1.

The data figure 1 shows some characteristics of three different forest ecosystems.
Figure 1.
V e g e ta tio n

S o il p ro file

T ro p ic a l ra in fo re s t

T e m p e ra te
d e c id u o u s w o o d la n d

T e m p e ra te
c o n ife ro u s w o o d la n d

L itte r
th in h u m u s la y e r

L itte r
d e e p h u m u s la y e r

L itte r (p in e n e e d le s )
d e e p h u m u s (a c id ic ) la y e r

R e d c o lo u r w ith h ig h iro n
a n d a lu m in iu m c o n te n t
c o a rs e te x tu re

B ro w n c o lo u r b e c o m in g
lig h te r w ith d e p th

P a le g re y la y e r w ith
c o n s id e ra b le le a c h in g

S o m e le a c h in g

D a rk e r la y e r w ith iro n a n d
h u m u s e n ric h m e n t
P a re n t m a te ria l

P a re n t m a te ria l w e a th e re d
to g re a t d e p th

P a re n t m a te ria l

M e a n b io m a s s /
to n s h e c ta re 1
1000
800
600
400
200
0
[Source: adapted from Goodman and Hughes, Geography A level Q and A, Letts Educational, 1995, page 19]

(a)

(i)

Define what is meant by the term biomass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Outline a method by which biomass can be measured.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

(i)

Identify which of the three forest ecosystems contains the most biomass.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why this ecosystem is so productive. (In your answer you should include
factors other then those in figure 1.)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Explain the difference between biomass and net primary productivity (NPP).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Of the three soil types shown in figure 1, state which forests soil is most fertile.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain how you arrived at your answer to (c) (i).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

2.

The figure below gives information on the character and role of mangroves and their
interdependence with coral reefs.
C h a r a c te r a n d ro le o f m a n g ro v e s
LA N D
M u d s a re s o ft, s o a rc h e d
ro o ts s tre n g th e n tre e s
a g a in s t s tro n g w in d s
and w aves.

R a is e d ro o ts c o lle c t m u d
w a s h e d in b y tid e s . S lo w ly
th e c o a s t is b u ilt o u t.

T id e s m o v e in a n d o u t d a ily .

M a n g ro v e fo re s ts p ro te c t
c o a s t a g a in s t s to rm s a n d
e ro s io n .

E x p o s e d ro o ts ta k e in o x y g e n a n d
g iv e o u t c a rb o n d io x id e .
Y o u n g p la n ts a re e s ta b lis h e d . H ig h w a te r
L o w w a te r

M a n g ro v e c o r a l re e f in te rd e p e n d e n c e
M a n g ro v e ro o ts a n d s e a
g ra s s in s h a llo w w a te r,
a c t a s n u rs e rie s fo r
y o u n g s e a c re a tu re s .

A d u lt s h rim p s , lo b s te rs
fis h m o v e o u t to m a in
re e f.

L e a f fra g m e n ts fe e d M a n g ro v e ro o ts a n d
s h rim p s , c ra b s ,
s e a g ra s s filte r o u t s e d im e n t
a n d c h e m ic a ls f r o m w a te r.
y o u n g fis h .

S u n lig h t p e n e tra te s
c le a r w a te r.
R e e f is c le a n s e d
b y tid a l m o v e m e n ts .

M a in c o ra l re e f

M a n g ro v e fo re st
S e a g ra ss

[Source: adapted from Prosser, Natural Systems and Human Responses, Nelson 1992, page 227]

(a)

Using the information in the figure only, identify examples of the following components
of the mangrove-coral reef ecosystem.
(i)

A producer .......................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

A consumer ......................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The figure illustrates the gradual change in a living community which occurs over time.
State the name of this process.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Construct a simple flow diagram to show how energy passes through the mangrove-coral
reef ecosystem.

(3)

(d)

Outline the possible impact of the removal of mangroves on

(i)

the rest of the ecosystem.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

people living in the area.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

3.

