EE4511 Sustainable Energy

Systems: Part II
Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
9/29/2010 1
Lecture1: Types of Wind turbine, Power
in the Wind
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
Announcement
Start reading chapter 6.
This lecture covers materials from section 6.1
to 6.5.
Tutorial problems are problems 6.2, 6.4, 6.5,
6.8, 6.12
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Outline
Types of wind turbine
Power in the wind
Power extracted from the wind
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TYPE OF WIND TURBINE
Horizontal axis wind turbines
Vertical axis wind turbines
How does it work?
Inside wind turbine
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Wind Power System Terminology
Wind-driven generator
Wind generator
Wind turbine
Wind-turbine generator (WTG)
Wind energy conversion system (WECS)
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Types of Wind Turbine
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Horizontal Axis
Upwind turbine
Complex yaw control
system.
Keep blade facing wind.
Operate more smoothly.
Deliver more power.
Downwind turbine
Let the wind control left-
right motion (the yaw).
Orient itself correctly to
wind direction.
Wind shadowing effect by
the tower, cause the blade
to flex.
Increase noise and reduce
power output.
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Number of Blades
Multi-blade windmill need high starting torque
and low wind speed for continuous water
pumping function.
As rpm increases, turbulence caused by one
blade affects efficiency of the blade that follows
Fewer blades allow the turbine to spin faster =>
smaller generator.
Two and three blades are the most common in
modern wind turbine.
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http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/images/fig/chap1/3-4.jpg http://www.climatechangeconnection.org/Solutions/Windenergy.htm
http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/Spinoff2009/images/Aerostar_2.jpg
http://www.windpowerengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/windflow-Te-Rere-Hau-windfarm-300x200.jpg
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Vertical Axis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uJCiJmVbjM&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rQUdRMTnyM&feature=player_embedded
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxMh18SGhyA&feature=player_embedded http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqvMjOKKjpU&feature=player_embedded
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Inside Wind Turbine
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html
How Does it Work?
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POWER IN THE WIND
Power density
Temperature correction for air density
Altitude correction for air density
Impact of tower height
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Power in the Wind
Kinetic energy
?
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Power Density
Mass flow rate:
= Air density (kg/m) = 1.225 kg/m at 15C and 1 atm
is power in the wind (watts)
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Power density (specific power) = power per square meter
(Watts/m)
Wind in the US
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_potential.html
9/29/2010
15 Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
Observations from Power Equation
Power in the wind depends on,
Air density,
Area that wind flow through (i.e. swept area of
the turbine rotor), and
Wind speed.
Power increases as the cube of wind speed.
Will it be correct to calculate power using
average wind speed?
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Example 6.1
Compare the energy at 15C, 1 atmpressure,
contained in 1 m of the following wind
regimes:
a. 100 hours of 6-m/s winds (13.4 mph),
b. 50 hours at 3 m/s plus 50 hours at 9 m/s (i.e.,
an average wind speed of 6 m/s)
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Power VS Wind Speed
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Power VS Swept Area
Power increases as proportional to swept area
of the rotor.
This implies that power is proportional to
square of the diameter; the bigger, the better.
This explains economies of scale of wind
turbines.
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Observations from Power Equation
Power in the wind depends on,
Air density,
Area that wind flow through (i.e. swept area of
the turbine rotor), and
Wind speed.
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Air Density
At 15C and 1 atmosphere, = 1.225 kg/m.
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Density = weight/volume,
Ideal Gas Law
Air density varies according to ideal gas law,
P: absolute pressure (atm)
V: volume (m)
n: mass (mol)
R: ideal gas constant (matmKmol)
T: absolute temperature (K, K = C +273.13 )
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Intuitive idea about ideal gas law: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WScwPIPqZa0
Air Density VS Temperature
RT
P
V
n

