LIST OF IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR

ESSAYS
It is the list of those essays which has been asked in
previous css exams and intend to b most important. By
practising those essays u can achieve robust grip in
essay.the following essays may not repeat but surely play
crucial role to enlarge idea that how a css essay paper
formated.

01. Dilemma of the water and energy crisis in pakistan (2003)

02. Art critics and reviewers (2003)
03. Alleviation of poverty (2005)
04. Persecuted poor women (2005)
05. Foreign direct investment (F.D.I) in pakistan (2006)
06. Global warming (2006)
07. Personalization of pakistani politics (2006)
08. Formal and casual dressing codes (2003)
09. Liberalism (2006)
10. Existentialism (2003)
11. Socio-economic challenges faced by pakistan (2005)
12. Islam versus the west (2005)
13. International crisis in terrorism (2000)
14. Humour in urdu literature (2006)
15. Higher science education in the developing countries (2000)
16. The search of truth (2005)
17. Nuclear weapons are not only a great peril but great hope (2006)
18. Austerity, As a solution og all our economic problems (2000)
19. Economic prosperity of a nation is directly proportional to the level of literacy
in it (2001)
20. Politics is perhaps the only profession for which no preparation is though
necessary (2000)
21. National Integration ( 2001)
22. Risk of "Sovet syndromt" for pakistan (1999)
23. Higher economic problem at pakistan and how to meet them (2000)
24. Devolution of power in pakistan (2001)
25. Art and morality (2000)
26. Need for serious planning in techinical education in pakistan (2000)
27. Is the world ready of the Gene age? (1999)
28. Public office is a public trust (2001)
29. Piety at public expence (1999)
30. The greatest of evil and the worst of crime is poverty (1996)
31. The struggle to raise`s a nation`s living standard is fought first and foremost
in the class room (1999)
32. Pleasure of idleness (1997)
33. Eternal vigilane is the prie of liberty (1996)

34. Renaissance in the muslim world : Prospects and perils (1999)

35. The press and the nation rise and fall together (1996)
36. Most of the history is guessing and rest is prejudice (1999)
37. Expanding I.T ; a curse or blessing (1997)
38. CTBT and its implications for pakistan (1996)
39. Decay of Idealism in pakistan (1999)
40. Human development must b objective for all other development (1997)
41. Ravages of flood and their control in pakistan (1996)
42.The current economic scenario at pakistan (1996)
43. Pakistan as leader of the islamic world (1998)
44. Iz small family necessarily a properous family ? discuss (1996)
45. Muslim perception for west ,and the western perception for islam (1997)
46. World economic scenario and paksitan place in it (1998)
47. Accountability first and elections later (1996)
48. The causes of female backwardness in pakistan and an appraisal of
contribution that woman can make to nation development effort (1996)
49. Fralty thy name is woman (1998)
50. Nuclear weapons are not only a great peril but great hope (2006)
51. Danger of nuclear war in the years to come (1998)
52. Civil war "in afghanistan" consequences for regional countries (1997)
53. The seourge of sectarian militancy and ethnic violence in pakistan (1996)
54. The role of science in next century (1998)
55. Democracy in pakistan will remain insecure without strong local selfgovernment institution (1997)
56. History as "the biography of great men " (1998)
57. My philosophy in life
58. In democracy the voter of the vicious and stupid count but under any other
system they might "be running the show".(1997)
59 The United Nations : Its triumphs and failures since its inception (1998)
60. Estrangement from our own culture is driving us on the verge of collapse,not
just our identity but out morality (2005)
61. WTO (world trade organisation) and its implication for developing economies
like pakistan (1997)
62. A review of the political and economical development (1998)
63. The national economy and its tribulation (1997)

Important quotations for essay

01. Truth is short supply (2006)
02. Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change (2003)
03. Young habits die-hard (2003)
04. We grow too old soon and too late smart (2006)
05. Every art is an imitation of nature (2000)
06. "Brain like heart" go where they are appreciated (2006)
07. Every solution breeds new problem (2006)
08. "of all the needs a book has, the chief need is that it be readable" (2000)
09. Turn not thy check in scorn toward folk nor walk with pertness in the land ( AlQuran) (2001)
10. Education ahs for its object the formation of character (2000)
11. Justice delayed is justice denied (2001)
12. And who is saved from narrow-mindedness.......such are they who are

successful ( Al-Quran ) (1999)

