrative analysis and interpretation based on the relevant literature of the study.
There are 36 tables presented and arranged according to the objectives of the study.
Descriptive analysis has given after each table, and has formulated by the researchers in order to
fulfil the demands of the research objectives.
Frequency and percentage distribution tables are used by the researchers to maximize the
presentation of sample and awareness, then describe the results in a clear manner. The mean score
and over all weighted mean of knowledge, attitude, practice and preparedness are also explained
through table presentation. Moreover, the significant differences among variables are presented
and analyzed through the use of inferential statistics, Independent Samples t-test under the
supervision of a certified statistician to find accurate results from the collected data.

Presentation, Interpretations and Analysis of Data |

I. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
The following section provides an overview of the socio-demographic profile of residents
and barangay officials of Marikina City.

Table 1.1a
Respondents Age (Residents)

Age Frequency Percentage
16 - 24 years old 52 13.0
25 - 33 years old 63 15.8
34 - 42 years old 87 21.8
43 - 51 years old 87 21.8
52 - 60 years old 46 11.5
61 years old and above 29 7.3
Non-response 36 9.0
Total 400 100.0

Table 1.1a presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents age
(residents). Out of 400 respondents, 87 or 21.8% are between 34-42 years old, same goes to 43-51
years old, while 63 or 15.8% are between 25-33 years old, 52 or 13% are between 16-24 years
old, and 46 or 11.5% are between 52-60 years old. Moreover, 29 of the respondents, embraces
7.3% are in the age bracket of 61 years old and above, and 36 or 9% did not answer this part.
It shows that the greatest number of the respondents (residents) are belonged to the age
bracket of 34-43 years old and 43-51 years old, and the least consists only 7.3% from the age
bracket of 61 years and above. Therefore, the age bracket of 34-43 and 43-51 years old are the
most accessible and available in time of data gathering.
In 2012, it was recorded that the population of Marikina was 513,370 along with its
estimated population based on 1.14% growth rate. According to National Statistics Office, the
household population of Marikina City which has 424,150 as of 2010 is comprised of 67.85%
working age population or age group 15 to 64 years old, 4.28% old age population or age group

65 and over, and the rest portion is the young dependents which has 27.74% or age group 0 to 14.
The household population refers to all persons who are members of the household.

Table 1.1b
Respondents Age (Barangay Officials)

Age Frequency Percentage
23 - 29 years old 8 8.3
30 - 36 years old 11 11.5
37 - 43 years old 20 20.8
44 - 50 years old 16 16.7
51 years old and above 31 32.3
Non-response 10 10.4
Total 96 100.0

Table 1.1b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents age
(barangay officials). Thirty one of the total respondents or 32.3% are in the age bracket of 51
years old and above, 20 or 20.8% is between the age of 37-43 years old, 16 or 16.7% are between
the age of 44-50 years old, 11 or 11.5% are between the age of 30-36 years old, the least is 8 or
8.3% are from the age bracket of 23-29 years old, and 10 of the respondents or 10.4% did not
answer this part.
The greatest number of the respondents (barangay officials) are belonged in the older
ages from 51 years old and above. According to Department of Interior and Local Government
(DILG), there are over 700 barangay officials nationwide, including 89 village chiefs, are already
senior citizens aged 71 years and older. In 2010, there are about a total of 4,410 of 42,028
barangay chairpersons served their third or even fourth terms.
Furthermore, the DILG National Barangay Operations Office Leocadio Trovela stated
that some of barangay officials are senior citizens. The records showed that there are 654
barangay captains with ages ranging from 60 years old to 70 while 89 village chiefs are 71 or
older, and 5,458 barangay chairmen on their third term while 7,263 barangay captains are on their

first term. These records was checked by DILG last October 2013 barangay elections (Felipe,
2013).
These data only indicates that the age of 51 years old and above or senior citizens age
are common in barangay officials because some of them stayed longer on their positions. While
those barangay officials who are in the age of 23-29 years old are the newly elected officials, and
some of them came from Sanguniang Kabataan.

Table 1.2a
Respondents Sex (Residents)

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 101 25.3
Female 273 68.3
Non-response 26 6.5
Total 400 100.0

Table 1.2a shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents sex
(residents). Out of 400 respondents, 273 or 68.3% are females while 101 of the respondents or
25.3% are males, and 26 or 6.5% of the respondents did not answer this part.
A big majority of the respondents (residents) are female. In support with this, in the total
household population of Marikina City which is 424,150 in 2010, 51.24 percent were females and
48.76 percent were males. Resulted to a sex ratio of 95 males for 100 females, which is slightly
lower than that recorded in past 10 years (NSO, 2012). On the other hand, in 2012 it was recorded
that male has a dominant population in Marikina City with a total of 258,995 while female has
254,370 as the estimated population based on a 1.14% growth rate.


Table 1.2b
Respondents Sex (Barangay Officials)

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 64 66.7
Female 30 31.3
Non-response 2 2.1
Total 96 100.0

Table 1.2b presents the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents sex
(barangay officials). Sixty four of the respondents or 66.7% are males while 30 or 31.3% are
females, and 2 or 2.1% of the respondents did not answer this part.
The results only illustrate that a big majority of the respondents (barangay officials) are
males. Filipinos still believed in the tradition where males are the ones who lead the community.
As seen in the national government at present, there are 19 male senators and 200 male
representatives while there are 4 female senators and 36 female representatives (Munez, n.d.).
In local government unit, males are still dominant. According to DILG, as cited by
Munez in her report about Can Reforms Withstand Guns-and-Gold Politics? as of December
2003, a total of 36,567 men serving as barangay captains while a total of 5,350 in women. This is
a ratio of 1:7, which is close to the ratio of the other higher officials at the local government level.
It is obvious that males are dominant in serving the national to local government unit.


Table 1.3a
Respondents Years of Residency in Marikina City (Residents)

Years of Residency Frequency Percentage
1 - 3 years 30 7.5
4 - 6 years 16 4.0
7 - 9 years 28 7.0
10 years and above 282 70.5
Total 400 100.0

Table 1.3a shows the frequency and percentage distribution of respondents years of
residency in Marikina City (residents). Two hundred eighty two of the respondents or 70.5% are
10 years and above residents of Marikina, 30 or 7.5% are 1-3 years, 28 or 7.0% are 7-9 years, 16
or 4.0% are 4-6 years, and 44 or 11.0% of the respondents did not answer this part.
It indicates that a big majority of the respondents (residents) are residing in Marikina for
almost 10 years. It is supported by the data of National Statistics Office, 2010 Census of
Population and Housing in Marikina where there are 56,012 household residents who have their
own/being amortized/owner-like houses in Marikina, 22,420 household residents rented their
houses and 10,116 household residents rented their houses for free with the consent of owner.
These data indicates that the residents are lived in Marikina City for longer years because they
cannot leave their properties, jobs and good location in accessibility in other cities and nearby
provinces.


Table 1.3b
Respondents Years of Residency in Marikina (Barangay Officials)

Years of Residency Frequency Percentage
1 - 3 years 2 2.1
4 - 6 years 4 4.2
10 years and above 84 87.5
Non-response 6 6.3
Total 96 100.0

Table 1.3b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents years of
residency in Marikina City (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 84 or 87.5% are 10 years
and above residents of Marikina while 4 or 4.2% are 4-6 years, and 2 or 2.1% are 1-3 years.
There are 6 or 6.3% of the respondents who did not answer to this part.
Most of the respondents (barangay officials) are 10 years and above residents of
Marikina. The results denotes that the elected and trusted candidates are those people who are
familiar to the voters and have a long years of residency in their area. According to Edna Co,
dean of the University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and
Governance, there are several criteria in screening the candidates for barangay officials which are
the 3Ps: profile, platform and performance. Likewise, on the checklist given by Paola Deles,
deputy director of the International Center for Innovation, Transformation and Excellence in
Governance (INCITEGov), the criteria is divided into the following: integrity and track record,
legislative agenda, and capacity to win power for reform (Macaraig, 2012). It is important for
the voters to check the profile and track records of barangay official candidates.
However, based on the Commission on Elections Resolution No. 9740 Section 2 of July
2013, a candidate qualifies if he/she is a resident therein for at least one (1) year immediately
preceding the day of the election. This data supports the least number of respondents who are 1-3

years resident of Marikina. Those who have a short years of residency in their area can still be a
candidate or elected officials of barangay.

Table 1.4a
Respondents Civil Status (Residents)

Civil Status Frequency Percentage
Single 115 28.8
Married 206 51.5
Widowed 35 8.8
Total 400 100.0

Table 1.4a encompasses the figure of total respondents (residents) in terms of civil status.
It is divided into 3 categories Single, Married and Widowed. Out of 400 respondents, 115
or 28.8% are single and 35 or 8.8% are widowed. While 206 of the respondents or 51.5% are
married, and 44 of the respondents or 11% did not answer this part.
The results denote that majority of the respondents (residents) are married. This supports
to the data presented in table 1.1a wherein according to National Statistics Office, the household
population of Marikina City which has 424,150 in 2010 comprised 67.85% working age
population or age group 15 to 64 years old where individuals are single and married. Also, 4.28%
of age population are in age group of 65 and above years old where it may represents the number
of widowed wives and husbands.

`


Table 1.4b
Respondents Civil Status (Barangay Officials)

Civil Status Frequency Percentage
Single 40 41.7
Married 45 46.9
Widowed 4 4.2
Non-response 7 7.3
Total 96 100.0

Table 1.4b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents civil
status (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 40 or 41.7% are single, 45 or 46.9% are
married, 4 or 4.2% are widowed, and 7 or 7.3% are those who did not answer this part.
The greatest number of the respondents (barangay officials) are married and single. It
also indicates to the number of working age population (15-64 years old) which is 67.85% of the
total household population of 424,150 in Marikina City recorded in 2010 (NSO, 2012).

Table 1.5a
Respondents (Residents) Employment Status

Employment Status Frequency Percentage
Employed 95 23.8
Self Employed 147 36.8
Underemployed 63 15.8
Unemployed 2 0.5
Total 400 100.0

Table 1.5a presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents
employment status (residents). Out of 400 respondents, 95 or 23.8% are employed, 147 or 36.8%
are self-employed, 63 or 15.8% are underemployed, 2 or 0.5% are unemployed, and 93 or 23.3%
did not answer this part.

The results indicate that the greatest number of the respondents (residents) are self-
employed. It is supported by the number of business which is 14,593 in the city (excluding
around 10,000 microenterprises without business permits), according to International Labor
Office 2012.
In 1960, the municipality played host to the first special industrial zone in the Philippines.
The city was particularly famous for its hand-made shoes, the manufacturer of shoes which was
the main source of local employment. Together with the service industries that served the
workforce in the factories, the municipality boasted a full employment. Today, Marikina is still
home for more than 14,000 commercial and industrial establishments, including some big
manufacturers such as Fortune Tobacco and Purefoods (ILB, 2012).
Based on the July 2012 NSO Quickstat on NCR, the employment rate in the region is
90.1% with a labor force participation rate of 63.2%. It shows that there was a slightly increase in
the employment rate in the region from 2010 to 2012, however, 16 out of 100 employed were
underemployed. These data shows that the rate of unemployment in the city is low which is
supported the result of 0.5% of 400 respondents are unemployed.

Table 1.5b
Respondents (Barangay Officials) Employment Status

Employment Status Frequency Percentage
Employed 63 65.6
Underemployed 25 26.0
Non-response 8 8.3
Total 96 100.0

Table 1.5b shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents
employment status (barangay officials). Out of 96 respondents, 63 or 65.6% are employed while
25 or 26% are underemployed.

The result implies that a big majority of the respondents (barangay officials) are
employed. The elected candidates are employed as barangay officials after election. According to
Civil Service Commission, before the election of barangay officials, the candidates must not
employed in any in the government during his/her term of office in the barangay (for elected
barangay officials), or service requirement (for appointed barangay officials), and that he/she did
not receive any form of salary/compensation, except honorarium for holding a position in an ex-
officio capacity, during his/her term of office or service requirement.
However, underemployment in barangay officials occur when individuals classified their
position that is insufficient in some important way for the worker or relative to a standard.

II. AWARENESS TO TYPHOON, FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE

Table 2.1
Respondents Awareness to Marikina City as Disaster Prone Area
(Residents and Barangay Officials)

Are you aware that
Marikina is a disaster
prone area?
Resident Barangay Official
f % f %
Yes 345 86.3 95 99.0
No 52 13.0 1 1.0
Non-response 3 0.8 - -
Total 400 100.0 96 100.0

Table 2.1 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents
awareness to Marikina City as disaster prone area (both residents and barangay officials). For the
residents, out of 400 respondents (residents), 345 or 86 percent are aware that Marikina is a
disaster prone area, 52 or 13 percent are not aware, and 3 or 0.8% did not answer the question.
While for barangay officials, 95 or 99% of the respondents are aware, and 1 or 1% are not aware.

The result denotes that most of the residents are aware that Marikina City is a disaster
prone area with 345 or 86 percent, while almost all of the barangay officials are aware to the
statement with 95 or 99 percent.
Looking to the results above, they became aware that Marikina City is a disaster prone
area, specifically by flooding, landslides and earthquakes through considering the natural hazards
present in their area, experiences to disaster, and disaster education through communication
channels and IEC Materials provided by the city government. Also, the city government and
barangay officials intensifies their efforts in giving awareness to its constituents.
According to Carla R. McMillan (1998), individual citizens accept responsibility for
becoming aware of the natural hazards that affect them and their communities, and for reducing
their degree of vulnerability. Communities are become more aware of natural hazards and
demand that measures be taken to reduce their negative effects (USAID-OAS Caribbean Disaster
Mitigation Project, 1999).
Also, the community improves their awareness through their experiences and education
(Agusomu and Paki, 2011). It was seen in the scenario of flooding in Marikina City on 2009
Typhoon Ondoy where 78 people were recorded dead (Aragones, 2009) and 15,631 people are
most heavily affected by flood waters ranging from knee/neck to roof top deep in the whole
Marikina City (NDCC, 2009).
In Marikina City itself, they used IEC materials to educate the leaders and its barangay
residents. According to MCDRRMO, they conduct trainings and lectures to government
employees, barangays, and communities. Provides information, education campaign (IEC)
materials regarding disasters and hazards. Also, facilitate earthquake and flood drills in all critical
facilities including private sectors.

Aside from that, other management groups are also helped Marikina City in raising
awareness about typhoon for local authorities and communities. The Greater Metro Manila Areas
Institutional Capacities for Effective Disaster/ Climate Risk Management towards sustainable
development (GMMA-READY) and Risk Analysis Project RAP in partnership with the City of
Marikina conducted a seminar to present the results of the multi-hazards mapping and risk
analysis last January 2014. The seminar was intended to further strengthen the awareness of
Marikina City, and to further enhance the existing DRRM Plan of Marikina. The seminar was
attended by officials from Marikina City DRRMO, the 16 barangays, schools, representatives
from homeowners association, and rescue volunteers (PHIVOLCS, 2014).
Moreover, they provided an IEC campaign that featured lectures, hazards presentations
on various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards, and workshops (NAMRIA, 2014).
Those respondents who answered that they are not aware are assumed that they are not reached
by the information given by IEC materials and other communication channels.