The Inuit are indigenous aboriginal people of Northern Canada. The data below come from a
study of a Inuit fish farming community. The Inuit fish in the open sea but have also sectioned
off a large fjord (a long narrow inlet of the sea) which they use for farming salmon and shrimps.
The shrimps eat microscopic plants in the sea called phytoplankton. Salmon and kawai (a wild
fish) both eat shrimps.
Figure 1
2

All units in KJm yr

Insolation on fjord

185000.0

Insolation on open sea

1972000.0

Farmed shrimp consumed by Inuit

26.0

Gross primary production by phytoplankton

3470.0

Shrimp consumed by kawai

847.0

Respiratory loss by kawai (open sea)

572.0

Shrimp consumed by salmon (farmed)

461.0

Respiratory loss by salmon

410.0

Kawai consumed by Inuit

6.2

Salmon consumed by Inuit

4.3

Energy used in managing salmon farm

4.1

Energy used in fishing for kawai

6.7

Energy used in managing shrimp farm

14.0

Energy used in other human activities including trading furs

12.5

(a)

Use the data in figure 1 to complete the diagram below.

Sun

F jo rd

O pen sea

F a rm e d s h rim p

847
26

410

F is h in g fo r
k a w a i 6 .7
(6)

(b)

(i)

Define what is meant by the term gross primary productivity (GPP).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State how GPP differs from net primary productivity (NPP).

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Identify the factors other than insolation which affects rates of gross primary
productivity.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Using the data in figure 1, determine whether salmon or kawai is more efficient at
converting food into biomass.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

Compare the efficiency of aquatic food production system with terrestrial food production
system.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

Calculations based on the data in figure 1 would suggest that farming and eating shrimp
is the most energy efficient food source for the Inuit. Suggest why the Inuit continue to
farm salmon.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Suggest ways in which this indigenous food production system might differ from a
large-scale commercial food production system.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

4.

(a)

Define the term biodiversity.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Simpsons diversity index is D =

(i)

N ( N 1)
n( n 1)

State what the symbol n represents in the above equation.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest what a high D value indicates about an ecosystem.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Predict the effect on the value of D if the number of organisms of one species
increased but the total number of organisms of all other species in an ecosystem
remained constant.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Suggest one reason for a low D value in an ecosystem.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

10

(c)

(i)

Outline a method for estimating plant biomass within a named ecosystem.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Outline a method for estimating the abundance of small mammals in a tundra

environment.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

5.

(a)

Define the term species.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

11

g ra sse s
m o s s e s a n d lic h e n s

d ic o ty le d o n s

d ic o ty le d o n s w ith
ro o t n o d u le s

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The figure below shows the vegetation change over time.

C

d e c id u o u s
w o o d la n d
o a k a n d b irc h
sc ru b

T im e
[J L Chapman and M J Reiss, Ecology: Principles and Applications (1999). Cambridge University Press]

(b)

(i)

State the name of the process shown in the diagram above.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Outline what is meant by the term climax vegetation and identify which part of the
diagram above (A, B or C) contains climax vegetation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Suggest two ways in which human activity could affect climax vegetation.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

12

(c)

(i)

Draw S and J population growth curves on the axes below. Label each graph
and the axes.

(2)

(ii)

Identify in which part of the diagram above (A, B or C) you would expect to find
species with
S population growth curves. ....................................
J population growth curves.

....................................
(2)

(d)

Animals adopt a range of reproductive strategies.

(i)

Outline the characteristics of K-strategy organisms and give an example of such an

organism.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Outline the characteristics of r-strategy organisms and give an example of such an

organism.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

13

6.

A farmer is considering planting maize, wheat or ryegrass in a 30 hectare field. Table 1 gives
values for the amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removed from the soil by maize,
wheat and ryegrass. Table 2 shows the balance between the inputs and outputs of nitrogen
within the 30 hectare field.
Table 1 Nitrogen, phosphorus and dry matter production for three cereal crops.
3

Dry Matter / 10 kg ha

N / kg ha

P / kg ha

Wheat

10

135

24

Maize

10

150

30

Ryegrass

160

30

Table 2 Nitrogen inputs and outputs within the 30 hectare field.

