MEHB223 Lecture 9: Viscous Flow in Ducts

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 9: Viscous Flow in Duct
MEHB223
Lecture 9
Viscous Flow in
Duct

MEHB223

MEHB223
Lecture Summary
Introduction
G
General
l Ch
Characteristics
t i ti off Pipe
Pi Flow
Fl
Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe Section
Laminar Flow in Pipes
Criterion for Laminar or Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Turbulent Flow in Pipes
Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses From Fittings
Single Pump in a Pipeline System
Turbulent Flow in Non-circular Conduits

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9.1 Introduction
Conduits play very important role in engineering
It is used to transport fluids for various purposes such as
:
Water distribution network
Sewage System
Transporting Oil
Transporting Gas
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning System
Controlling Operations of Machinery etcetc
Thus it is extremely Important for Engineers to
understand the basic fluid mechanics of flow in pipes

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9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

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Laminar or Turbulent Flow

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Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow

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Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow
le
= 0.06 Re
D
for laminar flow
1
le
= 4.4(Re) 6
D
for turbulent flow

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Pressure and Shear Stress

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9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Section
Velocity distribution in pipe is directly linked to the
shear stress distribution in the pipe.
Consider a pipe section :
Apply SFFME :
=0
Shear stress :
r d
= ( p + z )
2 ds

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9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Section
Rearranging :
d
( p + z ) = 2
r
ds
Integrating wrt s for pipe of length, L and radius, R :

( p + z )1 ( p + z )2 = p* = 2 w L = 4 w L
R
4 w L
gD
In term off p
piezometric head drop
p:
Normally head drop is given in term of f, friction

factor :
L V 2 4 L
*
Darcy-Weisbach Eqn
hf = f
D 2g
hf =
*
g D

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9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

For the laminar flow shear stress follows the NLV.
dV
dV r d
=
= ( p + z )
dy
dr 2 ds
Integrating and Applying Boundary Conditions :

ro r 2
4
2
V=
d
ds ( p + z )
Parabolic Profile

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2
Th maximum
The
i
velocity
l i :
ro
4
Vmax =
ds ( p + z )
The volume flow rate :
Q=
ro 2
8
The mean velocity :
V=
ro
8
Putting in term of D
and rearranging :
d
( p + z ) = 322V
D
ds
ds ( p + z )
d
( p + z ) = Vmax
ds
2
d

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Integrating wrt s for

pipe of length L :
Define head loss due to
friction as hf (Note that
for pipe flow mean
velocity is used :
Equation
q
becomes :
p1
p
32LV
+ z1 2 + z 2 =
D 2
hf =
p1
32 LV
D 2
+ z1 =
p2
+ z2 + h f
Define friction
coefficient f as:
hf = f
L V 2 32LV
=
D 2g
D 2
For laminar flow, f:
f =
64
(VD )
DarcyWeisbach Eqn
64
Re D

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9.5 Criterion for Laminar and

Turbulent Flow in a Pipe
Re D =
VD VD
=
Recall Reynolds Experiment

Critical Reynolds Number is between 2000-3000
ReD < 2000 , Laminar ReD > 3000 , Turbulent
2000 <ReD < 3000, Transition
Most Engineering Problems Falls in Turbulent Regime

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9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Turbulence and Its Influence
f
in Pipe
p Flow
Turbulent pipe flow and turbulent BL is very similar

Can think of turbulent pipe flow as turbulent BL flow
with BL thickness equal to the pipe radius
Apparent shear stress in pipe follows turbulent BL
shear stress distribution
Close to wall , turbulence effect falls to zero since
laminar viscous effect is dominant

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Velocity Distribution and
Resistance in Smooth Pipes
Experimental data shows that

very close to the wall, the
velocity distribution follows
the law of the wall as in BL :
0 < y+ < 5
u+ = y+
20 < y+ < 500

u+ = 5.75 log10 y+ + 5.56

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Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Smooth Pipes
Combination of Experimental data and Analytical solutions

shows that the frictional head drop for turbulent flow is given
by :
2
hf = f
Where :
LV
D 2g
1
= 2 log Re
f
f 0.80 for ReD > 3000
Another expression as given by Blausius following analogy

with laminar expression is :
f = 0.3164 Re D
14
4000 < ReD < 105

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Velocity Distribution and Resistance in Rough Pipes
Experimental data shows that the velocity distribution in

rough pipe follows closely the semi-log profile
Nikuradse (1933) performed extensive experiment on pipe
artificially roughened with sand grain. He found that the
equation is :
y
u
= 5.75 log10 + 8.5
u
ks
where y is the distance from the wall and ks is the sand grain
size.
Nikuradse plotted graph of f against ReD for different values

of relative sand grain roughness (ks /D).

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Some Observations :
At low Re and small ks, f

follows those of smooth
pipe. This is because the
roughness elements are
fully within the sublayer
At high Re or high ks, f
remains constant and is
independent of Re. This is
because the roughness
element protrude into the
main stream and causes
drag.
10

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Velocity Distribution and
Resistance in Rough Pipes
Moody (1944) has

developed a similar
chart
h for
f
commercial pipes
known as Moody
Diagram

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If pipe materials
materials, length,
length diameter and flow rate are
knowReynolds number and relative roughness can be
calculated Then f can be determined from the graph
Then Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to determine the head
loss due to friction
If the pipe materials, length, diameter and head loss are
known, but the flow rate is to be determined.Calculate Ref1/2
andd Relative
R l ti roughness
h
number
b Then
Th use the
th graphh to
t
determine fThen Darcy-Weisbach Eqn can be used to
determine the mean velocity .. Then calculate flow rate
Re f 1 2 =
D3 2
(2 g h
L)
12
11

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E
Example
l : Water
W t is
i to
t be
b transported
t
t d along
l
a 1 km
k long
l
pipe
i att
0.05 m3/s. Determine the head loss in meter if :
1 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter cast iron pipe is used
0.5 m diameter concrete pipe is used
0.6 m diameter riveted steel pipe is used
Note that
h the
h head
h d loss
l
will
ll needd to be
b supplied
l d by
b a pump off
at least the same capacity in order to deliver water at the
required flow rate.