Table 2.2
Respondents Awareness to Typhoon

Statements for Typhoon
Awareness
Yes No NR Yes No NR
f % f % f % f % f % f %
1. Are you aware that typhoon is a
combination of heavy rain and
wind?
376 94.0 21 5.3 3 0.8 93 96.9 2 2.1 1 1.0
2. Are you aware that typhoon hits
the country during months of June
to November?
359 89.8 39 9.8 2 0.5 93 96.9 2 2.1 1 1.0
3. Are you aware that typhoons
can lead to severe destruction?
382 95.5 18 4.5 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0
4. Are you aware that typhoon
may bring in torrential rains which
can cause floods?
369 92.3 28 7.0 3 0.8 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0
5. Are you aware that typhoon can
be forecast on their estimated day
and time of entry into a given area
or locality by warning agencies
through media and other channels
of communication?
391 97.8 9 2.3 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0

Table 2.2 presents the frequency and percentage of the respondents awareness on
typhoon (both residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are
information about typhoon, its intensity and effects.
The first statement shows that 376 or 94 percent of the respondents (residents) are aware
that typhoon is a combination of heavy rains and winds, 21 or 5.3% are not, and 3 or 0.8 percent
did not answer the question. While, 93 or 96.9 percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are
aware, 2 or 2.1 percent are not, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer the question.
The results denote that almost all of the residents (376 or 94%) and barangay officials (93
or 96.9%) are aware that typhoon is a combination of heavy rain. Looking on the typhoon
experience of Marikenos, Ondoy is a combination of heavy rain and strong wind which have left
thousands of families affected (Olan, 2014). The residents and barangay officials became aware

because of their experiences to typhoon. Moreover, these information can also be seen and be
known through the weather forecasts given by the news programs of television, radio, newspaper
and online media.
The second statement shows that 359 or 89.8 percent of the respondents (residents) are
aware that typhoon hits the Philippines during months of June to November, 39 or 9.8 percent are
not aware, and 2 or 0.5 percent did not answer the question. While, 93 or 96.9 percent of the
respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 2 or 2.1 percent are not, and 1 or 1 percent did not
answer the question.
The results denote that almost all of the residents (359 or 89.8%) and barangay officials
(93 or 96.9%) are aware that typhoon hits the Philippines during months of June to November.
According to US Embassy Philippines (2014), typhoons are common during months of June to
November. It is noticeable that the rainy season starts in June, peaks in July to September, and
peters out in October. But the patterns have been screwy late, with the rains arriving later and
lingering into December (Lonely Planet, n.d.).
The third statement shows that 382 or 95.5 percent of the respondents (residents) are
aware that typhoon can lead to severe destruction, and 18 or 4.5 percent are not aware. While, 95
or 99 percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer
the question.
Likewise, in the fourth statements shows that 369 or 92.3 percent of the respondents
(residents) are aware that that typhoon may bring torrential rains that can cause damaging floods,
28 or 7 percent are not aware, and 3 or 0.8 percent did not answer the question. While, 95 or 99
percent of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1 percent did not answer the
question.
The results entail that almost all of the residents (382 or 95.5%) and barangay officials
(95 or 99%) are aware that typhoon can lead to severe destruction. Also, almost all of the
residents (369 or 92.3%) and barangay officials (95 or 99%) are aware that typhoon may bring

torrential rains that can cause damaging floods. According to Roberts (2009), torrential rains and
strong winds that caused by typhoons can lead to severe destruction and flooding. The residents
and barangay officials have experience the Typhoon Ondoy, Habagat 2012 and 2013, and
Typhoon Mario which caused the city flooded specifically to those low-lying areas (MCDRRMO,
n.d.).
Lastly, the last statement shows that 391 out of 400 respondents or 97.8 percent
(residents) are aware that typhoon can be forecast on their estimated day and time of entry into a
given area or locality by warning agencies through media and other channels of communication,
and 9 or 2.3 percent are not aware of it. While, 94 out of 96 respondents or 97.9 percent
(barangay officials) said they are also aware on the statement, 1 or 1 percent is not, and 1 or 1
percent did not answer the question.
The results entail that almost all of the residents (391 or 97.8 %) and barangay officials
(94 or 97.9%) are aware that typhoon can be forecast on their estimated day and time of entry into
a given area or locality by warning agencies through media and other channels of communication.
Almost all of the information about typhoon are able to be known through the use of media and
other communication channels. In the recent Typhoon Yolanda, social media was used to
disseminate information about the strong typhoon, garnered 6.1 million number of mentions,
102,726 blog posts, 293,648 online news articles, 52,907 forum postings and 5,723,430 tweets
(Levine, 2013).
In raising awareness about typhoon, the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office of
Marikina (MCDRRMO) conducts set of trainings and lectures to government employees,
barangays, and communities. The office also provides information, education campaign (IEC)
materials regarding typhoon. In general, awareness to typhoon can have through the aid of
television, newspapers, radio and social media as seen in the scenario of Typhoon Yolanda where
these communication channels have played a major role in creating awareness about the typhoon
(De Guzman, 2013).

Overall, both residents and barangay officials are aware to typhoon. The result implies
that the awareness of the residents and barangay officials is due to their exposure to different
news and information about the typhoon. Also, it includes the different IEC materials given such
as posters, leaflets, seminars and training given and conducted by the local authorities. Also, the
information given by weather forecaster in several communication mediums such as television,
radio, newspapers and social media.
The data supported by the article of Manila Doctors Hospital which states that being alert
at all times during such calamities is crucial especially when one lives in low-lying areas or near
water in the form of rivers even small streams or creeks (MDH, 2013).
Furthermore, according to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (IFRC) book guide, the four key approaches to public awareness or public education for
disaster risk reduction, these are the campaigns, participatory learning, informal education and
formal school-based interventions.


Table 2.3
Respondents Awareness to Flood

Statements for Flood
Awareness
Yes No NR Yes No NR
f % f % f % f % f % f %
1. Are you aware that floods are
caused by heavy rainfall or even
rains that are not heavy but
continuous?
371 92.8 29 7.3 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0
2. Are you aware that Marikina
city is in low lying area that
makes it to be one of the flood-
prone areas in Metro Manila?
349 87.3 51 12.8 - - 89 92.7 6 6.3 1 1.0
3. Are you aware that during
floods (especially flash floods),
roads, bridges, farms, houses and
cars can be destroyed and people
become homeless?
377 94.3 21 5.3 2 0.5 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0
4. Are you aware that floods can
contaminate water, create
different diseases and will result
to casualties?
377 94.3 23 5.8 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0
5. Are you aware that floods is a
serious concern that people may
struggle and suffer most in
result?
365 91.3 34 8.5 1 0.3 91 94.8 2 2.1 3 3.1

Table 2.3 encompasses the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents
(both residents and barangay officials) awareness on flood. The statements shown above are the
information about the flood.
The first statement has shown 371 out of 400 respondents or 92.8% (residents) said they
are aware that floods are caused by heavy rainfall or even rains that are not heavy but continuous,
and 95 out of 96 respondents or 99% (barangay officials) are aware also.
However, the second statement has shown 349 out of 400 respondents or 87.3%
(residents) and 89 out of 96 respondents or 92.7% (barangay officials) are aware that Marikina
City is in the low lying area that makes it to be one of the flood-prone areas in Metro Manila. The

results implies that there are still individuals who are not aware that the city is in the low lying
area making it to be the catch basin of the waters from other nearby municipalities.
Moreover, the third and fourth statements have shown 377 out of 400 respondents or
94.3% (residents) are aware that during floods (especially flash floods), roads, bridges, farms,
houses and cars can be destroyed and people become homeless and it can contaminate water,
create different diseases and will result to casualties. While there are 92 out of 96 respondents or
95.8% from barangay officials said that they are aware on the third statement. Also, 94 out of 96
respondents or 97.8% (barangay officials) are aware that floods can contaminate water.
The last statement has shown that most of the respondents of both residents and barangay
officials are aware that flood is a serious concern that people may struggle and suffer most in
result. There are 365 out of 400 respondents from residents or 91.3% are aware to the statement
and 91 out of 96 respondents from barangay officials or 94.8% are also aware.
The result indicates that both respondents are aware on the cause and effect of flood to
the lives and properties of individuals and communities. It is also supported by the article of
Manila Doctors Hospital that Being alert at all times during such calamities is crucial especially
when one lives in low-lying areas or near water in the form of rivers even small streams or
creeks. Awareness of ones surroundings is the first step to saving ones life especially when
dangerous flash floods happen (MDH, 2013).
The information about the typhoon is disseminated through the use of IEC campaigns
such as posters, seminars and trainings conducted by MCDRRMO and other partner agencies. In
the seminar conducted on January 2014 under the AusAID-funded projects Enhancing Greater
Metro Manila Areas Institutional Capacities for Effective Disaster/ Climate Risk Management
towards sustainable development (GMMA-READY) and Risk Analysis Project (RAP) in
partnership with the City of Marikina, they discussed the results of multi-hazards mapping and
risk analysis. It was attended by officials from Marikina City DRRMO, the 16 barangays,

schools, and representatives from homeowners. The seminar strengthen the awareness of
Marikina City about the hazards and risks of disasters (PHIVOLCS, 2014).

Table 2.4
Respondents Awareness on Earthquake

Statements for Earthquake
Awareness
Yes No NR Yes No NR
f % f % f % f % f % f %
1. Are you aware that earthquake
is the sudden or rapid shaking of
the earth ground surface?
377 94.3 23 5.8 - - 94 97.9 1 1.0 1 1.0
2. Are you aware that Marikina
city lies beside the fault line that
earthquakes may occur at any time
of the day or night?
367 91.8 32 8.0 1 0.3 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0
3. Are you aware that ground
shaking from earthquakes can
collapse buildings and bridges?
379 94.8 21 5.3 - - 95 99.0 - - 1 1.0
4. Are you aware that ground
movement during an earthquake
can cause direct death or injury?
379 94.8 20 5.0 1 0.3 92 95.8 3 3.1 1 1.0
5. Are you aware that after-shocks
may occur after an earthquake?
382 95.5 17 4.3 1 0.3 94 97.9 - - 2 2.1

Table 2.4 presents the frequency and percentage of the respondents awareness on
earthquake (both residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are relevant
information about the nature of earthquake itself, its hazards and effects.
The first statement shows that 377 or 94.3% of the respondents (residents) are aware that
an earthquake is the sudden or rapid shaking of the earth ground surface and 23 or 5.8% are not,
while 94 or 97.9% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 1 or 1.0% are not, and 1 or
1.0% did not answer the question.
The results foretells that almost all of the residents (377 or 94.3%) and barangay officials
(94 or 97.9%) are aware that an earthquake is the sudden or rapid shaking of the earth ground

surface. The geographical location of the city is undeniably prone to earthquakes. From this field
of view it is important that residents and barangay officials of Marikina to be aware about
earthquakes since it can happen any time of the year without any warning or forecast and may
cause massive damage in just a short period of time (Gupta, 2013).
The next statement shows that 367 or 91.8% of the respondents (residents) are aware that
Marikina city lies on a fault line that Earthquakes may occur at any time of the day or night, 32 or
8% are not aware and 1 or 0.3% did not answer the question. At the same time 92 or 95.8% of the
respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 3 or 3.1% are not aware and 1or 1.0% did not answer
the question.
The results regards that almost all of the residents (367 or 91.8%) and barangay officials
(92 or 95.8%) are aware that Marikina city lies on a fault line that Earthquakes may occur at any
time of the day or night. according to (Rob Sake, 2013) a magnitude 7.3 earthquake may soon
devastate cities around the west valley fault line (Marikina Fault line) as it moves every 400
years, the last time the fault moves was way back the year 1658. In other words, there is that
possibility that within 2000-2058, the west valley fault line will unleash havoc and devastates
cities around the area including Marikina. In the study, 367 or 91.8 of the 400 total respondents
(residents) and 92 or 95.8% of the respondents (barangay officials) have said that they are aware
that Marikina city lies in a fault line and that earthquakes can occur at any given time.
The third statement shows that 379 or 94.8% of the respondents (residents) are aware that
ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse buildings and bridges and 21 or 5.3% are not,
while 95 or 99.0% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 1 or 1.0% did not
answer the question.
The results tells foreshadowed almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay
officials (95 or 99.0%) are aware that ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse buildings
and bridges. An earthquake can cause millions of dollars in terms of economic damages and can

roll from there off. It is primarily because that earthquakes last longer because of aftershocks and
other attributed natural disaster such as tsunamis produced by earthquakes or landslides and other
crustal displacements that in terms may cause additional further damage. Just like what happen to
Japan in 2011 where the highest economic lost was recorded (Earthsky, 2012). Marikina
community are well aware about the issue since losing properties and money is a big deal
especially in third world countries. This is also the reason why cities build structures that may
able to stand certain magnitude of earthquake by smart designing and shock absorbers provided
(Celebi, 2012). Though being aware about the destruction an earthquake can cause will not
guarantee a complete zero property loss but rather will provide additional advantages to those
who are aware since it will help them anticipate steps to consider from taking insurances and
other disaster funds that will be provided by the government.
Similarly in the fourth statement which shows that 379 or 94.8% of the respondents
(residents) are aware that ground movement during an earthquake can cause direct death or
injury, 20 or 5.0% are not aware, and 1 or 0.3% did not answer the question while 92 or 95.8% of
the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, 3 or 3.1% are not and 1 or 1.0% did not answer
the question.
The result reveals that almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay officials
(92 or 95.8%) are aware that ground movement during an earthquake can cause direct death or
injury. Earthquake events do record death tolls but it is the collapse structures that do so (USGS,
2014). Similarly, almost all of the residents (379 or 94.8%) and barangay officials (92 or 95.8%)
have said that they are aware that an earthquake can cause direct damage to life as injuries or
even death. Earthquakes may cause deaths that can rise to hundreds as the aftermath pursue
through time. There are deaths like spinal and brain injuries that may not seek medical care since
hospitals will be down. Deaths from aftershocks are also expected. Psychological or mental

damages are also concerns along with others such as lack of supplies to affected areas to the
following days or weeks (Phend, 2011).
Another threat that an earthquake foreshadowed are those aftershocks that can be felt
days, weeks or months after the main tremor. This aftershocks will cause further damage and
deaths, in which at sometimes, this aftershocks tend to be stronger than the main earthquake itself
(Paul, 2006). In the study, almost all of the residents (382 or 95.5%) and barangay officials (94 or
97.9%) said they are aware that an aftershock can occur after an earthquake.
The last statement shows that 382 or 95.5% of the respondents (residents) are aware that
after-shocks may occur after an earthquake, 17 or 4.3% are not aware and 1 or .03% did not
answer the question while 94 or 97.9% of the respondents (barangay officials) are aware, and 2 or
2.1% did not answer the question. Another threat that an earthquake foreshadowed are those
aftershocks that can be felt days, weeks or months after the main tremor. This aftershocks will
cause further damage and deaths, in which at sometimes, this aftershocks tend to be stronger than
the main earthquake itself (Paul, 2006).
Overall both residents and barangay officials are aware about earthquake, its hazards and
effects. The result proves that the efforts of the local government to make the public aware is
useful. Different plans and programs are evidently working fine and seminars, flyers and other
media exposures are worth the expenses.
Furthermore the fear of the community to suffer from devastation is another factor that
encourage them to make aware of the issue and traditions and activities are set correlational to
awareness (Spence, 2003).


III. KNOWLEDGE ON TYPHOON, FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE PREPARATIONS

Table 3.1a
Respondents Knowledge on Typhoon Preparations
(Residents)
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Planning the necessary components of an emergency
kit.
4.31 Knowledgeable
2. Proper food stock and water pilling that lasts for several
days or weeks.
4.33 Knowledgeable
3. Evacuation away from rivers, to higher grounds or to
safety local centers before typhoon.
4.38 Knowledgeable
4. Anticipating and understanding the use of early warning
systems, its codes and their meanings.
4.02 Knowledgeable
5. Emergency contact numbers to reach. 3.97 Knowledgeable
Overall: 4.20 Knowledgeable

Table 3.1a presents the measures of the respondents knowledge on typhoon preparations
(residents). The statements shown in the table are the basic preparation guidelines of residents for
typhoon.
The first statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE in
planning the necessary components of an emergency kit, with the total weighted mean of 4.31.
The result implies that the verbal description of knowledgeable is due to the importance
of securing the family in times of disasters. It is supported by Manila Typhoon Center that in
typhoon preparation, every family should prepare the necessary things of an emergency kit such
as flashlight, whistle, first aid kit and radio. It is one of the most important steps to prepare and
protect the household for unforeseen events.
Likewise, the second statement shows that respondents (residents) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE in proper food stocking and water pilling which will lasts for several days
or weeks, with the total weighted mean of 4.33.

