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Aloha random access

Figure 1: Multiple Transmitters Sharing an ALOHA channel.

Aloha random access is a widely used technique for coordinating the access of large numbers of
intermittent transmitters in a single shared communication channel. In an ALOHA channel each
transmitter sharing the channel transmits data packets at random times. In most ALOHA channels
the transmitters then rely on some protocol (such as repetition) to handle the case of packets lost due
to interference by other packets. An ALOHA channel may also just provide a best effort delivery
mechanism and leave it to the receiver to deal with lost packets.
Contents
[hide]

1 History

2 Operation of an ALOHA
Channel

3 Throughput of an ALOHA
Channel

4 Applications

5 References

6 See also

History
ALOHA channels were originally analyzed and implemented in the AlohaNet at the University of
Hawaii in 1970. The AlohaNet utilized UHF radio channels to connect computer resources on the
islands of Oahu, Maui and Hawaii in the state of Hawaii (Abramson, 1970). In 1973 ALOHA was
demonstrated in PacNet, a Pacific Ocean experimental satellite network involving NASA, the
University of Hawaii and the University of Alaska, Tohoku University and the University of ElectroCommunications in Japan, and the University of Sydney in Australia (Abramson, 1985). An ALOHA
random access channel was used by Dr. Robert Metcalfe in 1973 as the basis of the Xerox cable-based
Alto ALOHA Network later renamed and developed as Ethernet by 3COM (Metcalfe and Boggs,
1976). Since the 1980s ALOHA has been the primary random access mechanism utilized by mobile

telephone networks, satellite data networks, DOCSIS based cable data networks, Ethernet, WiFi and
WiMAX.

Operation of an ALOHA Channel


An ALOHA channel provides access to a common communication channel from multiple
independent packet transmitters by the simplest of all mechanisms. When each transmitter is ready
to transmit its packet, it simply transmits the packet burst without any coordination with other
transmitters using the shared channel. If each user of the ALOHA channel is required to have a low
duty cycle, the probability of a packet from one user overlapping and thus interfering with a packet
from another user is small as long as the total number of users on the shared ALOHA channel is not
too large. As the number of users on the shared ALOHA channel increases the number of packet
overlaps increase and the probability that a packet will be lost due to an overlap with another packet
on the same channel also increases.

Figure 2: Packets in an ALOHA Random Access Channel.

The key question of how many such users can share an ALOHA random access channel is dealt with
in Section 4.

Throughput of an ALOHA Channel


The start times of the packets in an ALOHA channel may be modeled as a Poisson point process with
parameter packets/second. If each packet in the channel lasts seconds, the normalized channel
traffic can be defined as

G=(1)

If only those packets which do not overlap with any other packet are received correctly, there is
packet rate < defining the rate of occurrence of packets received correctly. Then the normalized
channel throughput of the ALOHA channel can be defined as

S=(2)

and the normalized throughput of an ALOHA random access channel is given by (Abramson, 1970)

S=Ge2G(3)

The maximum value of the normalized throughput of an ALOHA channel is equal


to 12e=0.184 and occurs when the traffic G is equal to 0.5.

Figure 3: ALOHA Channel Throughput vs. Channel Traffic.

It is possible to modify the completely unsynchronized operation of the transmitters on an ALOHA


random access channel in order to increase the maximum throughput of the channel. If
a synchronized time base is established in the ALOHA channel to define a sequence of slots of the
same duration as a packet transmission and each transmitter in the ALOHA random access channel
is required to start any packet transmission at the start of a slot, the resulting channel is referred to
as a slotted ALOHA channel (Roberts, 1975; Abramson, 1977). In a slotted ALOHA channel any
overlap of two or more packets is a complete overlap and the elimination of partial packet overlaps
results in an increase of channel throughput in a slotted ALOHA channel. The maximum throughput
of a slotted ALOHA channel occurs when the channel traffic is equal to 1.0 and the maximum
throughput is equal to 1/e = 0.368 or exactly twice the value for the unslotted ALOHA channel. In
practice the use of the slotted ALOHA channel can result in less improvement than this result might
indicate or even in a decrease in the channel throughput. If the transmitter packets are not all of the
same duration then the loss of throughput due to wasted portions of fixed length slots can be greater
than the factor of two improvement promised by slotting (Abramson, 1977).
A wide variety of reservation techniques have been proposed and implemented which can increase
the maximum throughput of an ALOHA channel by reserving packet transmission times when the
transmitter has a long sequence of packets to transmit (Crowther, 1973). Slotted ALOHA and
reservation ALOHA are sometimes referred to as S-Aloha and R-ALOHA respectively.
Beginning in 1990 the connection between spread spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA)
and ALOHA random access has been of interest. The combination of these two access technologies
for both satellite and terrestrial wireless channels is referred to as Spread ALOHA (Abramson, 1990).

Applications

The first commercial application of ALOHA channels was launched in 1976 by Comsat General in the
Marisat maritime satellite communications system. At about the same time Metcalfe working with a

group from DEC, Intel and Xerox (the DIX Group) formulated an open Ethernet standard based on
the Alto ALOHA network. Since 1983 ALOHA channels have been adopted for use in all major
mobile telephone standards (1G, 2G and 3G) as the control channel and then for a variety of packet
data channels integrated into these voice networks (e.g. GPRS and UMTS). ALOHA has also been
adopted for use in a variety of protocols used in wired networks, CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA in single
channel local area networks and DOCSIS for commercial cable networks.

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