13. Man was born free and every where he is in chains (1996)
14. Experience is the name everyone gives to their mistakes (2001)
15. None but the brave deserve the fair (1997)
16. Self-conceit may lead to self destruction (2001)
17. Who eats the fruit should atleast plant the seed (2001)
18. The cream rises to the top,so does the scum (1999)
19. Man gets what he strives for ( Al-Quran ) (1996)
20. It is not only fine feather the makes fine birds (2001)
21. For forms, of government , Lets fools contest, whatever is administered best is
best (1999)
22. The manner in which it is given is worth more than the gift (1997)
23. I disapprove what u say but i ll defend to death your right to say it (1996)
24. The best plae to find a helping hand is at the end of your arms (2001)
25. How can a man indulge in bribery, and nepotism ,and injustice, and in
extortion ,and indeception ,without batting an eyelid, if he believes in here after
(1996)
26. lots of folks confuse bad management with destiny (2006)
27. Genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains (1998)
28. There comes a time to put aside principles and do whats right (2006)
29. All life is a game of power,the object of game is simple enough to know that
(1998)

LIST OF IMPORTANT PCS TOPICS

Following is the list of essay which has been asked in PCS exam
01. Imperatives of justice
02. Role of information technology in 21st century
03. The purification of politics is an iridescent dream
04. Moral standards in internation relations
05. Causes of backwardness of muslim countries
06. Significance of human rights in modern society
08. Internation terrorism-fact or fallacy
09. Importance of tolerance in social life
11. New world order-hopes and Apprehensions
12. courtesy
13. Personal liberty is the paramount essential to human dignity and human
happiness
14. Good governance and the role of public servant
15. If u wish the sympathy of broad manes, then u must tell them the crudest and
most stupid things
16. Sweet are the uses of adversity
17. Progressive alleviation of poverty in pakistan.........an overview
18. Hero-worship is the strongest where there is least regard for human freedom
19. Education make a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive,easy to govern ,but
impossible to enslave
20. Advancement in science and technology is the gateway to the economic

properity of a country
21. We never know worth of water till the well is dry
22. Is pakistan ready to meet challenges of 21st century
23. The barbarity of ethnic cleansing

MOST IMPORTANT TOPIC LIST

01. Right of women
02. Nation which lose faith in god,deteriorate
03. Moral standard in international affairs
04. Role of expatriats in pakistan progress
05. Is modern civilisation is failure ?
06. Menace of human traffickling
07. Tolerance
08 Man`s place in universe
09. Your concept of an ideal beaurocrate
10. Women place in home and society
11. Joint family system
12. The power and responsiblity of the press
13. Trends in pakistan`s foriegn policy
14. Falling standard of education......causes and remedies
15. The need and importance of tolerance and moderation in politics
16. Importance of independence of media
17. Upcoming elections
18. First and foremost duty of government
19. Population planning in pakistan
20. Peer pressure
21. Role of political parties in pakistan
22. The end of cheap oil....or Oil crisis
23. Importance of women in islamic society
24. USA behavior with muslim world
25. Should higher education be provided for the selected few only?
26. Humanism
27. Isreal, the treat of world peace
28. Self finance scheme in the government institute
29. Scientific progress is confronting natural system
30. higher education in pakistan
31. Modern banking,finance and employment are part of one single paradigm
32. Genuine rural uplift can only make our country strong and self-reliant
33. United we stand......Divided we fall
34. A long dispute means that both parties are wrong
35. The mystical and idealistic spirit of islam
36. All recorder history is contemporaneous
37. Corruption in pakistan
38. National solidarity.....ways and means of achievements
39. Longing for love
40. Politics should be a forbidden fruit for our students
41. Unemployment
42. Interest free banking or Ideal banking system

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.