The result denotes that the respondents (residents) are knowledgeable is because of the
importance of food and water in survival. According to ABS-CBN News article posted October
2009, one of the most important things to ready during natural disasters like typhoons is food.
Also, the Philippine Red Cross suggested that before the typhoon strikes, each family should
know how to stock food and water properly that will be used if in case of food shortage after
typhoon.
The third statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE in
evacuating away from rivers to higher grounds or to safety local centers before typhoon, with the
total weighted mean of 4.38.
Showing the result, evacuation is needed to consider before typhoon. According to
Manila Typhoon Center, one must know and determine the community evacuation routes and
higher places in case of flooding. The residents who are near from rivers and streams should
know how and when they need to evacuate.
In Marikina City, they provide an official water level monitoring, whereas in first alarm,
everyone should be alert, and in second to fourth alarm, residents should prepare, evacuate and
forcedly evacuate to designated centers (Rappler, 2014). Also, when Typhoon Mario (2014)
struck, the city government provided 23 evacuation centers for 25,500 people affected (Ranada,
2014).
Meanwhile, the fourth statement reveals that respondents (residents) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE in anticipating and understanding the use of early warning system, its
codes and their meanings, with the total weighted mean of 4.02.
The result implies that the verbal description of knowledgeable is due to the respondents
experiences to typhoon. It is supported by the situation of the city when Typhoon Mario affected

25,500 people. According to Sharmaine Navarro, taskforce member, the people (residents) know
what to do, when water reaches 16 meters, large groups evacuate voluntarily (Ranada, 2014).
Moreover, the Department of Science and Technology gave MOSES Tablet that will
significantly improve the dissemination and enhance the public monitoring and early warning
procedure. Also, according to Donna Mitzi Lagdameo, a disaster risk reduction consultant of
Office of Civil Defense, if people focus on early-warning systems rather than rescue and response
operations, it means they realize the importance of mitigation and preparedness (IRIN Asia, n.d.).
Lastly, the fifth statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE
to the emergency contact numbers to reach, with the total weighted mean of 3.97.
The result indicates that the residents are knowledgeable on the list of emergency hotlines
to reach when there is a need for help and assistance. Evidently, emergency contacts are
disseminate through television, radio, newspaper and social media.
Moreover, social media is now played a major role in emergency and disaster situations
in recent years. According to the study Social Media and Disasters: Current Uses, Future
Options, and Policy Considerations of Bruce Lindsay (2011), social media has used by
individuals and communities to warn others of unsafe areas or situations, inform friends and
family that someone is safe, and raise funds for disaster relief.
Furthermore, in the Manila Survival Guide posted by manilarules.com, families should
prepare a list of contact numbers, the list should be the family members, the NDRRMCS, the
MMDA, the Philippine Coast Guard, rescue operations from local government units, and the
Philippine National Red Cross. Everyone in the family should have a copy.
To sum up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.20 displays that the respondents
(residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE to all statements have shown above. It implies that the

residents have knowledge on how to prepare for typhoon. This is due to the experiences they have
in the past typhoons as well as the efforts of the local government.

Table 3.1b
Respondents Knowledge on Typhoon Preparations
(Barangay Officials)
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. The responsibilities of an official in a pre-typhoon
evacuation operation.
4.65 Highly Knowledgeable
2. Center and other communication system operation in
the community.
4.54 Highly Knowledgeable
3. Online based information regarding typhoon
preparation updated by barangay for the residents.
4.36 Knowledgeable
4. The service numbers of PAG-ASA to get updated
information and render special actions to the
community.
4.17 Knowledgeable
5. Protection of barangay records and documents.
4.35 Knowledgeable

Table 3.1b presents the measures of the respondents knowledge on typhoon preparations
(barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are the preparations of a barangay
officials for typhoon.
The first statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are HIGHLY
KNOWLEDGEABLE in the responsibilities of an official in a pre-typhoon evacuation
operation, with the total weighted mean of 4.65.
Moreover, the second statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
HIGHLY KNOWLEDGEABLE in the center and other communication system operation in the
community, with the total weighted mean of 4.54.
The results imply that the verbal description of highly knowledgeable is due to the duties
of an official stated in Republic Act 10121, also known as Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Act of 2010. As stated in Section 12 C, Barangay Risk Reduction Management

Council (BDRRMC) should coordinate to rescue, evacuation destination, pick-up points and
alternate evacuation routes to evacuations centers. Being the leader of the community, barangay
officials must know and implement this function.
Evidently, Barangay Tumana (one of 16 barangays in Marikina) officials attended a 3 day
workshop of Noahs Ark Program to further develop a community communication protocols and
evacuation procedures (Sunstar, 2012). This only shows that officials became highly
knowledgeable to pre-typhoon evacuation operations through in-depth workshops provided by
other organizations.
Similarly, the Republic Act 10121 Section 12 (C5) states that the barangay should
function and operate a multi-hazard early warning system, to provide accurate and timely
assistance to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public,
through the use of diverse mass media, particularly radio, landline communications, and
technologies for communication within the community.
The officials should be familiar to those communication systems present in their place in
order to have information of what is happening around. This preparation was proven when
Typhoon Yolanda strikes in Visayas, according to Communications and Electronics Service of
PNP, the communication systems have been significant as it brings information about the
intensities and damages of the typhoon.
The Center Communication and Command Center of Marikina (4Cs) serves as the
Emergency Operation Center (EOC) under MCDRRMO. It provides the City with a 24 hour
monitoring network so that we could effectively respond to situations as needed. It provides also
a review of CCTV cameras within the city.
Meanwhile, the third statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE to online based information regarding typhoon preparation updated by
barangay for the residents, with the total weighted mean of 4.36.

Also, the fourth statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE to the service numbers of PAG-ASA to get updated information and
render special actions to the community, with the total weighted mean of 4.17.

The results denote that the respondents (barangay officials) have enough knowledge to
online based information regarding typhoon preparation and the service numbers of PAG-ASA in
order to update the residents. The knowledge of barangay officials is due to the new technologies
and duties of an official nowadays.
The latest functional online-based technologies given by DOST to Marikina City are the
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) and MOSES Tablet (Mobile
Operational System for Emergency Services) which are used to know and monitor the track of
typhoon and mitigating the impact of disasters (DOST, 2014). Each barangays received these new
technologies in which they can use to monitor the typhoon, as well as to update the residents
about the intensities and impact of it.
Moreover, based on RA 10121, it is the responsibility of barangay to disseminate
information about the typhoon and perform the following disaster management; consolidate local
disaster risk information which includes natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks,
and maintain a local risk map, and disseminate information and raise public awareness about
those hazards, vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-
measures.
Likewise, in the last statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE in protecting the barangay records and documents, with the total
weighted mean of 4.35.
Looking on the result, it indicates that barangay officials have adequate knowledge on
how to keep and protect the important records and documents of barangay in times of typhoon. It
is due to the responsibility of an official in keeping the records and documents at safe.

Based on RA 10121, the officials should utilize the facilities and resources for the
protection and preservation of life and properties of the barangay during emergencies in
accordance with existing policies and procedures. It includes the protection of barangay records
and documents which is necessary to be done during typhoon and other disasters.
Overall, the respondents (barangay officials) are KNOWLEDGEABLE on typhoon
preparations, with an OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.41. It implies that barangay
officials, as the leader of the community, have knowledge on how to prepare for typhoon. This is
due to the responsibilities of an officials after they have got the position in the community.

Table 3.2a
Respondents Knowledge on Flood Preparations
(Residents)
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Evacuation to safer areas that are out of floods reach. 4.47 Knowledgeable
2. Dredging of canals near your house to avoid clogging
before heavy rain falls.
4.31 Knowledgeable
3. Ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as boat
for effective emergency transportation.
4.00 Knowledgeable
4. Anticipating the means of early warning systems that
signals the alarm for evacuation and risk levels.
4.33 Knowledgeable
5. Getting skills and information regarding flood
preparation from local government agencies and others.
4.22 Knowledgeable

Table 3.2a presents the measure of the respondents (residents) knowledge on flood
preparations. The statements shown in the table are flood preparations, together with its computed
weighted mean and correspond verbal interpretation.
The table shows a completely KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation results for the
entire statements on flood preparation among the Marikina household residents. They clearly
identified that they are knowledgeable in their actions resulting to a computed mean score ranging
4.00-4.47 namely; evacuation to safer areas that are out of flood reach, dredging of canals near

their house, ensuring good conditioned mobile vehicle, means of early warning systems and being
skilled and informed regarding flood preparation from local government and others.
The result implies that the verbal description of knowledgeable is due to the respondent
several floods past experienced, trainings and seminars that informed and educate them.

According to the website FEMA/Ready.gov hazards are serious and require mandatory
evacuations. For others, evacuations are advised or the households per se decide to evacuate to
avoid situations such as typhoon, flooding and others that people believe are possibly dangerous.
When community evacuations become necessary local officials provide information to the public
through the media. In some circumstances, other warning methods, such as sirens, text alerts,
emails or telephone calls are used.
Anticipating the means of early warning systems that signals the alarm for evacuation
and risk levels for the residents. The residents urged by the Marikina Public Information to take
note of the following warning signals of the sirens: Short intermittent blasts that last for 30
seconds mean that Alert Level 1 has been hoisted over the area with the water in the river rising
15 meters above sea level. Intermittent blasts that last for one minute mean that Alert Level 2 (16
meters above sea level) has been raised. A continuous blast that lasts for five minutes signifies
that Alert Level 3 (17 meters above sea level) is in effect. A continuous uninterrupted blast that
lasts for 10 minutes indicates that the river is at a critical level with the waters now 18 meters
above sea level. At this point, a forced evacuation of residents in the area will be carried out.
Alarm systems play a very important role in saving lives and [property] especially during [the]
rainy season when communities near Marikina River are [at risk] , De Guzman said
(Mangunay, 2013).
In line with this, Marikina tested a flood alarm system to strengthen its disaster
preparedness capability especially during the rainy season. Marikina residents were advised again
on the meaning of the different sounds of the sirens. Alarm systems play a very important role in

saving lives and properties especially during rainy season when communities near Marikina River
are susceptible to flooding. Aside from alerting residents of imminent flooding, the city
government in coordination with local disaster risk reduction and management council members
is also carrying out information dissemination and communication, evacuation, and relief
operations (Zamboanga.com, 2011).

In Marikina City, residents surrounding areas near the river, are giving force evacuation
as standard protocol by the local government once Marikina River reaches its critical level or
warning of sirens reach the maximum threatening indication (De Jesus, 2014). Residents are
forcedly evacuated before the water reach it point for security purpose. They are well guided by
the rescuers what to do and where to go. In connection with this, the Citys 16 barangays recently
received a MOSES Tablet from the DOST Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazards) to further improve disaster risk-reduction and management in their area.
Each tablet serves as a database for crucial information such as the location of different critical
infrastructures, access lanes and evacuation routes to be taken during calamities. (Philippine
Information Agency, 2014). By using this kind of opportunities, distribution of information for
safety measure including evacuation are easily disseminated for the residents.
In line with this, another way if informing residents about evacuation occur. Since
people nowadays engaged in social media like Facebook and twitter, citizens now turning to these
social account for gathering information. The Marikina local government take this chance to
reach people using Twitter and Facebook to post updates about the Marikina Rivers water level,
the main concern of residents during the rainy season and others Paul Edward P. Sison, Marikina
public information office (PIO) head said information dissemination is quicker through social
media (Ignaacio IV, 2013). To add, Malacaang also assisted in disseminating the information
through social media. Please take the necessary precautions including evacuating to higher

ground or to evacuation centers following protocol observed in Marikina," said presidential
spokesperson Edwin Lacierda (Rappler.com, 2012).
Nobody can stop a flood. But if you are faced with one, there are actions you can take to
protect your family and keep your property losses to a minimum (State of Utah, 2014). Flooding
can lessen by doing simple ways but helpful like dredging or cleaning the canals. Residents said
they are knowledgeable in cleaning their canal near their houses since it is a simple thing that
anyone can do. However, they said that there is a set of volunteer created by barangay to clean
and monitored the drainage and canals daily. But they also maintained the cleanliness and not
relying all the time on the volunteers. Also, the city engineering office are the one which
regularly conducting de clogging operations of the waterways through manual and mechanical
procedures (FOKUSMARIKINA, 2013)
Another way of being prepared on flood are being skilled and informed. These are one of
the basic foundation preparing for flood. In the study conducted by Jamil Francisco on Property
Damage Recovery and Coping Behavior of Households Affected by an Extreme Flood Event in
Marikina City, most respondents received their training from the government (46 percent) and
NGOs (37 percent). Aside from these formal seminar or workshop majority of households (78
percent) used past experience as a guide in dealing with the crisis. Other sources of information
on how to prepare for, and cope with, disasters include the media (41 percent) and
relatives/friends (7 percent). Supporting the outcomes, ninety-one percent of households
interviewed had at least one mobile phone at the time of the flood. Ninety-five percent had
television, 77 percent had radio, and 26 percent had a computer whereas information are mostly
disseminated (Francisco, 2013). Resources that able to help individuals and families to prepare
are also available through websites and publications of various organizations that are active in
disasters (FEMA, 2011).


Table 3.2b
Respondents Knowledge on Flood Preparations
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal Interpretation
1. The responsibilities of an official in pre-flooding
relief operations.
4.61 Highly knowledgeable
2. The responsibilities of an official in a pre-flooding
evacuation operation.
3. The areas or which areas are on high priority in case
of flash floods due to geographical aspects and road
constructions.
4. House relocation programs of residents near the
Marikina river.
4.45 Knowledgeable
5. Ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as
boat for effective emergency transportation and rescue.
Overall: 4.57 Highly knowledgeable

Table 3.2b presents the measure of the respondents (barangay official) knowledge on
flood preparation. The statements shown in the table are flood preparations, together with its
computed weighted mean and correspond verbal interpretation.
The table shows a completely HIGHLY KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation
results for the entire statements on flood preparation among the Marikina household residents.
They clearly identified that they are highly knowledgeable in the pre-flooding relief operation
responsibilities, pre-flooding evacuation operation, areas with high priority in case of flash flood

and ensuring a good conditioned mobile vehicle such as boat for effective emergency
transportation and rescue. With its computed mean score ranging 4.51-4.65. However, only
KNOWLEDGEABLE verbal interpretation results on house relocation programs for the
residents near Marikina River with its mean score of 4.45 only.
The result implies that the verbal description of highly knowledgeable and
knowledgeable is the mere fact that one of the role of barangay officials are to create and address
precautions on natural disaster issues like floods. Their duty keeping the security of their local
resident from different disasters.
Barangay officials are deemed persons in authority with their respective jurisdiction,
hence, they are mandated to maintain public order and ensure the protection of life, liberty and
property (Gargantiel, n.d.). In the Local Government code of the Philippines SEC. 384. Role of
the Barangay stated that, as the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning
and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the
community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed,
crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled (Chan Robles &
Associates Law Firm, 1998).
Local government units (LGUs) are expected to be at the frontline of emergency
measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure the general welfare of its constituents, according
to the Local Government Code of 1991 (Bueza, 2013). In an article of Rappler about disaster role
of LGUs reported that, in times of disaster hits the country, its not the national government that
acts first at all times. The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC) are assigned to come up with a framework for disaster risk reduction and
management (DRRM), as well as to organize preparations for, and responses to, natural
calamities and human-induced disasters. Nevertheless, as first defendant, they should be hands-on

in performing disaster-related activities, from preemptive evacuation to the restoration of people's
livelihood (Bueza, 2013).
In addition, Provincial and City/Municipal Councils and other Local Officials has
different roles during disaster some of this are: Providing relief services and assistance for victims
during and in the aftermath of said disasters or calamities; adopting the measures in protecting the
citizens of the city from the harmful effects of man-made or natural disasters and calamities;
being at the frontline of delivery of services related to their line of work, particularly during, and
in the aftermath of, man-made disasters and natural calamities.
In line with this, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) trained newly-
elected Barangay officials in the metropolitan area including Marikina for disaster preparedness.
The MMDA chief said that preparedness must be achieved to lessen the devastating effects of
disasters in their areas. Barangay officials are first responders so they must strengthen their
capacity to respond effectively to disasters. MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino stated
interview with Manila Bulletin.
For the Barangay officials, one of the goal also of the training for Tolentino is be able to
impart what they will learn to their constituents. The MMDA also took the advantage of the
training to educate and inform Barangay officials regarding the hazard maps which were
distributed to Metro Manila mayors (The Manila Times, 2013).
In Marikina, Marikina City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(MCDRRMO) are conducting trainings and lectures to government employees, barangays, and
communities. Also, providing information, education campaign (IEC) materials regarding
disasters and hazards. Barangay Officials of the said City are coordinating with MCDRRMO to
empower the city on man-made or natural disasters.