N / kg ha

Inputs
fertilizer

189

N dissolved in rainfall or blown in

50

N held within organic matter in soil

59

TOTAL
Outputs
crop

(from table 1)

N held within organic matter in soil

59

drainage losses

70

other losses

15

TOTAL
[MAFF data Nitrogen inputs and outputs within the 30 hectare field from A Wild, Soils and the Environment, (1993).
Cambridge University Press]

(a)

(i)

Using the data in tables 1 and 2, calculate the net soil nitrogen balance if
maize was planted ............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

ryegrass was planted .........................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

14

(ii)

Given that the net nitrogen soil balance for wheat is 19 kg ha , identify the crop
which produces the greatest nitrogen stress within the soil.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Calculate the total amount of nitrogen lost from the field via drainage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

15 kg ha of nitrogen is described as other losses in table 2. Suggest two other

ways in which nitrogen may be lost.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Suggest what steps the farmer may take to avoid nitrogen loss within the soil.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

15

(d)

(i)

Explain the impact on an aquatic ecosystem of the introduction of large amounts of

nitrogen and phosphate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Suggest how the above problem could be managed.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

16

(e)

The productivity of crops such as wheat, maize and ryegrass will depend in part on the
type of soil in which they are grown. Describe the advantages of loam soils for farming in
terms of their structure and properties.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 20 marks)

7.

The data in Figures 1 and 2 show differences in nutrition between more economically developed
countries (MEDCs) and less economically developed countries (LEDCs).
Figure 1
Item
Energy intake / calories per person per day

LEDCs

MEDCs

2210

3340

Total protein / g per person per day

63

90

Animal protein / g per person per day

10

40

Population (U .N . estimates for 1985)

3487 million

1100 million

17

Figure 2
Consumption of animal protein / g per person per day
New Zealand

74.8

Uruguay

61.9

United Kingdom

53.4

Austria

47.5

Israel

36.3

Chile

29.2

Spain

23.4

Mexico

23.4

Japan

16.9

Egypt

12.2

Guatemala

8.5

Pakistan

7.7

India

5.9

[Source: J H Lowry, World Population and Food Supply, (Edward Arnold, 1986) p. 24.
Reproduced by permission of Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.]

(a)

(i)

Using the data in Figure 1, calculate the percentage of total protein that animal
protein represents for MEDCs and LEDCs.
MEDCs .............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
LEDCs ..............................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

18

(ii)

A healthy human diet will include at least 70 g of protein and 2500 calories of
energy per day. Use this information and the data in Figures 1 and 2 to describe the
differences in the diets of MEDCs and LEDCs.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Suggest reasons for the differences you have identified in (a) (ii).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

19

(b)

Figure 3 shows the nutrient cycles for a temperate deciduous woodland and for an area
nearby where the woodland has been cleared for mixed farming.
Figure 3
T e m p e r a te d e c id u o u s w o o d la n d

M ix e d fa r m in g

In p u t d is s o lv e d in ra in
H a rv e s tin g c ro p s ,
liv e s to c k m a n u re

L e a f fa ll,
tis s u e
decay
R u n o ff

B
L

M in e ra lis a tio n ,
h u m ific a tio n ,
a n d d e g ra d a tio n

U p ta k e b y p la n ts

L egum es
F e rtiliz e rs

S
W e a th e rin g o f ro c k s

K
B
L
S

ey:
b io m a s s
litte r
s o il

[Source: Nagle and Spencer, Diagram showing nutrient cycles for a temperate deciduous woodland and mixed farming from
Advanced Geography Through Diagrams, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). By permission of Oxford University
Press]

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term biomass in Figure 3.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Identify the main differences between the two nutrient cycles in Figure 3.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

20

(iii)

Explain how farmers replace nutrients lost due to harvesting of biomass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

8.

The figure below describes some features of an ecosystem at early and late stages during the
process of succession.
Feature

Early

Late

Organic matter

Small

Large

Nutrients

External

Internal

Nutrient cycles

Open

Closed

Role of detritus

Small

Large

Diversity

.............................

.............................

Nutrient conservation

Poor

Good

Niches

Wide

Narrow

Size of organisms

.............................

.............................

Life-cycles

Simple

Complex

Growth form

r-species

K-species

Stability

Poor

Good

[Source: D Briggs et al., Fundamentals of the Physical Environment, (Routledge, 1997) page 380.
Reproduced by permission of Taylor & Francis Books UK (Cengage Learning)]

(a)

Complete the figure above for diversity and size of organisms.