Molecular weight of air can be approximated. Air is a mix of molecules,

78.08% Nitrogen (N = 28.02), 20.95% Oxygen (O = 28.02), 0.93% Argon (Ar
= 39.95), 0.035% Carbon dioxide (CO = 44.01), 0.0018% Neon (Ne = 20.18).
Equivalent molecular weight of air is 28.97.
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Air Density VS Altitude
Air density also depends on
atmospheric pressure.
Atmospheric pressure is a
function of altitude.
g = gravitational constant (9.806 m/s)
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Air Pressure VS Altitude
Assume temperature constant throughout the air column,
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Example 6.3
Find the air density
(a), at 15C (288.15 K), at an elevation of 2000 m
(6562 ft).
(b) find it assuming an air temperature of 5C at
2000 m.
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Temperature and Altitude Corrections
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Impact of Tower Height
Wind speed near the ground is greatly
affected by the friction that air experiences.
Smooth surface, such as sea --> less friction.
Rough surface, such as city with tall buildings
--> more friction.
Wind speed as a function of,
Height,
Earths surface.
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Characterized by (some) Law
Power law, often used
in US.
H = reference height of
10m.
v = reference wind
speed at H.
= friction coefficient
Alternative law used in
Europe.
z = roughness length
These are just approximation, nothing is better than
actual site measurement!!
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Friction Coefficient
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Roughness Class
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Wind Speed and Power Ratio
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Example 6.5
An anemometer mounted at a height of 10 m
above a surface with crops, hedges, and
shrubs shows a wind speed of 5 m/s. Estimate
the wind speed and the specific power in the
wind at a height of 50 m. Assume 15C and 1
atmof pressure.
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Example 6.6
A wind turbine with a 30-m
rotor diameter is mounted
with its hub at 50 m above
a ground surface that is
characterized by shrubs
and hedges. Estimate the
ratio of specific power in
the wind at the highest
point that a rotor blade tip
reaches to the lowest point
that it falls to.
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The resulting flexing of a blade can increase the noise and may contribute to blade fatigue,
which can ultimately cause blade failure.
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
POWER EXTRACTED FROM THE
WIND
Rotor efficiency
Maximum rotor efficiency
Tip-speed ratio
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Albert Betzs Formulation
9/29/2010 36
Steam Tube
Albert Betz,
German physicist, 1885-1968
That was
easy!
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
Power Extracted from the Wind
9/29/2010 37
Assume that the velocity of wind vb is just the average of the
upwind and downwind speed,
Denote the ratio between upwind and downwind speed by
Substitute vd, then we have,
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
Rotor Efficiency
9/29/2010 38
Define Rotor efficiency as,
Fundamental relationship for
power delivered by rotor,
Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen
How should we design so that
we can have better rotor
efficiency?
We can find maximum possible rotor efficiency!
Maximum Rotor Efficiency
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The blade efficiency will be maximum if it shows the wind
to one-third of the upwind speed,
We can now find the maximum rotor efficiency,
Betzs Law
Maximum theoretical efficiency
of a rotor is 59.3%.
Sometimes called Betz efficiency
How close are modern wind
turbine to this Betz limit?
Around 80% of the limit, 45-50%
9/29/2010 Lecture Notes on Sustainable Energy Systems by Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen 40
See how cool
that is?
Tip-Speed Ratio
For a given wind speed,
rotor efficiency is a
function of the rate at
which a rotor turn.
Rotor turns too slow
letting too much wind
pass -> efficiency drop.
Rotor turns too fast
causing turbulence ->
efficiency drop.
TSR is the speed at
rotor tip divided by the
wind speed.
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Example 6.7
A 40-m, three-bladed wind turbine produces 600
kW at a wind speed of 14 m/s. Air density is the
standard 1.225 kg/m3. Under these conditions,
a. At what rpm does the rotor turn when it operates
with a TSR of 4.0?
b. What is the tip speed of the rotor?
c. If the generator needs to turn at 1800 rpm, what
gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the
generator speed?
d. What is the efficiency of the complete wind turbine
(blades, gear box, generator) under these conditions?
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Summary
Types of wind turbine
Vertical axis VS Horizontal axis
Power in the wind
As a function of temperature and altitude
Impact of tower height and ground surface on
wind speed and power.
Power extracted from the wind
Rotor efficiency
Tip-speed ratio
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Next Lecture
Start working on problem 6.2.
Review todays lecture.
Read chapter 6.
Next lecture will cover section 6.6-6.7.
Wind turbine generator
Speed control
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