Table 3.3a
Respondents Knowledge on Earthquake Preparations
(Residents)
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Reinforcing damaged house walls and other parts
for better security.
4.22 Knowledgeable
2. Placing big objects and other falling furnitures on
ground level.
3.89 Knowledgeable
3. Planning an earthquake and fire exit routes. 3.91 Knowledgeable
4. Planning and preparing the proper needs
inside the emergency kit that can be useful in time
4.18 Knowledgeable
5. Locating the nearest land marks that can be used
as meeting places or evacuation sites such as Central
Field Hospital.
3.90 Knowledgeable

Table 3.3a presents the measure of the respondents (residents) knowledge on earthquake
preparation. The statements shown above are precautionary list regarding basic preparation for an
earthquake.

The first statement shows that the respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE
about .Reinforcing damaged house walls and other parts for better security. With the total
The result entails that residents are knowledgeable for the reason that it is a safety
precaution or advice to repair damaged house walls and other parts of the house for a better
security. Furthermore according to (ECA, 2014) that by itself, concrete is brittle and easily
cracked during an earthquake. But with the addition of reinforcing steel, concrete buildings can
be made strong enough to withstand earthquake forces.
Similarly, the next statement have shown that respondents (residents) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about the proper placing big objects and other falling furnitures on
ground level with the total weighted mean of 3.89.
The results denotes that the respondents (residents) are knowledgeable for the reason that
there is the threat and fear that it may cause injuries which is why it is an important thing to place
heavy objects such as furnitures on ground levels since it may fall during an earthquake (USGS,
2014). Falling furniture and other heavy objects such as chandeliers are attributed to some deaths
related to earthquakes that can be avoided if people knew how to prepare for these scenarios.
The third statement shows that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE about
planning an earthquake and fire exit routes, with the weighted mean of 4.18.
With the result, planning an earthquake or exit route is a good idea and can help people in
times. Planning an escape route/evacuation plan and where to hide or stay during and after an
earthquake is also a safety advice for the public since, by planning an escape route will ultimately
give advantages among people since people can think ahead of saving themselves and other
people that have hindrances of saving their own such as disabled person or children (CDC, 2014).

The next statement presents that the respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE
about Planning and preparing the proper needs inside the emergency kit that can be useful in
time, with the total weighted mean of 4.18.
The results have demonstrates that the description of being knowledgeable is due to the
anticipation and product of efforts that reached the public about discussing the importance of
emergency kits. It is one of the most important preparation that can be done for an earthquake that
can be useful in time (H. Milton 2013). These emergency kits should be easy to look for and must
contain basic necessities during a disaster such as flash lights, medical supplies, water, extra
batteries, maps and etc. (Red Cross, 2014). This emergency kit will ultimately be a gold resource
once a disaster strikes and will save lives of those people who prepared one.
Lastly, the last statement shows that the respondents (residents) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about locating the nearest land marks that can be used as meeting places
or evacuation sites such as Central Field Hospital, with the total weighted mean of 3.90.
The result implies that Marikina residents value the importance of union especially in times of
disaster thus by being knowledgeable, they can help one another in certain circumstances. In
addition, according to Bill Liebsch (2009), that in case a person get separated during an
emergency or disaster, it is wise to decide on two meeting places or areas where you can join
each other. Include children in this decision so they understand why they should meet there.
As a whole, the results showed that respondents (residents) are KNOWLEDGEABLE
about basic preparation for an earthquake from all the statements with a grand total weighted
mean of 4.27. It only illustrates that this is due to the residents capacity to prepare on their own
since they are located in an earthquake danger zone.


Table 3.3b
Respondents Knowledge on Earthquake Preparations
Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. The responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake
relief operations.
4.25 Knowledgeable
2. The responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake
rescue operations.
4.21 Knowledgeable
3. The coordination of barangay with the PHILVOLCS
and NDRRMC.
4.05 Knowledgeable
4. Sharing information in the community through
seminars, flyers or leaflets emergency kit that can be
useful in time
4.16 Knowledgeable
5. Locating the nearest land marks that can be used
as meeting places or evacuation sites such as Central
Field Hospital.
4.21 Knowledgeable

Table 3.3b presents the measure of respondents (barangay officials) knowledge about
earthquake preparations. The statements shown above in the table are guidelines and pre-
cautioned responsibilities of a local official regarding preparation.

The first statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about the responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake relief
operations, with the weighted mean of 4.25.
The second statement have shown that the respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about the responsibilities of an official in pre-earthquake rescue
operations, with the total weighted mean of 4.21.
Correlational to this, the description of knowledgeable is due to the officials own
exposure and experience in frequent disaster events in the city. The results also displayed that
barangay officials of Marikina city are just as knowledgeable from relief operation and rescue
operations. Furthermore, According to Jack Pinkowski (2008), it is the local government who
must exercise the plans at first place to make an example for the public and assist the residents
regarding disaster management such as reliefs and rescue operations since the government are the
closest to the ones responsible for distributing supports such as concerned organizations.
Furthermore, J. Miskel (2008) states that this responsibilities must be done accordingly and
properly and be performed just as daily routines. The local government is also the one that will
render decisions in the end and will strategize the situation in the most manageable way.
The third statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about the coordination of barangay with the PHILVOLCS and
NDRRMC, with the total weighted mean of 4.05.
The next statement shows that respondents (barangay officials are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about sharing information in the community through seminars, flyers or
leaflets emergency kit that can be useful in time, with the total weighted mean of 4.16.
In line with this, the barangay officials are describe as knowledgeable with the reason that
it is the local officials who facilitates the distribution of information regarding preparation, in

relation to this, all the necessary information provided are of course product of joint meetings or
from higher agencies such as PHILVOLCS and NDRRMCO.
Based on Memorandum circular No. 4 S. 2012, there would be a main system council
that will concern about disaster as NDRRMC and all the local government shall and must
coordinate with the council for planning, command, finances and others such that the community
will develop a better preparation for disasters. By coordinating with higher agencies such as
PHILVOLCS to develop standardize lectures, seminars and drills that can be shared to the public.
Evidently, Marikina city does not lack from this, when Muntinlupa and local barangays of
Marikina city conduct a joint meeting regarding disaster preparation (NDRRMC, 2009).
Moreover, the advantages are developed today. New approaches are rendered where as
some necessary component of an emergency kit such as flash lights and medicines are readily
available from the local government. This will ensure a better preparation in part of the residents
if they fulfill their own duty by coordinating to the local government (Ona, 2013).
Accordingly, Preparing for an earthquake requires a wide variety of understanding and filling up
some to do list (Getprepared.ca, 2010). These understanding regarding preparation can be
increased through guidelines and tips provided by the local government, disaster concerned
groups and other media outlets.
The last statement shows that, the respondents (barangay officials) are
KNOWLEDGEABLE about locating the nearest land marks that can be used as meeting places
or evacuation sites such as Central Field Hospitals with total weighted mean of 4.21.
The results denote that respondents (barangay officials) are knowledgeable with the
primary reason of peer trainings they receive with such learnings such as geo-hazard-mapping.
This trainings of officials conveys information that are needed and is required to be shared to the
public (Canuti, 2008).

By plainly looking at the results, it clearly indicates that barangay officials are
knowledgeable enough information regarding earthquake preparation, their duties and
responsibilities in disaster situation and new approaches rendered for preparation.

IV. ATTITUDE TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Table 4.1
Respondents Attitude towards the Program
5-munite Quick Response Time Rescue 161

Statements
Resident Barangay
Official
WM VI WM VI
1. The program is an effective part of their disaster
management program.
4.12
Agree
3.94
Agree
2. The program is really done within 5 minutes. 3.60
Agree
3.61
Agree
3. The program helped to reduce the casualties caused by
disasters and able to decrease the death rate after disasters.
4.06
Agree
3.74
Agree
4. The program makes us at ease on disasters. 4.01
Agree
3.75
Agree
5. The program is well implemented. 3.80
Agree
3.66
Agree
OVERALL 3.92
Agree
3.74
Agree

Table 4.1 presents the measures of the respondents attitude towards the program 5-
minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161 (residents and barangay officials). The statements

shown in the table are the positive statements about the program written with its computed
weighted mean including its verbal interpretation.
Table 4.2 exhibit the measures of the residents and barangay officials of Marikinas
level of attitude towards the program 5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161. The statements
shown in the table above are the statements about the said program written with its computed
weighted mean including its verbal interpretation for each.
The first statement displays that the residents and barangay officials AGREE that Dial
161 is an effective part of disaster management program with the weighted mean of 4.12 while
the barangay officials have the weighted mean of 3.94.
The respondents (residents and barangay officials) agree to the first statement because of
the long service of the program, since it was established in 1997. The program already put a good
impression to the people of Marikina.
Due to that. 5-minute quick response time Rescue 161 has been established since 1997 by
former mayor Bayani Fernando. The program -since it was established years ago- already put a
standard for the people of Marikina in terms of quick emergency response. Because of the
programs long service to the people, it established itself as one of the best program of Marikina
in Disaster Response.
By the name of the program itself: 5-minute Quick Response, most of the respondents
AGREE that the emergency response team approaches to the area within 5-minutes. With the
residents weighted mean of 3.60 and 3.61 for the barangay officials.
It gives the impression that the respondents trust the program wherein whenever they call
to the hotline, emergency response team arrives at exactly 5-minute after they call.
In supporting to that, an article written by DJ Yap in PDI last July 2012. The present
mayor of Marikina, Mayor De Guzman praised the effort of Rescue 161 who is the governments

emergency response agency. Who, he said, are receiving regular training in water rescue and
other emergency situation. The mayor added that they want to put all mechanism in place to
ensure the safety of their citizens in times of calamities such as typhoons and other natural
calamities. This development and quick response of Marikina Local Government in disaster
management can be a start of every government bodies in calamities, which is aiming zero
casualties (Yap, 2012).
Moreover, on the 3
rd
statement, the respondents AGREE that Dial 161 is able to reduce
the casualties cause by disaster more importantly, it helps to reduce death rate in the city of
Marikina. With the weighted mean of 4.06 for the residents and 3.74 for the barangay officials.
The casualties caused by delayed Ambulance or late first aid. Casualties or even death
happened. But because of the quick response of the rescue personnel of the Marikina, these death
can prevent and save a persons life in time.
It has supported by the sound practice no.8 that since medical emergency is one of the
services provided and because Rescue 161 is mostly composed of paramedics, one program was
added to ensure effectiveness and this is DoktorsaHatinggabi (Midnight Doctor). Under this
program, emergency medical assistance requiring a physicians attention, is assured of the
presence of one. A physician is made available seven days a week from 9pm to 5am of the
following day.
On the fourth statement, the respondents AGREE that the program helps them and made
them at ease on disasters or emergencies. The weighted mean of the residents is 4.01 whereas the
weighted mean for the barangay officials is 3.75.
The respondents deeply acknowledge the program Dial-161 as a lifesaving tool. That
whenever an emergency happen theres an agency in which they can count on.

It is sustained also in the sound practice no.8 that Public safety is a primordial
responsibility of the government. To this task, the local government of Marikina has established a
line unit of the OplanLigtas Bayan (Operation Save the Town) named Rescue 161 under the
umbrella of the Marikina Disaster Coordinating Council.
It started out as a special project and brainchild of then Mayor Bayani Fernando, whose
primary purpose was to serve as a disaster response unit and emergency medical services for the
citys constituents. In 1992, the concept of Marikina Rescue 161 was formulated. It was primarily
thought to provide emergency medical services, and at the same, served as the communication
base to receive calls from the constituents on a 24-hour basis. In the early part of 1993, qualified
personnel were recruited and trained for two months, after which an ambulance suited for the
units purpose was procured by the local government. It was in May 1993, Rescue 161 became
fully operational. Through the years, the unit has slowly evolved into a well-e quipped and
efficient provider of disaster response and relief operations and emergency medical service to the
whole community.
The respondents AGREE that the program: 5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161
is being well maintained and implemented by the government of Marikina. With the outcome
weighted mean of 3.80 for the residents and 3.66 for the barangay officials.
Because of the previous emergencies and casualties that Dial-161 been able to help,
previous gaps in the program are already filled in. Since of the long service of the program. It is
safe to say now that the program is well implemented than before, making the program as perfect
as the authorities want it to.
5-minute Quick Response Time Rescue 161 is one of the oldest and existing programs of
Marikina. It is also supported by the sound practice that 5-minute Quick Response Time can be
categorized as a management project of the local government. It was implemented to guarantee
that peoples emergency needs will be attended to within five (5) minutes upon call for assistance

anywhere in Marikina. It is certainly intended to make better the efficiency and effectiveness of
government service delivery. As such, it is the city government that sustains the operation of the
project.
To conclude, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the residents is 3.92 while the
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the barangay officials is 3.74. The result implies that the
residents and barangay officials AGREE to all the statements about the program. They have
positive attitude towards the program Dial-161. This is due to the MCDRRMOs duties in
responding to emergencies and life threatening situations.

Table 4.2
Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure

Statements
Resident Barangay
Official
WM VI WM VI
1. The program is an effective part of Marikinas disaster
preparedness plan.
3.98
Agree
4.05
Agree
2. The program is able to reduce the flood to all
implementing barangays.
3.94
Agree
4.00
Agree
3. The program makes good control on floods. 3.94
Agree
3.94
Agree
4. The program makes us at ease on floods. 3.86
Agree
3.85
Agree
5. The program is well implemented. 3.79
Agree
3.96
Agree
OVERALL 3.90
Agree
3.96
Agree

Table 4.2 indicates the measurement of the respondents level of attitude towards the
program Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure Program. The statement shown in the
table are statements written with its overall computed weighted mean as well as its corresponding
verbal interpretation.