(2)

21

(b)

Distinguish between r-species and K-species.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain why the amount of organic matter increases as succession occurs.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

(i)

Outline what is meant by the term ecosystem stability.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Explain why ecosystems in the later stages of succession are likely to be more
stable.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

22

9.

because of human activities, habitats are disappearing faster than they can be studied, and
simple stock-taking of threatened habitats is now an urgent task. It isnt rational to use a
treasure-chest for firewood until youve checked inside for treasure, yet this is what is
happening to the Earths largely uncatalogued biological treasure-houses. Foremost among these
are the tropical rainforests. (Silvertown 1990)
(a)

Outline the relative importance of tropical rainforests in contributing to global

biodiversity, and explain why they have developed such high rates of biodiversity.
(4)

(b)

With reference to a named area of biological significance you have studied, explain how
it has been or is being degraded by human activities.
(8)

(c)

Silvertown describes biodiversity as treasure. Discuss the ways in which biodiversity

can be seen as a valuable resource to people.
(5)
Expression of ideas (3)
(Total 20 marks)

10.

Figures 1 and 2 show population data for the mayfly (Ephemerellal subvaria) in two similar
streams, A and B, in Minnesota, USA. Data were collected on population size (number of
2
mayfly m ) and mean mass of mayfly between September 1970 and June 1971.
Figure 1: Population dynamics of mayfly in streams A and B
Stream A

Stream B

Number of
2
mayfly m

Mean
biomass /
2
gm

September

6350

1.4

0.2

5251

1.2

0.2

October

4432

4.6

1.0

2001

1.3

0.6

November

4082

6.6

1.6

905

0.7

0.8

December

4053

10.8

2.6

400

0.4

1.1

January

3660

13.0

3.5

123

0.2

1.7

February

2007

12.8

6.3

99

0.2

2.4

March

1587

18.4

11.6

98

0.3

3.2

April

230

4.9

21.5

80

0.9

11.4

May

84

1.8

22.4

34

0.3

10.6

June

44

1.0

23.6

24

0.4

20.0

Month

Mean mass
of mayfly /
mg

Number of
2
mayfly m

Mean
biomass /
2
gm

Mean mass
of mayfly /
mg

23

Figure 2: Population size and mean mass plotted against time for mayfly in streams A and B
(Both graphs plotted using the data above)

20

5000
4000

15

3000

10

2000

1000
0

0
Sept O ct N ov D ec

Jan

Feb

25

5000

20

4000

15

3000
10

2000

1000
0

M ar A p r M ay Ju n

0
Sept O ct N ov

M o n th

K ey:

6000
2

25

6000

N u m b e r o f m a y fly m

N u m b e r o f m a y f ly m

7000

D ec

Jan

Feb

M ar A pr M ay

m e a n m a s s o f m a yfly / m g

S tre a m B
m e a n m a s s o f m a yfly / m g

S tr e a m A

Ju n

M o n th
N u m b e r o f m a y fly m

M e a n m a s s o f m a y fly / m g

[Adapted from Waters and Crawford, Limnology and Oceanography (1973), Volume 18, pages 286-296.
1973 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.]

(a)

(i)

Using the data in Figures 1 and 2, describe the relationship between population size
and mean mass for mayfly in stream A.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Outline two differences in the populations of stream A and stream B during the
study period.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

24

(iii)

Calculate the percentage change in the population of mayfly in stream A from

September to June.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Define the term biomass.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Sketch below the values for mean biomass against time for stream A and stream B.
(The data are available in Figure 1.) Label your graph lines.
20
18
16
14

M e a n b io m a s s
/ g m 2

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
S ept

O ct

N ov

D ec

Jan

F eb

M ar

Apr

M ay

M o n th

(c)

(i)

Jun
(2)

Suggest a reason for the difference in population dynamics of mayfly in the two
streams. Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

25

(ii)

Mayfly occupy an important niche at the lower end of the food chain. Predict,
giving reasons, the impact of mayfly population change between September and
June in stream B on other organisms within the stream.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(d)

(i)

Scientists wish to assess the abundance of a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population
within a chalk stream using the Lincoln index. Describe a possible method for this.

Brown trout
[Courtesy of Alberta Sustainable Resource Development.]

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

26

(ii)

It is suspected that a number of abiotic factors may influence the biology of the
chalk stream. Outline three abiotic factors that may be important in the stream.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

Both mayfly and brown trout are r-strategists. Outline what this means.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

11.

(a)

A tree can be thought of as a system. Draw and label a systems diagram of a tree that
shows inputs, outputs and storages of matter and energy.

(3)

27

(b)

State two functions of producers in an ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

For a named ecosystem, draw a food chain with named species showing three
appropriately labelled trophic levels.
(3)

(d)

Outline three reasons for the relative value of tropical rainforests in contributing to global
biodiversity.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

28

(f)

Suggest what effect a significant and prolonged decrease in the pH of rainfall would have
on primary productivity in a terrestrial ecosystem. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 16 marks)

12.