Pluralistic vision of Islam

Science and religion
Inflation in pakistan.....Discuss reasons
Importance of education for women
clash of civilization
Drug.....a great menace or Addiction to drugs
Future of baluchistan or baluchistan crisis
ISI acussation report
smuggling
Strikes

PART-1
ESSAY-WRITING THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE
In a subject like Communications Studies, much of your university work will be assessed by
essay whether thats an essay you prepare in your own time over a period of days or
weeks, or one you concoct in an examination hall in the space of an hour. It therefore
follows that if you learn how to prepare, organise and present essays, you will do much
better in your degree overall. So this document might also be called:
HOW TO GET BETTER MARKS WITHOUT (NECESSARILY) DOING MORE WORK
Well assume that youve read widely about the particular subject of your essay, and have a
good understanding of the broader area within which that topic is located. Broad and deep
research is the essential basis of an essay. You will have lots of notes on the subject see
the ICS Study Skills Guide to Note-Making for tips on how to do this.
So now its time to write the essay. You sit down in front of the keyboard and start typing:
you put the title, you try to group some similar bits of information or argument together,
and then you put a conclusion on the end saying that there are many interesting points of
view on this subject, right?
No, of course you dont. Youve got to start off with an essay plan. By designing this youll
come up with the structure. A well thought-out structure is at the heart of every good
essay.
What is a good structure?
It isnt enough to make sure that you have an
introduction at the start, a conclusion at the end, and
the other stuff in between. So what do you need?

1. You do need a solid introduction. It will probably

contain something about how you have interpreted the
question, and it is often a good idea to state a thesis
(an argument) which you are going to illustrate or
explore in the body of the essay although you may
prefer to save the findings of your exploration to the
end, in which case you have to introduce the question
carefully at the start.
2. And you need a tight, powerful conclusion which is
the logical consequence of everything that has gone before.
The good essay has developed a number of related
strands which the conclusion ties together. It may also
contain an extra, surprising thing which you saved to
throw in at the end with a flourish.
3. So what happens in between? Well
Six really awful ways to begin the essay Why have baked beans become so popular in
twentieth century Britain?:
The question of why baked beans have become so popular in twentieth century Britain is
an interesting
The Oxford English Dictionary defines baked beans as
In this essay I will explore the question of why baked beans have become so popular in
twentieth
The Penguin English Dictionary defines popular as
The twentieth century has been going for quite a while now and
The Collins English Dictionary defines twentieth century as
! Why are these awful? Because they are so predictable, uninspiring and limp. What should
you do instead? Something else.

PART-II
ESSAY WRITING GUIDE
You need to organize your material so that it flows from one area, sub-section or argument
to the next in a logical order. Each part should build upon, or at least reasonably follow on
from, the previous parts, and the whole thing should be pulling the reader, clearly and
inescapably, to your triumphant conclusion.
The box on the right shows unimaginative kinds of essay structure, which are likely to get
low marks. But what can you do instead?
One good approach is to look through your notes and identify a handful of themes within

the discussion, and to structure your essay around consideration of those. You should order
the analysis of each theme so that the essay builds up towards the conclusion.

DONT KNOW HOW TO START?

If youve got some notes but you dont know how to start the next stage, get a nice big
clean sheet of paper and write down phrases which summarise all of your thoughts about
the subject, the different questions and ideas youve had in your mind, and the areas and
problems that have been covered in your reading. Then look for similarities, and related
concerns, and group them together in whatever way makes sense to you. After that, see if
you can number these areas into an order the order in which you will weave your way
through the material.
And voila! Youve accidentally created an essay structure. Now just check it, tweak it a bit to
make it more coherent, and youre ready to go.

More analysis = more marks

You will often need to describe something before you give an analysis of it. But the more
analysis the better. Only include as much description as is needed for the analysis to make
sense. The analysis is what you will get the marks for. Of course, a muddled, illogical and
unsubstantiated analysis can still leave you with no marks. Well be looking for a clear,
coherent and consistent analysis, supported by evidence.

Dont just repeat what some books (or your lecture notes) say we
want your analysis.
However, you should also show your awareness of other peoples analyses!

Dont wander off the subject

Answer the question, and only the question. And keep checking that you are remaining on
track throughout the essay. If theres something interesting that you want to include, but
which is of dubious relevance to the main argument or theme of the essay, put it in a
footnote.