The first statement shows that the respondents AGREE that the program is an effective
part of Marikinas disaster preparedness plan. Acquiring the result weighted of 3.98 for the
residents and 4.05 for the barangay officials.
Because of this platform in cleaning and dredging the river once a year, it contributes to
decrease flood exposure to those vulnerable areas near the rivers. Because it is clear that wastes in
the river is one of the major contributors of severe flood.
As supported by Sound Practice, the project is necessarily significant in the citys
development, especially in the economic area and in public safety. The city hall officials believed
that Marikina would not be completely progressive without being able to solve this perennial
problem. It is not just for disaster preparation but also for the growing economy of the city in
terms of public safety. Since one of the major problems of Marikina is flood, dredging the river
once a year can help to improve the safety of the people.
In addition to the first statement, the respondents also AGREE that the program were
able to reduce the flood to all implementing barangay. By means of weighted mean of 3.94 for
the residents while 4.00 for the barangay officials.
It is clear that too much human wastes in our bodies of water, particularly in Marikina
River, create a blocking to the flow of the water. Beside, non-biodegradable wastes dont
decomposed easily, it just stuck there for years without breaking down into pieces.
Due to that, the main purpose of Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure
Program is the annual dredging of Marikina River since most of flood that spreads across the city
came from the river. One of the main contributor of flood are trash, junks and wastes that are
trapped under the river, thats why dredging it is one of the citys concern
It is supported by an article by DJ Yap in Philippine Daily Inquirer last July 2012, a year
right after the incident of typhoon Ondoy, Marikina City Mayor Del De Guzman has ordered a

regular declogging of water ways in the city. It also includes the regular dredging of Marikina
River for the preparation for typhoons on the city. Mayor De Guzman said that they need to boost
the readiness of their local government in dealing with natural calamities and other disasters like
what happened in Ondoy which leaves thousands of affected families and hundredsof dead
people.
He also said that the dredging of Marikina River, make it regular will develop a decrease
if sift, waste and other obstruction in the river. As we all know and heard from news in what
happened in Marikina because of Ondoy, the main cause of the mass flood in the city is the heavy
rains from the typhoon causing the river to rise. Because of all wastes in the river which blocking
the way of the water river that should just flow accordingly to prevent the water from rising and
causing the flood (Yap, 2012).
In the third statement, the respondents AGREE that the mitigation program makes a
good control of the flood. Wherein, the weighted mean for residents is 3.94 which has the same
weighted mean as the barangay official who also got 3.94 weighted mean.
Because of dredging and cleaning the Marikina River annually, collecting the stockpile of
wastes under the river who is causing the flood to easily arise. By doing so, its like giving the
river some air to breathe and to flow more effortlessly.
Due to that since dredging the river contributes to disaster preparation, it also affects the
how the floods were able to control. In an article written by Cynthia Balana posted last September
2011 in Manila Bulletin, it is supported that of the Department of Energy (DOE), the country will
have critical levels of power by 2014. Other intermediate steps that needed to be immediately
funded are water impounding areas in Antipolo City, and slope and embankment protection along
the Marikina River, one of the officials of DOE said.
The lawmaker recognized efforts to rehabilitate some of the flood control infrastructure,
pointing to initiatives at the Nangka River system and at least two major creeks in his district. He

called for a more comprehensive plan to address flooding in Marikina that will also involve its
surrounding cities and municipalities, especially Antipolo, Pasig, San Mateo and Rodriguez.
Another supporting detail is stated in the Sound Practice, Physical flood mitigation
countermeasures completed by Marikina City have succeeded in reducing flooded area in the City
from 27.52% 12 years ago (1992) to 19.04% in2004. The Flood Mitigation activity of Marikina is
foremost a technical project, although its very success can boost the popularity of the incumbent
mayor, and give his administration additional political score. Flooding is a perennial problem in
many parts of Metro Manila and Marikina is one among those communities regularly devastated.
It is definitely a major concern of Marikina constituents, especially those in the affected
areas. It is one big problem that engulfed the poor physical situation of the town. In the 80s, town
folks were too desperate to think that the problem will never be resolved.
Based on the fourth statement, respondents AGREE that the program made them at ease
whenever there is a flood. The residents attained the weighted mean of 3.86 while the barangay
officials achieved the weighted mean of 3.85.
Since cleaning the Marikina River and giving it more space to flow, it made it longer for
the flood to arise since the river is flowing more gently.
It is supported by the same statistical record in Sound practice wherein the reduction of
flooded area in the city was a success, and when it started, Mayor Fernando reorganized the citys
Engineering Department, provided the initial needed materials and equipment, and improve on
their competency to make the department truly perform its function.
Due to that, it also became the policy of the LGU at that time that all infrastructure
projects shall be done by local administration, from planning to design and execution,
consequently giving the institution a saving of 30% for every project completed.

The last statement tells that the respondents AGREE that the Marikina City Flood
Mitigation Counter measure Program is being well maintained and implemented. By the weighted
mean of 3.79 for the respondents and 3.96 for the officials of the barangays.
Up to now, the local government of Marikina didnt miss year to clean and dredge the
river. Meaning the program in one of Marikinas priority to a lot fund every to clean the River.
Specially, the effect of flood control is seen in flood prone areas of Marikina.
It is supported by Fischer (Fischer, 1998) that the mind set of people regarding disaster
preparation is very important, which is why it is also important for the local government to at
some point influence their attitude and behavior in a positive way such by providing good and
well implemented programs.
Psychological preparedness as a disaster management strategy can only be effective with
the publics support and participation. What types of behaviors can be expected in a disaster
situation? It is common belief that survivors will flee in panic, be incapacitated by fear, or be too
disoriented to know what to dothis is not always the case. (Fischer, 1998)Misinformation can
cause false expectations about what to expect during disaster and put a strain on response efforts.
The next section explores common myths and misperceptions of disaster response behaviour, and
how they could be addressed by emergency planners.
To sum up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the residents is 3.90 while 3.94
OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the barangay officials. It also shows that the respondents
have a positive attitude for the program Marikina City Flood Mitigation Countermeasure
Program. Most of the respondents AGREE to all the statements provided by the researchers.


Table 4.3
Respondents Attitude towards the Project
Save the Marikina River Project

Statements
Resident Barangay
Official
WM VI WM VI
1. The project makes us at ease on flood. 4.03 Agree 4.00 Agree
2. The project is an effective part of disaster management
program of Marikina.
3.97 Agree 4.05 Agree
3. The project is able to help the flood control to flood prone
areas of Marikina.
4. The project is well implemented. 3.78 Agree 4.05 Agree
5. The project is able to reduce and decrease the casualties
caused by disasters.
OVERALL 3.95 Agree 4.03 Agree

Table 4.3 shows the measurement of the respondents (residents and barangay officials)
level of attitude towards the program Save the Marikina River Project. The statements shown in
the table are positive statements written with its computed overall weighted mean and verbal
interpretation.

The statement indicates that the respondents AGREE that the Project help them to be at
ease whenever a disaster occurs. Gaining the weighted mean of 4.03 for the respondents and 4.00
for the barangay officials.
There is a number of program in Marikina that is addressed to flood control, and with that
number of programs people see the effort of their Local Government. Making them at ease and
more prepared because people tend to think straighter when they are calm. The municipality of
Marikina tend to make their people to be more prepared in disaster, more prepared than before.
So making and establishing various programs for different use can make the people more ease or
calm whenever disaster occur.
Due to that, the main purpose of Saving the Marikina River Project is to put the river into
its former beauty. It was the intention of the former Mayor Bayani Fernando to showcase the
river rehabilitation not simply as one of those government programs on environment preservation,
but also to communicate to the constituents that the local government is seriously working on
such a project, as well as inviting them to clean up.
In the second statement, it shows that the respondents AGREE that the Save the
Marikina River Project is an effective part of the disaster management program. Gaining a
weighted mean of 3.97 for the residents and 4.05 weighted mean for the barangay officials.
With the combination of the previous program and this, saving the river is also a way to
prevent future disasters or decrease its damage that it will give. Saving the river of Marikina and
bringing it back to its former beauty can be a perfect platform not only to flood control but also to
encourage the locals not to dump waste on the river, again, human waste is one of the biggest
factor in causing flood.
It is supported that the program is an effective platform for disaster preparation, in Sound
Practice no. 6 wherein it was during the incumbency of former Mayor Bayani Fernando (1992-

2001) that saving the Marikina River came to be implemented as it was stipulated in his Program
of Government. Work started in the early part of 1993 that by the end of the same year, the
constituents began to witness some changes along the riverbanks, most significant of which was
the presence of a renovated boat.
Due to the time taken by the program, from the time it was implemented and up until
today that it is being use. The gap of the Program and all it flaws is already analyzed and cleaned.
Meaning that the program being a priority continuing program- made it very well implemented.
Based on the third statement, the respondents also AGREE that saving the Marikina
River can contribute in controlling and be able to easily manage the flood in flood prone areas. It
achieved the weighted mean of 3.96 for the residents and 4.03 for the officials of barangay.
The respondents (residents and barangay officials) understand the import ace of a clean
and healthy river in terms of flood control. Because a good flow of river, flow without hindrance,
can really prolong a flood or totally be able to decrease flooding whenever a storm, heavy rainfall
and torrential rain occur.
It is supported by the Sound Practice no.6 where the program is briefly explained. The
river covers an area of around 220 has, and measures about 11 kilometers in length. Its depth
measures 3meters and rises to 12 up to 15 meters during heavy downpour. The program provides
a better water discharge and flow of the river in order to reduce flooding in disaster occurrence
such as storms that might bring heavy rainfall and eventually may lead to casualties.
The main purpose of the program is to save the river and restore it from what it is back in
time. Wherein the people use the river side for picnic and also fiestas are being held. An
interview for Maria Lourdes Fernando, the former mayor of Marikina was asked. What did you
think of the Marikina River when you first saw it? Then she said Back in my childhood days,
Marikina River was a different river. Its an ideal place for promenading. Theres no putrid

stench. You can touch the water and not worry about diseases. Its really too bad that
uncontrolled urban sprawl caught up with it.
The local government has continuously received varied forms of assistance, including
those coming from the national government like Philippine Tourism Authority, Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and a few senators Countryside Development
Fund (CDF).It was considered in the planning of the rehabilitation project that it will be the entire
city that should benefit from it. (Sound Practice no.6)
In the fourth statement, the respondents also AGREE that the program is well
implemented by the Local Government. The resulted weighted mean for the residents is 3.78 and
the weighted mean for the barangay officials is 4.05.
Government programs has their goal and objectives, because of these factors the Local
Government is more inspired and more enthused to implement well every program, either
morally, economically or politically. Also, because of legal basis in some of the program of
Marikina, allotted fun for each programs are well managed. To fully implement a program,
government should allocate a fund for any program want to implement. Due to this, according to
sound practice no. 6 wherein the program was explained, an estimate of P6 million is allotted as
yearly budget for its operational and personal expenses.
In supporting to that, Based on the 3
rd
Sound Practice Series: Sound Practice no.6, the
Local Government wants to create, develop, maintain and improve conditions under which man
and nature can thrive in productive and harmony with each other. Also to fulfill the social,
economic and other requirements of present and future generations of Filipinos, and ensure the
attainment of environmental quality conducive to lie of dignity and wellbeing.

The last statement got the result weighted mean of 3.99 for the respondents while the
barangay officials got the same weighted mean of 3.99. Correspondingly the respondents
AGREE that the project is able to reduce and decrease the casualties caused by disasters.
Flood control and well implementation of the program results to less casualties whenever
a disaster occur. These are some of the factors needed whenever a local government aim to zero
casualties. Also, another key factor for zero casualties is the preparation given to the locals.
Whenever the locals are always ready to leave their homes once a disaster occur, death, less
casualties and early evacuation can be as perfect as the authorities want to.
This result is supported by the same Sound Practice wherein, the plan consisted of : (1)
build access roads to allow men and equipment to go near the river and undertake the necessary
cleaning and clearing operations; (2) clearing the banks both of its informal settlers and other
encroachments; (3) revive the quality of river water by demanding from the industries, especially
those alongside the river, to set up and maintain water treatment facilities; (4) construction of
sports facilities, historical and cultural structures; and (5) enhance the aesthetic appeal of the river
environment by planting a variety of flora.
The proponent himself, former Mayor Fernando, has even promoted a programs
principle, as follows: The people have to touch and smell the water. It is hoped that this
experience and exposure will galvanize them to muster enough political pressure for the
government and the rest to act and conserve the river.
To wrap up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 3.95 for the respondents and 4.03
for the barangay officials presents that most of the respondents AGREE to all statements shown
in the table. It denotes that the residents and barangay officials of Marikina have a positive
attitude towards the program Save the Marikina River Project. It entails that the residents and

barangay officials of Marikina still value their River who on the early years of Marikina- gave
them livelihood and place of leisure.

Table 4.4
Respondents Attitude towards the Policy
No to Plastic Policy

Statements
Resident Barangay
Official
WM VI WM VI
1. The No to Plastic policy of Marikina is an effective part
of the disaster risk reduction management of Marikina.
2. The No to Plastic policy of Marikina is able to reduce
the causes of flood.
3. The No to Plastic policy of Marikina has a good
program implementation.
4. The No to Plastic policy of Marikina helps to make us
at ease on floods.
5. The No to Plastic Policy of Marikina makes the city
clean and an eco-friendly community.
OVERALL 4.29 Agree 4.29 Agree

Table 4.4 shows the measures of the respondents level of attitude towards the No to
Plastic (residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are positive
statements written with its computed overall weighted mean and verbal interpretation.

For the first statement, the respondents AGREE in the statement that says the program
No to Plastic is an effective part of the disaster management plan. In which the gained weighted
mean for the respondents is 4.32 and the weighted mean for the barangay officials is 4.40.
Like the previous program, who aims to prevent severe damage from disaster, banning
the plastic in Marikina is based on legal basis. With the combination of all the program of
Marikina in disaster preparation, they create a set up where each program can be a basis for the
other program. So looking at all the programs of Marikina addressed for disaster preparation it
established a wall-like line up of disaster preparation programs.
Due to this, it is proven that one of the main cost of flood. Marikina River is the major
waterway in the city; it flows through the center of Marikina Valley between Capitol Hills and the
Sierra Madre mountain range. It also flows alongside the Valley Fault Line, and so Marikina
faces riverine flooding, earthquakes from the fault, and liquefaction along the Marikina
riverbanks.
The river became heavily polluted with domestic sewage and industrial waste. The
quarrying on the riverbanks led to scouring and erosion. The end result was poor water quality
and flooding that claimed lives and destroyed property. Informal settlements along the riverbanks
added to the pressures of pollution and flooding.
Even though the river had destructive flooding events in modern times, the riverbanks
were still considered as potential settlement sites by those who could not afford to buy land or
property in safer parts of the city. Despite the water pollution, informal settlers still drew on the
river for cooking and washing needs. Rehabilitating the river could have a great cultural and
health impact for the city residents.

Meanwhile, the second statement reveals that the respondents AGREE that banning
plastics in Marikina were able to reduce the causes of flood. Having a weighted mean of 4.29 for
the residents and 4.26 for the barangay officials.
Because of the reduction of human waste, specifically plastic materials in the city of
Marikina. It reduce the material-causing-flood in their municipality. With proper waste
management and recycling, the respondents were able to fully understand the importance of using
recyclable materials for the benefit of their environment.
It supports that the respondents the people of Marikina- surely accept the idea of
banning plastic in their city. It is supported that Ordinance No. 052, series of 2010 where in the
Ordinance banning the use of plastic for dry goods and wet goods in Marikina City and
prescribing penalties. The ordinance stated that whereas the city of Marikina is embark on
various programs which aim to gently reduce, reuse and recycle waste towards achieving to its
goal as a model city in solid waste management. It is also said on the same ordinance that there is
now a global effort to totally ban or reduce the use of plastic bag to free landfills from its harmful
waste materials and reduce the cost incurred in its disposal.
The ordinance that comes with different section state that the ordinance shall be known as
the ban on the use of non-biodegradable plastic bags. Also the sale of non-biodegradable plastic
bags for use as bagging materials is hereby prohibited in the City of Marikina. Also some public
education and awareness campaign are being conducted in different barangays in Marikina. As of
now the program of no to plastic in Marikina is being followed and being well maintained by the
residents and barangay officials.
The third statement shows that the respondents AGREE that No to Plastic has been a
good implemented program in Marikina. Partaking the weighted mean of 4.13 for the respondents
and 4.38 for the barangay officials.