The data table below shows the nitrogen content of a temperate forest and a tropical forest.
Table 1
2

Nitrogen / gm
Component

Temperate forest

Tropical forest

Leaves

12.4

52.6

Wood*

18.5

41.2

Roots

18.4

28.2

Surface litter

40.9

3.9

Soil**

730.9

85.3

Total

821.1

211.2

* living wood only

** does not include roots
[Source: Adapted from E P Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology, (1971), Saunders College Publishing, page 375]

29

(a)

(i)

Calculate the total nitrogen content in biomass (excluding surface litter) for
temperate and tropical forests.
Temperate forest: ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Tropical forest: .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the percentage of total nitrogen present in biomass (excluding surface

litter) for temperate and tropical forests. Give your answer to the nearest 0.1%.
Temperate forest: ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Tropical forest: .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Determine which of the two biomes contains a proportionally larger amount of nitrogen
in its soil. Support your answer with appropriate calculations.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Suggest a possible explanation for the difference in nitrogen content in surface litter
between the two biomes.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

30

(d)

Using table 1, list the following ecosystem components, in terms of their importance as
nitrogen storages, in ascending order: biomass, surface litter, soil.
Temperate forest:

Tropical forest:

1. ............................................................

least important

2. ............................................................

3. ............................................................

most important

1. ............................................................

least important

2. ............................................................

3. ............................................................

most important
(1)

(e)

In terms of the impact on nitrogen storage, deduce which ecosystem would suffer more
from clear-cut forestry practices (complete removal of all tree cover). Explain your
answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f)

Using the data in table 1, and your knowledge of biotic and abiotic conditions in tropical
and temperate forests, explain which of the two biomes would be a better choice for
growing crops.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

31

(g)

Outline the impact of agriculture on biodiversity.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

Table 2: Population and economic data for Malaysia

Year

Population / millions

GNP per capita US$

1980

13.10

1815

1985

15.21

2100

1992

17.98

3062

1993

18.41

3312

1994

18.85

3655

1995

19.28

4310

1996

19.72

4795

1997

20.49

4563

Gross National Product (GNP) per capita is the value of a countrys final output of goods and
services in a year, divided by its population. It gives an indication of a countrys economic
strength.

32

Graph 1: Changes in forested land in Malaysia (19601997)

10000

100
90

9000

A re a o f fo re s te d
la n d / h a

80

a re a o f fo re s te d la n d

8000

70

P ro p o rtio n o f la n d
fo re s te d / %

7000
60
6000

p ro p o rtio n o f la n d fo re s te d

50

5000

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

40
1997

Year
[Source: Adapted from A Kidd, Managing Ecosystems, (1999), Hodder and Stoughton, page 41, and The World Bank,
http://www.worldbank.org/data/gdf/PDF/mys.pdf]

(h)

(i)

Using the data above, state the relationship between population and forested area in
Malaysia.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Using the data above, suggest a reason for the decrease in the area of forested land.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

33

(iii)

Explain how the reduction of forested area contributes to global warming.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

Outline the effect of increased mean global temperature on biomes.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

34

13.

The figure below shows the range of tolerance to temperature for a fish population.
L o w e r lim it
o f to le ra n c e

N o
o rg a n is m s

F ew
o rg a n is m s

Zone of
in to le ra n c e

Zone of
p h y s io lo g ic a l
s tre s s

U p p e r lim it
o f to le ra n c e

A bundance
o f o rg a n is m s

O p tim u m ra n g e

Few
o rg a n is m s

N o
o rg a n is m s

Zone of
p h y s io lo g ic a l
stre s s

Zone of
in to le ra n c e

T e m p e ra tu re

Low

H ig h

[MILLER, Living in the Environment, 7E. 1992 Brooks/Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, Inc.
Reproduced by permission. www.cengage.com/permissions]

(a)

(i)

Outline what the figure above shows about fish density and temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

35

(ii)

Explain what is meant by a limiting factor in the context of the fish population in
this lake.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

State, giving a reason, whether temperature is a density-dependent or densityindependent factor in the regulation of fish populations.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Temperature is an abiotic feature of an ecosystem. List four other abiotic factors of an

ecosystem.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

With reference to one abiotic factor you have named in (b), outline and evaluate a method
for measuring this factor.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

36

14.

