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What is a Motor ?
A motor is a transducer that converts
electrical to mechanical energy.
Electrical
Energy
Motor
Mechanical
Energy
Losses
motor = Mechanical Power
Electrical Power
Lecture Industrial Motors
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DC vs. AC Motors
All motors either create or use alternating currents
internally.
Those which are supplied by a time invariant voltage at
their input and draw close to DC at steady state are
called DC motors.
Those which are supplied by a time variant (typically
sinusoidal) voltage at their input and draw AC current
at steady state are called AC motors.
Both DC and AC motors can be subdivided into brushtype and brushless type.
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Series Field
Compound Field
no-load
speed
=
no-load
speed
T
stall
torque
Linear Speed Torque Characteristics
Finite No-Load Speed
no-load
speed
stall
torque
T
stall
torque
Combines Best Features of Shunt and Series Motors
High Stall Torque and Finite No-Load Speed
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voltage
time
toff
ton
tswitch
Duty Cycle =
ton
tswitch
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Diode
DC Link
PWM Voltage
MOSFET
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DC Motor Loading
no-load
speed
no-load
speed
Tfan = nfan2
kfan2
Operational
Speed
nfan
Operational
Speed
T
Constant
Load
stall
torque
T
Fan
Load
Tfan
stall
torque
The operating point of the fan will vary if the supply voltage
changes with this type of motor.
Note, permanent magnet DC motors are typically used for power
levels < 3 hp. Wound field motors are typically used for power
levels > 3hp.
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DC Motor Dynamics
There are 2 equations (an electrical equation and a mechanical equation) that
reflect the behaviour of any motor. As applied to a DC motor:
From these equations it may be seen when the motor speed is equal to 0, the
motor EMF = 0.
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DC Motor Starters
Purpose:
1. Protect the motor against damage due to
short circuits in equipment
2. Protect motor against damage from long
term overloads
3. Protect motor against damage from
excessive starting currents
4. Provides a convenient manner in which to
control the operating speed of the motor
Lecture Industrial Motors
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Resistor
DC Motor
Armature
CR1
CR2
DC Motor
Field Winding
Start
Stop
CR1
OL
TD1
CR1
TD1
CR2
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DC Motor Starters
PWM can be used to create a "soft
start" by ramping up the PWM duty
cycle as a function of time, so as to
ramp up the current.
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In series with
E-Stop chain
CR1
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In series with
E-Stop chain
In series with
E-Stop chain
CR1
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3 Phase AC Motors
In a 3 phase induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is
created in the stator windings of the machine by three
supply voltages that are 120 degrees apart.
A current is induced in the rotor bars from the rotating
magnetic field.
The rotor bars have a magnetic field surrounding them
that pushes against the magnetic field produced by the
stator.
The rotor, therefore, follows the rotating magnetic field
produced by the stator.
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3 Phase AC Motors
The speed in (RPM) at which the magnetic field rotates in
the stator equals:
nmotor= 120 f
p
Where: f = the motor supply frequency (typically 60 Hz)
p = the number of poles in the motor (dim.)
The speed of the magnetic field in the stator is called the
synchronous speed
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3 Phase AC Motors
The rotor will rotate at a lower speed than the synchronous
speed:
The difference between the rotor speed and synchronous
speed divided by the synchronous speed is known as slip.
% slip = synchronous speed rotor speed x 100
synchronous speed
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Pull-out Torque
(Torque at which motor speed begins to
decrease until motor stalls)
Torque
100%
150%
Full-Load Full-Load
Torque Torque
250%
Full-Load
Torque
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Speed
3-5%
Slip
20%
Slip
Torque
100%
Full-Load
Torque
250%
Full-Load
Torque
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<5%
Slip
20%
Slip
Torque
100%
Full-Load
Torque
200%
Full-Load
Torque
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<5%
Slip
20%
Slip
Torque
200%
250%
Full-Load Full-Load
Torque Torque
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7-11%
Slip
100%
Slip
100%
Full-Load
Torque
300%
Full-Load
Torque
Torque
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Starting AC Motors
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CR2
OL
ph. A
CR1
CR2
OL
ph. B
3 Phase
Motor
CR1
CR2
ph. C
OL
Start
CR1
Stop
OL
TD1
CR1
TD1
CR2
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Run
SCR A
Start
OL
Voltage
ph. A
SCR B
SCR B
Run
Time
SCR A
Start
OL
3 Phase
Motor
ph. B
Run
Conduction
Angle
Start
OL
ph. C
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Rotor
Slip Rings
Variable
Resistance
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Synchronous Motors
Permanent magnet
Trapezoidal Back EMF
Sinusoidal Back EMF
Speed-Torque Characteristics
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Run Winding
(Low Resistance)
Start Winding
(High Resistance)
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Run Winding
Capacitor-Start Motor
Rotor
Starting
Switch
Start Winding
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Run Winding
Rotor
Starting / Running
Capacitor
Auxillary
Winding
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Run Winding
Rotor
Starting
Capacitor
Running
Capacitor
Starting
Capacitor
Switch
Auxillary
Winding
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Shading Pole
Shading Pole
Shading Pole
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Other Motors
Other types of motors in use in industrial applications
include:
Hysteresis motors
Universal motors
These are typically used in low power applications.
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