With the high exposure of the respondents towards the program, and with intense
campaign of the officials for banning the plastic material. The respondents (residents and
barangay officials) were able to fully understand what the platform really is. Due to the intense
campaigns and strict implementation of the Policy, locals of Marikina accepted the policy without
questioning the authorities.
The result confirms that the people of Marikina were able to fully understand the
importance of banning the usage of plastic, unless necessarily needed. An article by DJ Yap
posted last July 2012 in Philippine Daily Inquirer. Mayor De Guzman said that they need to boost
the readiness of their local government in dealing with natural calamities and other disasters like
what happened in Ondoy which leaves thousands of affected families and hundreds of dead
people.
He also said that the dredging of Marikina River, make it regular will develop a decrease
if sift, waste and other obstruction in the river. As we all know and heard from news in what
happened in Marikina because of Ondoy, the main cause of the mass flood in the city is the heavy
rains from the typhoon causing the river to rise. Because of all wastes in the river which blocking
the way of the water river that should just flow accordingly to prevent the water from rising and
causing the flood.
The fourth statement shows the weighted mean of 4.28 for residents and 4.20 barangay
officials. Also the shows that the respondents AGREE that the program helped to make the
people at ease during flood.
Based on the previous analysis and interpretation of the previous program. The statement
wherein the respondents agreed that they feel at ease whenever a flood occur. Meaning because of
the previous program and the existing program which proves that respondents became more at
ease wherever a flood occur.

Because of the positive result of the No to Plastic Policy in Marikina, contributing to
flood control and making waste management easier than before. The respondents fully trust what
the program can do. Especially areas that are flood prone. Because of the decrease of plastic
materials in the sewers and different water ways in Marikina. It made the water flow more at
ease. Because there are no more hindrance to where the water flow and that also result to more
manageable flood, and even less flood incident.
In linking to the fourth statement, the last statement of this program shows that the
respondents AGREE that Marikina is now an Eco-friendly community because of banning
plastic. With this, the residents got the weighted mean of 4.41 and 4.20 weighted mean for the
barangay officials.
This shows that the respondents are more aware that the platform of banning plastics can
contribute to the conservation of the environment.
In support to this, environmental conservation and natural disaster management are
important in the livelihoods of indigenous people who often live in hazard-prone areas and have
built up, through thousands of years of experience and intimate contact with the environment, a
vast body of knowledge on disastrous events. This knowledge is a precious resource that
continues to contribute to environmental conservation and natural disaster management in these
regions (Kamara, 2006).
In line with environment conservation, an article posted last September 2011 by Cynthia
Balana says that, Environment Secretary Ramon Paje and seven mayors in surrounding areas
signed a statement of commitment declaring the Marikina watershed an area to be protected
from land-grabbers, both residential developers and commercial establishments.
To sum it up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN for the residents is 4.29, it also
appear that the barangay officials got the same weighted mean as the residents. It presents that the

respondents have a positive attitude towards the policy of banning plastic materials to their city
because they AGREE in all the statement about the said program. It gives the impression that the
residents of Marikina are becoming more aware that their dear city is a role model of other cities
in prioritizing the sake of their environment.

Table 4.5
Early Warning System

Statements
Resident Barangay
Official
WM VI WM VI
1. The Early Warning System of Marikina City is an
effective part of disaster risk reduction management plan.
4.41 A 4.23 A
2. The Early Warning System of Marikina City helps us in
warnings about typhoon.
4.35 A 4.18 A
3. The Early Warning System of Marikina City is accurate
and reliable.
4.32 A 4.17 A
4. The Early Warning System of Marikina City is able to
disseminate a clear updates about typhoon.
4.29 A 4.15 A
5. The Early Warning System of Marikina City is well
implemented.
4.19 A 4.19 A
OVERALL 4.31 A 4.18 A


Table 4.5 shows the measures of the respondents level of attitude towards the Early
Warning System (residents and barangay officials). The statements shown in the table are
positive statements written with its computed overall weighted mean and verbal interpretation.
In line with this, the first statement displays that the respondents AGREE that the Early
Warning System is an effective part of disaster risk reduction management plan. With the
weighted mean of 4.41 for the residents and 4.23 for barangay officials.
This signifies that the respondents perceive the early warning system as a way of early
preparation for disaster particularly typhoon. Also the results show is in connection with the 2
nd

statement.
The respondents also AGREE that the early warning system were able to help them to be
warned about typhoons which the residents get the weighted mean of 4.35 while the barangay
officials attained the weighted mean of 4.18.
In connection with the first and second statement, the early warning system of Marikina
became so much useful in perceiving disasters and was able to prevent further casualties because
the residents were able to evacuate before a disaster hit them.
In supporting to that, the City of Marikina is being partnered in various local government
units such as DOST. Wherein the office of DOST developed an application system named
NOAH. NOAH's mission is to undertake disaster science research and development advance the
use of cutting edge technologies and recommend innovative information services in government's
disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.
Though the use of science and technology and in partnership with the academe and other
stakeholders, the DOST through Program NOAH is taking a multi-disciplinary approach in
developing systems, tools, and other technologies that could be operationalized by government to
help prevent and mitigate disasters (DOST). Within two years, NOAH shall provide high-

resolution flood hazard maps and install 600 automated rain gauges and 400 water level
measuring stations for 18 major river basins of the Philippines, which include the Marikina River.
Linking the first two statements, the third statement says that the information from the
early warning system is accurate and reliable in which the respondents AGREE, the residents got
an overall weighted mean of 4.32 and 4.17 for the barangay officials.
It entails that the respondents or the people of Marikina recognize the information
coming from the post who stand by the Marikina River whenever a typhoon hits them preparing
the people and giving them information about the condition of the rivers water level. Also the
trust of the people to the personnel who is giving them the information.
Due to this, another system developed by DOST ARKO is an android app developed
by DOST, and you can download it through goolgeplay. The application features Flood Mapping:
Using data from previous floods (like Ondoy), Arko will show you which areas are prone to
flooding so you can avoid them, or designate a safe zone where evacuees can go to during flood,
remote Monitoring: Arko can allow you to check on how flooding and/or rainfall is in other areas.
Perfect for those who worry if a family member, loved one or friend is doing fine despite the
weather and weather advisory by connecting with Project NOAH, PAGASA and DOST. Arko
was developed by the Mobile Team of Point west Technologies Corporation.
The statement no. 4 gives the result in which the respondents AGREE that the early
warning system of Marikina is able to give them clear updates about typhoons and able to
disseminate it to all the barangays especially in disaster prone areas. Wherein the weighted mean
of the residents is 4.29 while 4.15 weighted mean for the barangay officials.
This entails that the respondents are highly dependable to the information coming from
their Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office.
In unesco.com, it states that In for example, in January of 2005 in Kobe, Japan, world
conference regarding disaster reduction was held where special editions of articles raging from

many disaster related issues, prevention, early warning systems and preparedness that can lead to
lesser damage and casualty to the community. Preparedness can affect by what kind of
information people may get. So it is crucially important that the information being disseminated
to the people should be accurate and reliable.
For the last statement it illustrates that most of the respondents AGREE to the idea that
the early warning system is being well implemented. The residents resulted to the 4.19 weighted
mean favorably the barangay officials got the same weighted mean of 4.19.
It shows that both residents and barangay officials see the warning system as being well
maintained for the better use of the people. With the previous statement like the effectiveness of
the warning system, its accurate information and being well disseminated. It contributes to the
positive position of the warning system.
The researchers compare the above shown findings between the levels of attitude with the
level of preparedness of the respondents with the focus on the attitude of the respondents in this
part of the interpretation. To finally avoid this disaster is imposable, all people are vulnerable to it
and even in during disasters, some hard headed people will in some situations become the
problem. In order to achieve such avoidance or preparation requires the commitment to planning
and cooperation of every individual in a society. Regardless of their knowledge, awareness,
practices and attitude but the power and will to develop it through disaster situations.
The mind set of people regarding disaster preparation is very important, which is why it
is also important for the local government to at some point influence their attitude and behavior in
a positive way such by providing good and well implemented programs.
The mind set of people regarding disaster preparation is very important, which is why it
is also important for the local government to at some point influence their attitude and behavior in
a positive way such by providing good and well implemented programs.
To sum up, the over OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.03 presents that majority of
the respondents AGREE to most of the question that have shown. It indicates that most of the

residents and barangay officials of Marikina City have positive attitude towards the Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Programs. Most of the respondents agree to the effectiveness and
well implementation of the programs. Most of the respondents also know all the programs used
by the researchers in the instrument, assuming that the Local Government of Marikina is doing a
worthy job to implement each program and make the people respect and trust each program.

V. PRACTICE ON TYPHOON, FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE PREPARATIONS
Table 5.1a
Respondents Practice on Typhoon Preparations
(Residents)

Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. I ensure the roof and walls can withstand strong winds and
heavy rains and make necessary repairs while the weather is still
good.
4.17 Often
2. I ensure three days worth of food and water supplies. 4.28 Often
3. I prepare a survival kit. Have a bag containing a transistor
radio, torch, mobile phone, batteries, clothes, medicines and
food. Your mobile phone and transistor radio will connect you
even when electricity is cut.
4.20 Often
4. I identify evacuation centers. Have a plan for a safe place to go
in case of an evacuation that includes different routes on how to
get there.
4.30 Often
5. Before typhoon strikes, I clean up my houses drainage system
so it wont get clogged up.
4.04 Often
6. I frequently listen to the local radio, television or visit Weather
Philippines or other sites for storm advisories on the track of the
typhoon.
4.49 Often

7. I turn off the electrical supply in my home. 4.01 Often
8. I cancel all travel and outside activities. 4.27 Often
Overall: 4.22 Often

Table 5.1a presents the measures of the respondents practice on typhoon preparations
(residents). The statements shown in the table are the preparation guides of residents for typhoon.
The results shows that the respondents (residents) OFTEN practice the eight typhoon
preparations namely; ensure the roof and walls which can withstand strong winds and heavy rains
and make necessary repairs while the weather is still good with a mean score of 4.17, ensure three
days worth of food and water supplies with a mean score of 4.28, prepare a survival kit with a
mean score of 4.20, identify evacuation centers with a mean score of 4.30, clean up my houses
drainage system so it wont get clogged up with a mean score of 4.04, listen to the local radio,
television or visit Weather Philippines or other sites for storm advisories on the track of the
typhoon with a mean score of 4.49, turn off the electrical supply in my home with a mean score
of 4.01, and cancel all travel and outside activities with a mean score of 4.27.
The results imply that the respondents (residents) practice the eight (8) preparations
often. It is due to their knowledge on preparations to put into practice, for safeness and survival.
According to the article of IRIN Asia (2011), specialist recommend that everyone should
make necessary repairs while the weather is still good like ensuring the roof and walls can
withstand strong winds and heavy rains. Also, ensure food and water supplies that will last for
three days, prepare a survival kit, and identify evacuation centers where they can go in case of
flooding. These preparation guides are supported by the standards of Philippine Red Cross in
preparing for typhoon.
In repairing their properties, typhoons will do lesser impacts on infrastructures in general
such as houses, and thus lessening the possibility of physical damage to people. Based on Done

Right Roofing Calgary (2010), it is important to do some basic repairs and roof check-ups
regularly.
Aside from that, residents also often ensure food and water that will lasts in three days. It
is important because it guarantees a better survival in disaster, as fueling body during an
emergency is very different from everyday diet. It will probably expend more energy than normal
(DiMaggio, n.d.).
Also, preparing an emergency kit is also needed in typhoon preparation. As Marikina
City often do it, emergency kit may increase the survival. Disasters cannot prevent but people can
do something to prepare for it and the first step is putting an emergency preparedness kit (Paris,
2009).
Furthermore, by identifying the locations of evacuation centers and knowing how to get
there is also a better practice. Marikina residents are also often practice this preparation. Planning
an evacuation beforehand will greatly increase the survival of children, elderlies and persons with
disabilities that might hinder their escape (BBC, 2013).
Another preparation is to clean up the house and street drainage system (Sarmiento,
2010). This preparation is often practice by Marikina residents, as the city requires all residential
and commercial establishments to clean their surroundings based on the Ordinance No. 210, s.
1994.
Next on the list of preparations is listening to the local television, radio and visiting
website like Weather Philippines or other sites for storm advisories on the track of typhoon, turn
off the electrical supply in home, cancel all travel and outside activities. The Philippine Red
Cross and Weather Philippines advised these preparations for typhoon.
To sum up, the respondents (residents) OFTEN practice the typhoon preparations, with
an OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.22. It denotes that the respondents (residents) practice

the typhoon preparations often. It is because of the residents mindset about safeness and survival
when a strong typhoon like Ondoy and Mario hits their city.

Table 5.1b
Respondents Practice on Typhoon Preparations

Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. The barangay officials maintains the rescue boats and other
rescue tools in preparation for typhoon.
4.92 Always
2. The barangay officials especially the rescue personnel keep
their training in preparation for typhoon.
4.77 Always
3. The barangay officials make sure that each family in
Marikina City keep a copy of Family Disaster Plan.
4.35 Often
4. The barangay officials make sure that during typhoon, all
the residents that are needed to be evacuated are safely
delivered to the nearest evacuation center.
4.75 Always
5. The barangay official keep track of the medical needs of
their residents after typhoon especially the affected people.
4.46 Often
6. The barangay officials make sure that all their
announcements about typhoon reached every residents.
4.72 Always

7. The barangay discusses to the public how to use disaster
equipment such as rubber boats or life vests.
4.50 Often
8. The barangay practices the 24/7 contact based protocols for
the residents during typhoon.
4.36 Often
9. The barangay coordinates with higher departments such as
PAG-ASA, NDRRMC and Marikina City DRRMO to gather
information for decision making.
4.28 Often
10. I participate in local joint meetings in preparation for
incoming typhoon.
4.78 Always
11. I act as a leader to other people in my community during
typhoon.
4.61 Always
12. As an official, I study the effects of previous typhoons and
I use this as information as an advantage in preparation for
future events.
4.77 Always
Overall:
4.61 Always

Table 5.1b presents the measures of the respondents practice on typhoon preparations
(residents). The statements shown in the table are the preparation guides of barangay officials for
typhoon.
The result shows that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS practice the seven
(7) preparations for typhoon namely; maintains the rescue boats and other rescue tools in
preparation for typhoon with a mean score of 4.49, the rescue personnel keep their training in
preparation for typhoon with a mean score of 4.77, make sure that during typhoon, all the
residents that are needed to be evacuated are safely delivered to the nearest evacuation center
with a mean score of 4.75, make sure that all their announcements about typhoon reached every
residents with a mean score of 4.72, participate in local joint meetings in preparation for
incoming typhoon with a mean score of 4.78, act as a leader to other people in my community
during typhoon with a mean score of 4.61, and study the effects of previous typhoons and I use
this as information as an advantage in preparation for future events with a mean score of 4.77.
The results denote that the officials always practice the seven (7) typhoon preparations
for the safeness of the whole community. It is due to their responsibilities as an official to be the
leader in disaster preparation. It is supported by the R.A. 10121, that barangay officials are the

primary responders during calamities or disasters since they are the authorities closest to ground
zero.
As an official, it is important to maintain rescue vessels which are useful in times of
typhoons or floods. Given enough knowledge, an officials can help in real time rescue operation
if some of their constituents are in jeopardy from disaster. By maintaining rescue vessels, people
can avoid unwanted hindrances that are brought by mechanical failures from the boats itself and
will certainly guarantee an efficient rescue and rescue time (Righetti, 2008).
Also, it is important to keep the training of the barangay officials and rescue personnel in
preparation to typhoon. Based on RA 10121 of 2010, each barangay should organize, train, equip
and supervise the local emergency response teams.
However, MCDRRMO personnel underwent various trainings, such as boat handling
wherein skillful directional of fiberglass boat is learned; swift water rescue and water search;
basic water rescue; and basic emergency response. The existence of these skilled personnel who
underwent proper training has given the residents a sense of relief (Marikina News, 2014).
Besides, the officials make sure every time that all the residents who are needed to be
evacuated are safely delivered to the nearest evacuation center. Evidently, during Typhoon Mario,
there are more than 25,500 people who are in evacuation centers, most residents have learned
from the lessons of Tropical Storm Ondoy. According to Romina de Guzman, one of the
kagawads of flooded barangays (Sto. Nino), the officials become more organized, the residents
have learned what to do, and there are only a few who do not follow (Ranada, 2014).
Moreover, Carmela Sedanto, transport cooperative officer of Marikina, said that seminars
and evacuation drills are being held regularly in Marikina. The city government ensures residents
that it is prepared for another Ondoy-like hazard (Aquino, 2014).