...there is constant interchange of various kinds within each system, not only between the
organisms but between the organic and inorganic. These ecosystems, as we may call them, are of
... various kinds and sizes. Tansley (1935)
(a)

Compare the characteristics of ecosystems and social systems.

(5)

(b)

Describe how populations of individual species interact within an ecosystem, using

named examples to support your answer.
(6)

(c)

Explain the relationship between climate and net primary productivity in two contrasting
biomes you have studied.
(7)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)

15.

An ecological study has been carried out in a small deciduous woodland. The aim of the study is
to establish the baseline ecological conditions within the site as part of an environmental impact
assessment.
As part of the ecological survey, floral diversity has been monitored on a species by species
basis. The results for primroses (Primula vulgaris) are shown below. Ten 50 cm 50 cm
quadrats were positioned randomly within the woodland and the number of primroses in each
quadrat were recorded. The results are shown in table 1.
Table 1. Primrose counts
Quadrat

Number of Primroses

10

23

23

34

12

56

12

10

23

37

(a)

(i)

Calculate the mean number of primroses per quadrat.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Using the mean number of primroses, calculate their density per metre square of
woodland.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Outline an environmental gradient that might be present in a woodland.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iv)

Outline a possible method for measuring changes along this gradient.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

38

The Lincoln Index provides a means of estimating animal populations. The method was used to
establish the population density of wood mice (Apodememus sylvaticaus) in the woodland.
The Lincoln Index is calculated using the following formula: N

n1 n 2
m

N = total population
n1 = number of animals first marked and released
n2 = number of animals captured in the second sample
m = number of marked animals in the second sample
As part of the survey, 100 traps were set three metres apart in a grid pattern. The traps were left
open for four days and baited regularly to allow animals to get used to their presence. On the
first sampling day, 28 wood mice were caught and individually marked. Two days later a second
sample was taken (recapture sample) during which 32 wood mice were captured, of which 10
animals were already marked.

(b)

(i)

Calculate the population number of wood mice within the sample area using the
Lincoln Index. Show your working.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Suggest what steps could be taken to ensure accurate results.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

39

(c)

Describe how you would calculate the dry plant biomass of a grassland or meadow.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

40

(d)

(i)

The deciduous woodland contains the following breeding birds.

Table 2
Breeding Birds
Robin (Erithacus rubecula)

Number of Pairs
4

Wood pigeon (Columba palumbus)

10

Blue tit (Parus caerulus)

22

Yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava)

Stock dove (Columba oenas)

Blackbird (Turdus merula)

Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)

Green woodpecker (Picus viridis)

Sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus)

Use Simpsons diversity index to determine the species richness (in terms of bird
pairs) within the woodland.

N ( N 1)
n(n 1)
where N = total number of individuals of all species found and n = the number of
individuals of a particular species.
Simpsons diversity index is calculated using the equation: D

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

41

(ii)

State what a low diversity index indicates about a habitat and suggest how a low
value may occur.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Distinguish between the terms diversity and abundance.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 20 marks)

42

16.

Figure 1 below shows how the suns energy flows along a food chain and Figure 2 shows one
way in which solar energy can be converted into electricity.
Figure 1

F o o d c h a in
C a lo rie s /tim e
10

Sun

10

P la n ts

10

10

10

P re d a to rs

H e rb iv o re s

Figure 2

E le c tric e n e rg y c h a in
C a lo rie s /tim e
106
Sun

104
P la n ts

500
F o s s iliz a tio n

125

E le c tr ic ity

P o w e r s ta tio n

[Source: Adapted from E P Odum, Ecology, A Bridge Between Science and Society, (Sinauer Associates Inc, 1996)
page 89. E P Odum. Reproduced by permission of the estate of E P Odum.]

(a)

Describe and explain what is happening to energy along the food chain in Figure 1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

43

(b)

Describe the process by which the suns energy is used by plants.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

State two energy sources that could be used in the power station in Figure 2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Explain how the power station in Figure 2 may contribute to a named environmental
problem.
Environmental problem: .............................................................................................
Explanation: ................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

44

Figure 3 below shows the world distribution of primary production in different biomes.