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There
he e is an empirical
empi ical formula
fo mula given by Swamee & Jain ((1976)
976)
that can be used to calculate f directly :
f =
0.25
ks
5.74
+
log10
0 .9
D
3
.
7
Re
It is reported that this formula differs less than 3% from those

on the Moody Diagram for 4 x 103 < ReD < 108 and 10-5 <
ks/D < 2 x 10-2.
There are also explicit expressions for Q and D :
k
1.78
Q = 2.22 D 5 2 g h f L log s + 3 2
3.7 D D
g
h
L
f
LQ 2 4.75
+Q 9.4 L
D = 0.66 k s
gh
gh
f
f
5.2
Swamee and Jain (1976)
Streeter & Wiley (1979)
0.04
12

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Velocity Distribution
and Resistance in
Rough Pipes
Using Computer Program

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9.7 Flow at Pipe Inlets and Losses from

Fittings
Minor Losses Through
g Fittings
g
Apart from pressure losses due to friction, along a pipeline

there will be other minor losses due to pipe inlet, exit, elbow
and other fittings These are called MINOR LOSSES
The head loss that is produced by these MINOR LOSSES is
expressed by equation :
hL = K
V2
2g
hL =
Wheree K is the minor

Whe
mino loss coefficient
V is the reference velocity
Thus the head loss due to these minor losses along a pipeline
system is the summation of all the losses through the fittings :
All _ Fittings
V2
2g
13

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Fittings
The K values depends

on the shape of the
entrance.
Round inlet K = 0.1
Sharp inlet K = 0.5
V is the mean velocity
in the pipe.
hL = K
V2
2g

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Fittings
Flow through
g a Elbow
There will be associated

head loss through pipe bend
/elbow because of the flow
separations etc.
The K values depends on the
shape of the elbow namely
r/D.
hL = K
V2
2g
14

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9.7 Flow at Pipe

Inlets and
L
Losses
ffrom
Fittings
SummaryofMinor
LossCoefficients
Through Fittings
ThroughFittings

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Fittings
Transition Losses and Grade Lines
hL = K
The EGL and

Th
d HGL
will drop
accordingly across
pipe fittings and
transitions.
V2
2g
15

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9.8 Single Pump in a Pipeline

General Equation for Single Pipeline System
Consider a single pipeline system :

2
1
Apply the SFEE :

2
p1 V1
p V
V2
L V2
+
+ z1 + h p = 2 + 2 + z 2 + K L
+ f
g 2 g
g 2 g
2 g All _ Length D 2 g
All _ Fittings

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General Equation for Single Pipeline System
Example
p : Iff the water surface
f
elevation off reservoir B is 110 m,
what must be the water surface elevation in reservoir A is a flow of
0.03 m3/s is to occur in the cast iron pipe? Draw the HGL and
EGL, including relative slopes and changes in slope.
16

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Matching of Pump and System Characteristic
Rearranging for hp :
hp = ( z 2 z1 ) +
V2
L
KL + f
2 g All _ Fittings All _ Length D
For any given discharge (Q=VA), the pump need to supply

this amount of head.
The curve of hp against Q is called the SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTIC of the pipe system
Any given pump will have a head vs discharge curve called the
PUMP CHARACTERISTIC supplied by pump manufacturer.
The Intersection point between the 2 curves is the
OPERATING POINT

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Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 39 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.27 m3/s
In general to solve
pump matching
problemDraw the
system curve and
obtain the
operating point
17

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Referring to the
diagram :
The head
produced will be
~ 40 m
The discharge
deliver will be
0.28 m3/s
The pump
efficiency will be
~ 82 %

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Example
p : Iff a pump
p p with characteristic as shown earlier is used
determine (a) the pump head (b) the flow rate (c) the efficiency (d)
the electrical power used (e) energy consumed for 24 hours
operation
18

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9.9 Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Conduit
For non circular conduit Darcy

Darcy-Weisbach
Weisbach Equation is
still applicable.
However equivalent hydraulic diameter has to be used
De =
4 Area
4A
=
Wetted _ Perimeter P
The head loss is given by :

hL = f
L V2
De 2 g
Re D =
VDe

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End of Lecture 9
19

MEHB223 Lecture 9: Viscous Flow in Ducts

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MEHB223 Lecture 9: Viscous Flow in Ducts

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanics of Fluids 1: Lecture 9: Viscous Flow in Duct

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

for laminar flow

for turbulent flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.2 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.3 Shear Stress Distribution Across a Pipe

Integrating wrt s for pipe of length, L and radius, R :

Normally head drop is given in term of f, friction

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

Integrating and Applying Boundary Conditions :

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

The volume flow rate :

The mean velocity :

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.4 Laminar Flow in Pipes

Integrating wrt s for

For laminar flow, f:

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.5 Criterion for Laminar and

Recall Reynolds Experiment

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Turbulent pipe flow and turbulent BL is very similar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Experimental data shows that

20 < y+ < 500

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Combination of Experimental data and Analytical solutions

f 0.80 for ReD > 3000

Another expression as given by Blausius following analogy

4000 < ReD < 105

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Experimental data shows that the velocity distribution in

Nikuradse plotted graph of f against ReD for different values

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

At low Re and small ks, f

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes

Moody (1944) has

Department of Mechanical Engineering

9.6 Turbulent Flow in Pipes