Another typhoon preparation needed to be done by barangay officials is to make sure that
all their announcements about typhoon reached every residents. It is according to RA 10121 of
2010 Section 12, BDRRMC must disseminate information and raise public awareness about
typhoon (RA 10121 of 2010).
Also, the officials should participate in local joint meetings in preparation for incoming
typhoon, act as a leader to other people in my community, and study the effects of previous
typhoons and use this as information as an advantage in preparation for future typhoons. As what
barangay officials said they always do these preparations for typhoon.
Based on the RA 10121 of 2010, barangay should coordinate other disaster risk reduction
and management activities, identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction
measures/strategies, and design, program and coordinate disaster risk reduction and management
activities consistent with the National Council's standards and guidelines. It is the duty of the
barangay officials to operate and make necessary actions for residents in times of typhoon.
On the other hand, the result shows that there are five (5) preparations OFTEN practice
by the respondents (barangay officials) namely; make sure that each family in Marikina City keep
a copy of Family Disaster Plan with a mean score of 4.35, keep track of the medical needs of their
residents after typhoon especially the affected people with a mean score of 4.46, discusses to the
public how to use disaster equipment such as rubber boats or life vests with a mean score of 4.50,
practices the 24/7 contact based protocols for the residents during typhoon with a mean score of
4.36, and coordinates with higher departments such as PAG-ASA, NDRRMC and Marikina City
DRRMO to gather information for decision making with a mean score of 4.28.
The results indicate that barangay officials of Marikina often practice some of the
typhoon preparations such as giving a family disaster plan for residents, keeping track of medical
needs for residents, discussing to the public on how to use disaster equipment, coordinating to
higher departments to get information, and practicing 24/7 contact based protocols for residents.

The city disaster risk reduction management (MCDRRMO) are the ones who actually do
or render these preparations and services for residents of the whole city (Marikina website). But
still, it is the responsibility of a barangay official to keep these preparations always be done in
preparation to typhoon.
Overall, with an OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.61, the respondents (barangay
officials) ALWAYS do the twelve (12) preparations for typhoon. It is an indication that the
barangay officials always prepare every time there is a typhoon in the city. This is because of
their responsibilities and duties to keep their community prepared and resilient.

Table 5.2a
Respondents Practice on Flood Preparations
(Residents)

Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Before flood strikes, I clean up my houses drainage system
so it wont get clogged up.
4.17 Often
2. I ensure three days worth of food and water supplies. 4.42 Often
3. I identify evacuation centers. Have a plan for a safe place to
go in case of an evacuation that includes different routes on
how to get there.
4.30 Often
4. I secure the strong ropes or cables parts of my house which
may be swept away by on rushing water or be blown away by
strong winds.
4.17 Often

5. I turn off the electrical supply in my home. 4.14 Often
6. I prepare a survival kit. Have a bag containing a transistor
radio, torch, mobile phone, batteries, clothes, medicines and
food. Your mobile phone and transistor radio will connect you
even when electricity is cut.
4.31 Often
7. I frequently listen to the local radio, television or visit
Weather Philippines or other sites for storm advisories on the
progress of the typhoon.
4.60 Often
8. I cancel all travel and outside activities. 4.36 Often
Overall: 4.31 Often

Table 5.2a presents the measures of the respondents practice on typhoon preparations
(residents). The statements shown in the table are the preparation guides of residents for flood,
together with its weighted mean and verbal interpretation.
The table shows a dominant answer of OFTEN verbal interpretation results for the entire
statements on flood practice preparation among the Marikina household residents. They clearly
identified that they are often doing the flood practice preparation with a mean score ranging from
4.14-4.42 namely; before flood strikes, cleaning up their houses drainage system so it wont get
clogged up, ensuring three days worth of food and water supplies, identifying evacuation centers
securing strong ropes or cables parts of their house which may be swept away by strong winds,
turning off the electrical supply in their home, preparing a survival kit, having bag containing a
transistor radio, torch, mobile phone, batteries, clothes, medicines and food and cancelling all
travel and outside activities. In the other hand, an ALWAYS verbal interpretation on frequently
listening on television and radio, or visiting weather sites giving information about floods,
gaining a mean score of 4.60
The result indicates that verbal description of often and always is due to their own
safeness and security. They need to be prepared and sustain themselves in the immediate
aftermath of a disaster.
Majority of the results from Marikina residents on their flood practice preparation was
often. It includes cleaning up their house drainage system, ensuring enough worth of food and

water supplies, identifying evacuation centers, turning off the electrical supply on their house,
preparing survival kit and cancelling all their travels and outside activities.
A survival kit is important to emergency preparedness. An emergency kit is meant to
ensure oneself and family members that will have all of the necessary items for basic survival.
Such items should include a three-day water and food supply for each person, blankets, radio,
hygiene items, prescription medication and a flashlight and batteries (Karen Blundell, 2011 ).
However, frequently listening on television and radio, or visiting weather sites giving
information about floods said that they are always doing it. Marikina residents has proven that
part of their Always are watching television because of it accurate and fast dissemination of
information about updates and safety precaution. It only proves that, with the advent of television
in the 1960s, radio and television have become the preferred channels for obtaining warning
information (Lee and Lam, 2010). It is the advantage also of the television weather report has
evolved to use some of the most hi-tech graphics seen on the small screen that most people
informed, understood and educate.

Table 5.2b
Respondents Practice on Flood Preparations

Statements Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. The barangay officials maintains the rescue boats and other
rescue tools in preparation for flood.
4.78 Always
2. The barangay officials especially the rescue personnel keep
their training in preparation for flood.
4.68 Always
3. The barangay officials make sure that each family in
Marikina City keep a copy of Family Disaster Plan.
4.41 Often
4. The barangay officials make sure that during flood, all the
residents that are needed to be evacuated are safely delivered
to the nearest evacuation center.
4.75 Always

5. The barangay officials prepare rehabilitation plan after
flood.
4.54 Always
6. The barangay officials make sure that all their
announcements about flood reached every residents.
4.67 Always
7. The barangay discusses to the public how to use disaster
equipment such as rubber boats or life vests.
4.52 Always
the residents during flood.
4.67 Always
PAG-ASA, NDRRMC and Marikina City DRRMO to gather
4.54 Always
10. I participate in local joint meetings in preparation for
flood.
4.78 Always
11. I act as a leader to other people in my community during
typhoon.
4.61 Always
12. As an official, I study the effects of previous flooding and
I use this as information as an advantage in preparation for
future events.
4.77 Always
Overall: 4.64 Always

Table 5.2b presents the measure of the respondents (barangay officials) practice on
flood preparations. The statements shown in the table are preparations of barangay officials for
flood, together with its computed weighted mean and correspond verbal interpretation.
The table shows a dominant verbal interpretation result of ALWAYS for the entire
practice statement on flood preparation coming from Barangay Officials. The results gathered a
mean score ranging from 4.52-4.78 namely; Barangay officials maintains the rescue boats and
other rescue tools in preparation for flood, The barangay officials especially the rescue personnel
keep their training in preparation for flood, making sure that during flood, all the residents that
are needed to be evacuated are safely delivered to the nearest evacuation center, also discussing to
the public how to use disaster equipment such as rubber boats or life vests, practicing the 24/7
contact based protocols for the residents during flood, coordination with higher departments such
as PAG-ASA, NDRRMC and Marikina City DRRMO to gather information for decision making,
participating in local joint meetings in preparation for flood, acting as a leader to other people in
my community during typhoon and lastly, As an official, studying the effects of previous flooding
and I use this as information as an advantage in preparation for future events. However, only

verbal interpretation of OFTEN on the statements of making sure that each family in Marikina
City keep a copy of Family Disaster Plan garnering only a mean score of 4.41.
The result indicates that, verbal description of highly knowledgeable and knowledgeable
is due to the trainings and seminars conducted by MCDRRMO that can be able to impart with
their community.
As flood prone concern city, the barangay official are much skilled doing their
responsibilities as the role implementer from its constituency. They are in-charge with the
responsibility of giving assistance to victims of calamities, reminding their securities and guiding
them 24/7 in times of disasters more especially flood matters. They are composed of operating
teams in-charge with the extension of medical services, transportation and evacuation of victims,
also the distribution of relief goods. This what Local government units (LGUs) for. They are
expected to be at the frontline of emergency measures in the aftermath of disasters to ensure the
general welfare of its constituents, based on the Local Government Code of 1991 (Bueza, 2013).
Although, barangay officials often make sure that each family in Marikina City keep a copy of
Family Disaster Plan, it is still proves that barangay official are confident doing their
responsibility to their community.

Table 5.3a
Respondents Practice on Earthquake Preparations
(Residents)

Statements
Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. I repair defective electrical wiring, leaky gas lines and
inflexible utility connections. Flexible fittings are more
resistant to breakage.
4.05 Often
2. I bolt down or secure water heaters, refrigerator and gas
appliances to the wall.
4.22 Often
3. I place heavier and larger objects on shelves. Fasten
shelves, mirrors and large picture frames to walls.
4.15 Often
4. I check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and
chandeliers.
3.99 Often

5. I familiarize myself with the locations of fire extinguishers
and emergency kits
4.13 Often
6. I prepare a handy emergency supply kit with first aid kit,
canned food and can opener, water, clothing, blanket, battery-
operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries.
4.11 Often
7. I keep breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable
materials stored in the lowermost shelves and secured firmly.
4.12 Often
8. I participate in regular earthquake drills.
3.35 Sometimes
Overall:
4.22 Often

Table 5.3a presents the measure of respondents (residents) practice about earthquake
preparations. The statements shown above are basic guidelines and tips earthquake regarding
preparation.
The first statement shows that the respondents (residents) OFTEN repair defective
electrical wiring, leaky gas lines and inflexible utility connections. Flexible fittings are more
resistant to breakage, with the total weighted mean of 4.05.
The result implies that residents of Marikina city often follows one of the basic tips
regarding earthquake preparation since it can help them lessen injury and accidents in future.
According to an article of FEMA, repairing defective electrical wirings, leaky gas and other
utilities is important since short circuits and fires cause further deaths and injuries that can be
traced back and attributed to the aftermath of an earthquake (Haneberg, 2007).
The following statement shows that respondents (residents) OFTEN bolt down or secure
water heaters, refrigerator and gas appliances to the wall, with total weighted mean of 4.22.
Likewise, the third statement have shown that the respondents (barangay officials)
OFTEN place heavier and larger objects on shelves. Fasten shelves, mirrors and large picture
frames to walls, with total weighted mean of 4.15.

Additionally, the fourth statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials)
OFTEN check the stability of hanging objects like ceiling fans and chandeliers, with a total
The results drawn an idea in which wherein residents of Marikina always secure heavy
objects thus ensuring safety in the households. Similarly, it is also important that the public
should bolt down or secure all the large objects and appliances such as refrigerators to the house
wall. While not always required by building code, it is always a good idea to anchor refrigerators
and other large pieces of furniture. There are companies that make special straps for earthquake-
proofing standard refrigerators, which come with instructions and are easily installed by the do-it-
yourselfer (Bernstein, 2004).
Aside from that, residents of Marikina often place heavier and larger objects on shelves.
Fasten shelves, mirrors and large picture frames to walls and often check the stability of hanging
objects like ceiling fans and chandeliers. It is important because heavy objects that fall on people
can cause injuries so by thinking ahead and placing this objects in lower shelves will help people
survive better during earthquakes. People can also fasten down and anchor the shelves for further
security (Mushen, 2012).
The next statement shows that, respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN familiarize
themselves with the locations of fire extinguishers and emergency kits, with the total weighted
mean of 4.13.
The result simply implies the importance of these equipment to Marikina community
since they are very prone to disasters. Moreover, Familiarizing with the locations of emergency
kits and fire extinguishers is needed since people can get or take there as soon as possible
therefore can act and immediately help one another. As residents of Marikina city often do it, it
may increase to tolerate the response time and reacting better during calamities. Disasters are

always a threat especially earthquakes and if in case a fire occur fire extinguishers can be found
in kitchens or alongside corridors of buildings (Moehsmer, 2006).
Similarly, the next statement shows that respondents (residents) OFTEN prepare a handy
emergency supply kit with first aid kit, canned food and can opener, water, clothing, blanket,
battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries, with the total weighted mean of 4.11.
The results only describes that it is almost like a necessity for these residents to prepare
an emergency and familiarize themselves with the emergency kit for proper preparation.
Correlational to this, familiarizing with the locations of emergency kits and fire extinguishers is
needed since people can get or take there as soon as possible therefore can act and immediately
help one another. As residents of Marikina city often do it, it may increase to tolerate the response
time and reacting better during calamities. Disasters are always a threat especially earthquakes
and if in case a fire occur fire extinguishers can be found in kitchens or alongside corridors of
buildings (Moehsmer, 2006).
Furthermore, by preparing an emergency kit will ultimately increase the chance of
aftermath survival. Many rescuers and relief arrives days after an earthquake since many roads
will be blocked and communication systems are down. What more, even if they arrive, there is no
guarantee that this relief is enough to reach to you or the rescuers has the right equipment to
search for you in the right place and time. But, if a person has an emergency kit it will save or
increase their chances to survive and be found by rescuers for most of the time. By fulfilling your
own role will increase the survivability of the community. Responsibilities such as knowing and
preparing an emergency kit might do the trick (www.getprepared, 2014)
The seventh statement shows that respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN keep
breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials stored in the lowermost shelves and
secured firmly, with the total weighted mean of 4.12.

This entails that residents of Marikina are also aware of the hazards that harmful
chemicals can do. As it is one important idea from lists of preparation to keep breakable items,
harmful chemicals and flammable materials stored in the lowermost shelves and secured firmly.
As stated before chemicals, fire and short circuits are some cause of deaths attributed to
earthquake. Chemicals may in term poison victims under rubble piles that are not rescued in time.
Earthquakes strike without warning and are the most lethal hazards, so it is crucial to act in
advance and be prepared and flammable or reactive chemicals such as bleach and paint thinners,
which should be stored separately and securely. Keeping a distance, shielding made of heavy and
dense materials, and time are the three ways to minimize radiation exposure (Encyclopedia,
2011).
The last statement have shown that respondents (residents) participate in regular
earthquake drills SOMETIMES, with the total weighted mean of 3.335.
Showing the result, calls for the relevance of earthquake drills and why people must
attend to this types of meetings. Most importantly, residents of Marikina city sees to attend
earthquake drills. It is a good idea to attend earthquake drills sometimes rather to not, because,
not only it will provide you the preparation needed or get the supplies needed if lucky, but rather
understand the contact protocols, web based systems/plans and other simple things such as duck
cover and hold (Murdico , 2005).
To sum up, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.22 only illustrates that the
respondents (residents) of Marikina OFTEN keep or allots time for these tips, practices of
guidelines that are useful for earthquake preparations. This is all due to the fear from threat of
major earthquake since the city lies in a fault line.