Dont rush
You might remember that you did all right last time you stayed up all night on
pharmaceuticals, the day before the deadline, to research and write an essay. But this most
likely means that you would have done much better if you had started reading and
researching, and then writing, days or weeks before that. It is always obvious to your tutors
when an essay is rushed.

Dont cheat
Plagiarism using other peoples words and ideas without acknowledging where you got
them from is regarded as an enormous sin, the penalties for which are actually worse
than just getting zero for the essay. Just say no. Or more specifically, make sure that you
have got perfect references: see pages 4 5.

Two dull kinds of essay structure:The one thats not well enough organised:

1. Definition of the thing

2. Some stuff about the thing
3. Summary
The one thats too formulaic
:
1. Introduction, saying that we will discuss the thing
2. Three arguments in favour of the thing
3. Three arguments against the thing
4. Summary of the above
*Note[Reference would be revealed later]
__________________
"A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of colored ribbon". Napoleon Bonaparte

Part III
Essay Writing Guide
Style as well as substance
Whilst it would seem nice if the ideas of a genius would be appreciated even when written
in horrible prose, you should not bank on this. The good student not only has good ideas to
write about, but can write about them well. And it seems particularly wasteful to be losing
marks just because you didnt spend a little bit of time learning a few style tips.

WAFFLE AND PADDING: NOT THE KEYS TO

SUCCESS
Dont use superfluous words, phrases or sentences. If a sentence means the same thing
with a word taken out, take it out. The same applies to whole phrases and sentences within
the wider context of a paragraph. Using words and phrases which dont add anything to
what youre saying will mean that your examiners will conclude that (a) you dont have
enough to say to meet the required essay length, and that (b) you are trying to hide this by
means of a slow, repetitive and boring writing style. Which is not clever.

For example dont write: When you could write:

Greg Dyke transformed the BBC, changing it so that it was altogether different from what it
had been like before. Greg Dyke transformed the BBC.
Some people feel that he is a megalomaniac who wants to take over the world, whilst at the

same time other people feel that he is a fundamentally weak man who lacks strength.
Some people feel he is a megalomaniac; others contend that he is fundamentally
weak.Nevertheless, we can certainly see that he clearly wields a considerable and
substantial degree of direct power, influence and the ability to change things around within
the organisation. Nevertheless, he clearly has a considerable degree of direct power within
the organisation.
The above para contains 250 per cent more words than the right-hand column, but it
contains zero per cent more information. Your examiners spot this kind of thing.
Furthermore, by not inflating her essay with space-filling nonsense, the pithy writer of the
right-hand column has got room to show her understanding of the subject by expanding on
all of these points: what did Dyke do? Why might he be seen as power-crazed, or weak?
How has he demonstrated his personal power? In other words, she has got room for lots of
analysis, which, as we established above, is good news.

CAN I SAY I FEEL THIS ARGUMENT IS WRONG

BECAUSE...?
There are different preferences about whether you should say I in an essay or not.
Sometimes it can look really good if you confidently say Rather, I would argue that.... But
saying I feel this argument is wrong because... can look a bit ponderous, and some tutors
dont like it. A solution to this is to be even more assertive and say However, this argument
is weak, since.... It will still be clear to your examiners that you are making your own
argument and we definitely do like you to make your own argument. Whatever you are
saying, make sure you back it up with argument and evidence.

SURELY THIS STUFF ABOUT STYLE IS JUST

SUPERFICIAL AND ISNT VERY IMPORTANT?
Wrong. If your essay is badly-written, you will be losing marks. And, in the outside world,
you would be losing readers (whether you are writing books and screenplays, or company
reports and letters... or even job applications!). It is very important to write in a crisp, clear
style, with good sentence construction and proper punctuation. Needless to say, spelling
mistakes also fail to impress.
__________________
"A soldier will fight long and hard for a bit of colored ribbon". Napoleon Bonaparte

PART-4
TWO MORE EXAMPLES OF BAD WRITING
Bad thing: Whats wrong with it?:
The film was criticised for its drug-taking, violence, etc.
! You only put an apostrophe in its where you are using it as an abbreviation of
it is (e.g. its a great film).