Table 5.3a
Respondents Practice on Earthquake Preparations


Statements
Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. The barangay and its officials communicate with the
residents in preparation for earthquake.
4.64 Always
2. The barangay share up-to-date information regarding
earthquake drills and programs.
4.51 Always
3. The barangay discusses to the public how to use emergency
kits in preparation for earthquake
4.38 Often
4. The barangay provide an electronic/web based version for
its earthquake plans for the residents easy access.
4.03 Often
the residence in events such as earthquakes.
4.63 Always
6. The barangay conducts regular earthquake drills for
residents.
4.56 Always
PHIVOLCS, NDRRMC and Marikina City DRRMO to gather
4.47 Often
8 I participate in local joint meetings in preparation for
earthquakes.
4.76 Always
9) I act as a leader to other people in my community in
preparation for earthquake.
4.64 Always
10) As an official, I study the effects of earthquakes and I use
this information as an advantage in preparation for future
events.
4.69 Often
Overall:
4.53 Always

Table 5.3b presents the measure of respondents (barangay officials) practice about
earthquake preparations. The statements shown above are basic guidelines, duties and
responsibilities of local officials regarding earthquake preparation.
The first statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS
communicate with the residents in preparation for earthquake, with the total weighted mean of
4.64.
The results have shown that, as a barangay official, it is important to always communicate with
the community residents. It is as good as a private earthquake drill where in a barangay official
can discuss things pertaining to earthquake ranging from aftershocks to plans and programs.

There are also instances where a person does not know about aftershocks or crucial things like as
leaking gas can cause fire and short circuits (Murphy, 2009).
The second statement presents that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS share
up-to-date information regarding earthquake drills and programs, with the total weighted mean of
4.51.
The results also showed that it is also important to share up to date information regarding
earthquake drills and programs. From sharing the idea of the program, family can practice at their
own and help their children familiarize with the precautions (Klosterboer, 2013). At the same
time schools can also do the same as well as elucidating more of the public from teaching the
students regarding the matter (Shaw, 2013).
The next statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN discusses to
the public how to use emergency kits in preparation for earthquake, with the total weighted mean
of 4.38.
This result implies why residents of Marikina are aware and knowledgeable about
disaster preparation, it is all because of this micro efforts to share information to the public as for
precautions. Within the context of sharing, information gaps will be filled. There are residents
who lack knowledge about emergency kits but with proper discussions and sharing, the perceive
gap will be filled (Haigh, 2011).
The fourth statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN provides
an electronic/web based version for its earthquake plans for the residents easy access, with the
New approaches are developed these days, where in disaster plans and programs are
based in the World Wide Web. There are also apps that allows the residents to dial to the local
government for actions requested. The only main problem in this advancements was it is tangibly

speaking harder to discuss and finance this kind of modernization (Techrepublic, 2004).
However, Marikina city does not lack this kind of systems as shown in the results. In some
barangays in the city like Sto. Nino for example, there are live cameras and monitors directed
from city streets to NDRRMC.
The fifth statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS practices
the 24/7 contact based protocols for the residence in events such as earthquakes, with the total
Moreover, the results entails that the barangays of Marikina always practices the 24/7
contact based protocols for the residence in events such as earthquakes. In a disaster situation
such as earthquake, a communication system is important for gathering and sharing information
on disaster areas. Although an information sharing system in disaster situation is essential, it is
difficult to provide such system effectively. It is because communication based systems such as
for mobile phones, Wi-Fi access points and so on may be broken down and malfunction
(Asakura, 2012). In this cases only a barangay and resident mutual understanding regarding a
certain call or sign will evidently prove a good communication system that does not base on
wireless protocols that can be broken down. Aftershock will strike and people will start to seek
help by interacting with local government which of course contact protocols plays a huge factor.
As stated earlier, locations like Sto. Nino are have their eyes on the city as live monitors watching
over the city (Marikina News, 2012).
The next statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS conducts
regular earthquake drills for residents, with the total weighted mean of 4.56.
In relation to this the barangays of Marikina city always conducts regular earthquake drills for
residents. Conducting Annual Earthquake Drills at Home, school, local community and Work If
an earthquake were to occur. Surviving the catastrophe is very important, one of the most ideal

way to do this is to know what to do during an earthquake; these things will all be described from
an earthquake drill (Williams, 2013).
The following statement have shown that the respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN
coordinates with higher departments such as PHIVOLCS, NDRRMC and Marikina City DRRMO
to gather information for decision making, with the total weighted mean of 4.47.
The results depicts that it is a duty and responsibility for local officials to consolidate and
regards situation before decision making. Local government coordinates with higher agencies
since forecast are very subtle and small miscalculations can mean greater disasters.
Furthermore, based on Memorandum circular No. 4 S. 2012, there would be a main system
council that will concern about disaster as NDRRMC and all the local government shall and must
coordinate with the council for planning, command, finances and others such that the community
will develop a better preparation for disasters. By coordinating with higher agencies such as
PHILVOLCS to develop standardize lectures, seminars and drills that can be shared to the public.
Evidently, Marikina city does not lack from this, when Muntinlupa and local barangays of
Marikina city conduct a joint meeting regarding disaster preparation (NDRRMC, 2009).
The eight statement presents that the respondents (barangay officials) ALWAYS
participate in local joint meetings in preparation for earthquakes, with total weighted mean of
4.76.
The results depicts that it is a duty for the local officials to attend joint meetings
regarding disaster preparation since they are the facilitators of programs in the community. Also
dispersals makes it extremely difficult for local governments to deal with hazards in a coherent
way. Experiences in sample communities and areas calls for joint meetings that may be proven
important and useful for these areas at some point. Through joint meetings, not only that the

officials are developing trust of help during disaster and conjoined strategic planning but also
intend to fulfil the interest of the public (Wisner, 2005).
In relation to this, the ninth statement shows that, the respondents (barangay officials)
ALWAYS act as a leader to other people in my community in preparation for earthquake, with
the total weighted mean of 4.64.
Being said so, the next duty to fulfil by the local officials was to set an example to the
community after receiving enough information and strategies from held joint meetings. Not only
it will help the residents but encourages them to stand and also try to be a leader in the
community in certain situations. Learning requires that free official leaders to act wisely and that
they trust people to self-organize effective responses. Moreover it is the leaders attitude and
decision making that will affect the community as a whole and whos to be more, other than the
person who knew too much about the issue but the local government officials themselves (Forbes,
2014).
The last statement shows that the respondents (barangay officials) OFTEN study the
effects of earthquakes and I use this information as an advantage in preparation for future events,
with the total weighted mean of 4.69.
The results implies that the local officials of Marikina city are further strengthening the
overall preparedness of the city by studying past events. It is indeed important to determine future
ways to deal with disasters and use this information as advantages. Moreover, establishing a
record of past events helps determine the likely frequency of future events. Through
paleoseismology, the study of prehistoric fault movements, seismologists can establish fault
movement trends that predate written records.

To combine as a whole, the OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.53 only pre justifies
that the respondents (barangay officials) of Marikina city ALWAYS follow this guidelines and
fulfil their duties to enhanced the preparation of the city as a whole.
VI. LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS ON TYPHOON, FLOOD AND EARTHQUAKE
Table 6.1
Respondents Level of Preparedness on Typhoon, Flood and Earthquake

Disaster Conditions
Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
Weighted
Mean
Verbal Interpretation
1. Typhoon 4.18
Prepared 4.58 Highly Prepared
2. Flood 4.18
Prepared 4.56 Highly Prepared
3. Earthquake 3.91
Prepared 4.21 Prepared
Overall: 4.09
Prepared 4.45 Prepared

Table 6 presents the measure of the respondents (residents and barangay officials) level
of preparedness on disaster conditions; typhoon, flood, and earthquake.
The first condition shows that the respondents (residents) are PREPARED on typhoon
with the total weighted mean of 4.18, while the respondents (barangay officials) are HIGHLY
PREPARED with the total weighted mean of 4.58.
The result implies that the respondents (residents) are prepared for typhoon. This goes to
show how important being prepared and how residents of Marikina city value the lessons they get
from previous disasters. Being prepared does not mean that one won't incur any loss, however, if
one prepares properly, it can save lives, homes and personal affects. Proper preparation can also
make recovery and dealing with insurance companies and government entities exponentially
easier (Rhodes, 2010).
On the other hand, the result from the respondents (barangay officials) denotes that the
barangay officials of Marikina are highly prepared from typhoon. With the recent experiences

from Ondoy and habagat, Marikina city will not neglect the possibility of another same situation,
thus, only preparation can assure so and by setting common goals regarding disaster preparation it
is indeed a typhoon prepared city. Evidently, it is proven several times that Marikina city has able
to achieve its goals regarding disaster preparation. Marikina has going non-stop efforts to attain a
zero casualty from typhoons by conducting proper and efficient response and full operations
government and residence coordination (Masinag, 2014).
The second condition shows that the respondents (residents) are PREPARED on flood
with the total weighted mean of 4.18, while the respondents (barangay officials) are HIGHLY
PREPARED with the total weighted mean of 4.56.
The result implies that the respondents (residents) are prepared for flood. Likewise as
typhoon, floods are attributed to heavy rains which cause most of the damage. The results only
implies that Marikina city is prepared from flood. Moreover, Marikina City also fears major
flooding, the street drainages were cleaned daily and water vehicles are always available town
municipalities. There are also programs which aims of cleaning the river. All of these are done
with the help of each other and tributes to the residence who cautiously values the programs that
prevents flood such as no to plastic policy. It was those micro steps which helps Marikina about
flood problems and the main reason why Marikina city have become one of Asia Pacifics most
livable cities (ADB, 2008).
Additionally, the results implies that barangay officials of Marikina city fulfils their
responsibilities for the community as a good example by having a high level of preparation with
regards to flood. Moreover, the local government advised the residents to be the volunteers
themselves in the aftermaths of flood. The local government coordinates with other cities like
CAMANAVA to further strengthen their preparation. Even more a public forum was organized
by Mobile Anarchist School and Onsite Info shop. A local TV personality, Tado Jimenez who

also involved in flood related campaign was invited to attract people to make them participate in a
discussion concerning their own lives (Tzuchi.org 2012).
The third condition shows that the respondents (residents) are PREPARED for
earthquake with the total weighted mean of 3.91 at the same time the respondents (barangay
officials) are also PREPARED with the total weighted mean of 4.21.
The results have shown that, although earthquakes occur very often. The residents of
Marikina is still prepared from it, just as other types of calamities. This high level of preparation
is attributed to the fact that the city is located in an earthquake prone region.
In addition, earthquake drills are also conducted in the city more than ever. It is due to the
serious threat of 7.2 magnitude earthquake (PHILVOLCS, 2013) that can be triggered by
Marikina fault line. Evidently, millions of residents over 18 attended the Bennial Global meeting
in regards to the said earthquake. Furthermore, residents of Metro Manila are required to go to the
city hall for permits to refurbish their residential buildings.
Most importantly, the city and its local government are also ready for an earthquake. As
stated before, the geo-hazard of the fault line cause the community to prepare for the in evitable.
The city government wants to give knowledge and prepare the staff of different offices in case of
emergency situations like earthquakes so they would know what to do. Having plans and being
prepared increases the possibility to survive during an earthquake. Being prepared is still the best
solution as we cant predict when an earthquake may happen (Deguzman, 2014).
As a whole, the residents and barangay officials are PREPARED for disaster conditions;
typhoon, flood and earthquakes, with an OVERALL WEIGHTED MEAN of 4.09 (residents)
and 4.45 (barangay officials). It only proves that the city is prepared and ready to its crown glory
as Asia Pacifics one the most livable cities.


VII. COMPARISON OF RESPONDENTS LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS
Table 7.1
Independent Samples t-test: Comparison between the
Respondents' Level of Preparedness on Typhoon

* Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the respondents' level of preparedness on typhoon.

Table 7.1 indicates the comparison between the respondents (residents and barangay
officials) level of preparedness on typhoon. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis since the
total computed p-value is 0.000 or is less than 0.05 level of difference.
The results only implies that there is a significant difference between the respondents
level of preparedness regarding preparation on typhoon, with the total p-value of 0.000. There is
also an important distinction between the two respondents since government officials recognized
and foreseen natural disaster preparation and response as part of the homeland security (Cameron
2014).
Furthermore, the local governments perspectives differ from that of the public. While the
public focus on their interest in a disaster situation, the local government should look broader
regarding the impact as a whole and concerns more to the community rather than mere personal
interest (Miskel, 2008).

Indicator Type of Respondent WM t-computed P-value Decision Conclusion
Typhoon Residents 4.18 -5.280 0.000 Reject Ho Significant
Barangay Officials 4.58

Table 7.2
Respondents' Level of Preparedness on Flood

* Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the respondents' level of preparedness on flood.
Table 7.2 indicates the comparison between the respondents (residents and barangay
officials) level of preparedness on flood in Marikina city. The decision is to reject the null
hypothesis since the total computed p-value is 0.000 or is less than 0.05 level of difference.
The results depicts that there is a significant difference between the respondents level of
preparedness regarding preparation on flood, with the total p-value of 0.000. Variation regarding
functions and level of preparedness of the residents and officials to flood in Marikina mainly
because of the comprehensive correlation between the two. Since the local government are the
facilitators of the flood plain programs and plans, there is the direct increase in the overall
preparedness attributed to the government as the participation, coordination and practice of
residents increases.
Moreover, the exposure of the local officials to real time situations and training further
strengthens their preparedness compared to the public. Also there is the imbalance notion since
the population of the public may consist of some numbers of people like children, seniors, person
with disabilities and uneducated ones which from the vantage point itself differs the two, while
the corresponding ratio of the government officials rarely counts any of these. This is why adults
Indicator Type of Respondent WM t-computed P-value Decision Conclusion
Flood Residents 4.18 -4.648 0.000 Reject Ho Significant

from the public are encourage to do trainings in accordance to the governments programs (Red-
cross, 2013).

Table 7.3
Respondents' Level of Preparedness on Earthquake

* Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the respondents' level of preparedness on
earthquake.

Table 7.3 shows the comparison between the respondents (residents and barangay
officials) level of preparedness on earthquake in Marikina city. The decision is to reject the null
hypothesis since the total computed p-value is 0.002 or is less than 0.05 level of difference.
The results revealed that there is a significant difference between the respondents level of
preparedness regarding preparation on flood, with the total p-value of 0.002. Although
earthquakes happen very often, the local government still ensures that the community is well
aware and prepared for it. The local government sets agenda regarding this preparation as a
basely routine.
Furthermore the officials contain substantial understanding regarding peer knowledge
and privilege information to the public such as owners building codes and structural designs
(Winkel, 2012). Additionally, the local government holds the strategy about probable decisions
for the situation for most of the time (Spence, 2003).

Indicators Type of Respondent WM t-computed P-value Decision Conclusion
Earthquake Residents 3.91 -3.185 0.002 Reject Ho Significant

Table 7.4
Respondents' Level of Preparedness on Disaster Conditions

Type of
Respondent
WM t-computed P-value Decision Conclusion
Disaster
Conditions
Residents 4.09
-4.768 0.000
Reject
Ho
Significant
Barangay
Officials
4.45
* Null Hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the respondents' level of preparedness on disaster
conditions.

Table 7.4 shows the comparison between the respondents (residents and barangay
officials) overall level of preparedness on typhoon, flood and earthquake. The decision is to reject
the null hypothesis since the total computed p-value is 0.00o or is less than 0.05 level of
difference.
The results reveals that there is a significant difference between the respondents overall
level of preparedness regarding preparation on typhoon, flood and earthquake with the total p-
value of 0.000.
Relatively, the local officials are the planners, they design eloquent ways to deal with
disasters prevention, mitigation, rehabilitation. Joint meetings are held to earn and gain trust from
other communities. From this, information sharing can start thus increasing the governments over
all preparedness.
Most importantly, disaster trainings for barangay officials are considerable (Norris,
2006). It is a training that surpass a common knowledge like geo-hazard mapping and route

planning. Though there is a difference between the levels of preparedness of the two. It cannot be
taken out that residents of Marikina City are prepared among different types of disasters.

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

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