! The writer should really have put criticized for its depictions of drug-taking
otherwise the reader might wrongly infer that the production of the film involved actual
drug-taking and violence, for example.
! The use of etc. shows that the writer wanted to suggest that the film had been criticized
for other things, but hadnt got a clue what these were. Its better to simply say: The film
was criticized for its depictions of drug-taking and violence.
The theory was very popular, Foucault was said to be more popular than the Beatles. ! Two
units of meaning parts that could stand alone as sentences, such as The theory was very
popular cannot just be strung together with a comma in the middle. In this case, the
comma could be replaced with a full stop, or a semi-colon (which represents a more
emphatic pause than a comma, and suggests a connection
between the material before and after it). Or add a connecting word: The theory was very
popular, and Foucault was said to be more popular than the Beatles. ! You want a
reference for that quote, of course, too.

References
As you may know, there are a range of different ways of writing references. Some of them
involve using footnotes, or having separate lists called References and Bibliography, and
generally give you a headache. We therefore recommend the Harvard system of
referencing, which is straightforward, and widely-used by publishers and academics. THE
HARVARD REFERENCE SYSTEM Its quite simple. When you quote or paraphrase something,
you cite the authors last name, the year of publication, and the page reference, in brackets.
For example: The popularity of baked beans soared when Elvis Presley was seen to eat six
whole tins on Entertainment Tonight in 1959 (Heinz, 2000: 34).
At the end of the essay you then include a References section which must include every
item youve referred to in the essay. If there are two or more works by an author published
in the same year, distinguish them as 2000a, 2000b, and so on. References are written in
the following style:

Type of reference: Example of reference:

Book Heinz, Edward (2000) A History of Baked Beans, London: Arnold.
Article in book Johnson, Sarah (1998a) The Cornflake in History in Norman Jennings (ed.)
Food for Thought, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Article in journal Johnson, Sarah (1998b) Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K
and
postmodernism, Cultural Studies 11, 1: 3244.

Explanation: This means that an article by

Sarah Johnson called Deconstructing the pre-millennial
diet: Special K and postmodernism was published in the journal Cultural Studies,
volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998.
The piece is listed here as (1998b) since its the second of two articles by Sarah Johnson,
which we are referring to, published in 1998.

Article in newspaper

Ratner, Clifford (2000) Magazine sparks love feud, The Independent,

10 October 2000, Thursday Review section: 14.
Article from the internet
Wherever possible, identify the author, so you can have a reference like this:
Holmes, Amy (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, at http://www.independent.
co.uk/international/green25.htm (accessed: 25 November 2000).
Always state the date you visited the site. If you cant state the author, have a reference
like this:
BBC Online (2000) Radical autumn shake-up, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
10276.htm (accessed: 8 December 2000).
__________________

PART-5
And thats it. The Harvard system is easy to use, relatively simple to produce, and the reader
doesnt need to keep stopping to look up references in footnotes. Instead, as you write your essay
you can use footnotes for extra bits of information which are surplus to requirements in the main
body of the essay, such as extra details about the subject, or interesting quotes.
However, remember that when writing footnotes, just as when you are writing the main body of
the essay, you should draw out the relevance of the material you are using. Use them to enhance
the impact of your argument.
The complete short tips collection...
The tips below (like all of this guide) are based on an informal survey of ICS teaching staff
which established what they do and dont like in essays. Each point has been kept brief, so that
you can write each tip on a piece of coloured card and turn them into a lovely mobile to hang
above your bed.
__________________

Preparation
Essay or subjective exams may include either short answer questions or long general
questions. These exams have no one specific answer per student. They are usually scored
on an opinion basis, although there will be certain facts and understanding expected in the
answer. The main reason students fail essay tests is not because they cannot write, but
because they fail to answer the questions fully and specifically, and because their answer is
not well organized.
Essay exams require recall learning. Carefully figure out the major content areas to learn. If
you are not caught up, this is not a time to read everything in a frantic manner. Focus on
the key source for the test: notes or textbook, or whatever you think will be most heavily

covered on the test. It's better to understand and know a few things very well than to have
a large quantity of unorganized, poorly learned material. These suggestions may help:
1. List all topics sure to be a part of the test. List important subtopics for each.
2. Skim all the materials to be covered, checking those to be more intensively studied.
3. Write down all the key topics covered in class and in your reading up until the test
date (probably about 5 or 6 topics at mid-quarter and 9 or 10 at finals).
4. Read or reread all materials not understood; use a specific purpose when reading.
5. Develop a pool of information for each topic. Answering words like "who," "what,"
"where located," "how works," "key characteristics, " "cause-effect," and "examples"
for each topic will help to cover the critical information.
6. Finally, take 2-3 blue books to class and a mechanical pencil that won't need
sharpening. If the instructor specifies ink, take a pen with erasable ink.

Taking the Essay Test

Read all the directions and questions.

Note the number of items, point distribution, range of difficulty, and time available.
Jot down any immediate answers that come to your mind - lists, outlines, etc. Jot
down any other key information you might forget.

Analyze the test question and divide it into its main parts and subparts.

From the parts quickly construct a rough outline.

Note the instructional words included in the question, e.g., compare or contrast.
Use the outline as a "map" to answer the essay question. If you don't have time to
finish the whole test, this outline may give you some points. More importantly, the
outline helps you to stay focused.

Make you answer as specific as possible.

If you know the answer, write only what you are asked.
Avoid generalities.

Use part of the test question in your test answer at the beginning of the paragraph. This
signals to the reader that you are answering this part of the essay here! This will earn you
points.
Include an introductory statement at the beginning and a summary paragraph at the end.
Review your answers. Your essay is written under the intensity of a deadline, but it is
graded under much more relaxed conditions. Allow sufficient time to check for spelling,
grammar, omitted words, incorrect dates, etc. This is when you will be glad you wrote in
pencil.
A Glossary of Essay Test Words
ANALYZE: When asked to analyze, separate (a thing, idea, etc.) into its parts to find out
their nature, proportion, function, interrelationship, etc.
COMMENT: When asked to comment, you are asked to explore the impact and meaning of
something; give a note in explanation, criticism, or illustration of something written or said;
remark or make an observation made in criticism or as an expression of opinion
COMPARE: Examine qualities or characteristics in order to discover resemblance's. The term
compare is usually stated as compare with, and it implies that you are to emphasize

similarities, although differences may be mentioned.

CONTRAST: Tell how two or more topics are different from associated things, qualities, or
events, etc.
CRITICIZE, INTERPRET, and REVIEW: Express your judgment with respect to the
correctness or merits of the factors under consideration. Give the results of your own
analysis and discuss the limitations and good points or contributions of the plan or work in
question.
DEFINE: Definitions call for concise, clear, authoritative meanings. Details are not required,
but boundaries or limitations of the definition should be cited. Keep in mind the class to
which a thing belongs and whatever differentiates the particular object from all others in the
class.
DIAGRAM, and ILLUSTRATE: Present a drawing chart, plan, or graphic representation in
your answer. You may be expected to label the diagram or add a brief explanation or
description.
DISCUSS: Examine, analyze carefully, and present detailed considerations pro and con
regarding the problems or items involved. Often found in essays.
EVALUATE: Present a careful appraisal of the problem, stressing both advantages and
limitations. Evaluation implies authoritative and, to a lesser degree, personal appraisal of
both contributions and limitations
EXPLAIN, RELATE: Clarify and interpret the material you present. State the "how" or "why,"
reconcile differences in opinion or experimental results, and state causes if possible. In
brief, tell how it all happened.
JUSTIFY, PROVE: To justify your answer, provide factual evidence or logical reasons. In
such an answer, evidence should be presented in convincing form. Establish your answer
with certainty by evaluating and citing experimental evidence or by logical reasoning.
LIST, ENUMERATE: Present an itemized series or tabulation. Be concise.
OUTLINE: Give main points and essential supplementary materials, omitting minor details,
and present the information in a systematic arrangement or classification.
SUMMARIZE: Give the main points or facts in condensed form. Omit details, illustrations and
examples.
TRACE: Give a description of progress, historical sequence, or development from the point
of origin. Such narratives may call for probing or deductions.
Bibliography
Deese, James and Ellin K. Deese. How To Study (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
1979.
Examination Skills and Techniques. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliff Notes, Inc., 1968.
Millman, Jason and Walter Pauk. How to Take Tests. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
Pauk, Walter. How To Study In College (2nd Ed). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.