P rim a ry P ro d u c tio n in 1 0 3 k J m

y e a r1

L e s s th a n 2 .0

2 .0 1 2

1240

40100

2 .0 1 2

L e s s th a n 4 0

D e s e rts

G ra s s la n d s
D e e p la k e s
M o u n ta in fo re s ts
U n s u b s id iz e d
a g ric u ltu re

M o is t fo re s ts
a n d se c o n d a ry
c o m m u n itie s
S h a llo w la k e s
M o is t g r a s s la n d s
A v e ra g e
a g ric u ltu re

C o n tin e n ta l
s h e lf w a te rs

D eep oceans

S o m e e s tu a rie s ,
s p rin g s , c o ra l
re e fs , te rre s tria l
c o m m u n itie s o n
a llu iv ia l p la in s .
F u e l-s u b s id iz e d
a g ric u ltu re
[Source: Adapted from E P Odum, Ecology, A Bridge Between Science and Society, (Sinauer Associates Inc, 1996)
page 89. E P Odum. Reproduced by permission of the estate of E P Odum.]

(e)

State which of the zones A to F is responsible for the largest proportion of primary
production.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(f)

Distinguish between primary productivity and secondary productivity.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

45

(g)

With reference to Figure 3, explain two reasons why some biomes are more productive
than others.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

17.

Figure 1 and Figure 2 below are cartoons which each express an environmental message.
Figure 1

[Source: Cummings, Winnipeg Free Press, CartoonArts International]

46

(a)

Suggest what message the cartoonist is trying to depict about attitudes to environmental
problems in Figure 1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

Figure 2

[Source: DeAngelis, Rome, Italy, CartoonArts International]

47

(b)

Figure 2 is a cartoon which suggests that a conflict exists between resource use and the
needs of indigenous people. Explain why such a conflict might exist in tropical
rainforests.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

18.

Figure 1 below shows contrasting age-sex pyramids for two animal species.
Figure 1
A

48

(a)

State, giving a reason, which of the population pyramids in Figure 1 is more likely to be
an r-strategist.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

In a field experiment 60 edible dormice (Glis glis) were captured using Longworth
mammal traps laid out in a grid within a 500 m 500 m quadrat. Each individual was
marked and released. Two days later a second trapping exercise caught 50 edible dormice,
15 of whom were previously marked.
Using the equation below calculate the Lincoln index for this population.
N=

n1 n 2
n3

N = Population index
n1 = number captured and released
n2 = number captured second time
n3 = number marked in second capture

edible dormice population = ................................................

(2)

49

Figure 2 below shows changes in population density for the edible dormouse (Glis glis) as
measured by the experiment in question (b) over a year.
Figure 2
Year

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Density

70

80

120

300

400

550

650

400

200

150

67

55

(c)

Plot the data from Figure 2 onto the graph provided in Figure 3 and label the axes
including units
Figure 3 Dormouse population density change over time

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

Jan

Feb

M ar

A pr

M ay

Jun

Jul

A ug

Sep

O ct

N ov

D ec

(3)

(d)

Describe the trend in the population density of the edible dormouse (Glis glis) shown in
Figure 3.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

50

(e)

Suggest two explanations for the trend you have described in (d).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

19.

(a)

Outline the term ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

State an example of a flow within a named ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

State one example of biological storage within a forest ecosystem.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

51

(d)

Calculate the net primary productivity per kg of biomass for the boreal forest ecosystem
in the table below.
Comparison of ecosystem productivity
Mean net primary
productivity /
2
1
kg m yr

Mean biomass /
2
kg m

Net primary
productivity per kg
biomass per year

Temperate forest

1.20

32.5

0.037

Boreal forest

0.80

20.0

Tropical rainforest

2.20

45.0

0.049

Savanna grassland

0.90

4.0

0.225

Tundra

0.14

0.6

0.233

Ecosystem

...............................

[Source: Table of ecosystem productivity, Geography Review, Volume 5, Number 1 (1991).

Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan Updates]

(1)

(e)

Compare and explain the data for two of the ecosystems in the table above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(4)

52

(f)

Briefly outline a method for measuring biomass of a primary producer.

Name of primary producer: .........................................................................................
Method: .......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

20.

(a)

Distinguish clearly between succession and zonation using named examples and
diagrams.
(6)

(b)

Compare and contrast the production : respiration ratios of a food production system you
have studied and a natural ecosystem with a climax community.
(6)

(c)

Discuss the characteristics of an ecosystem that would allow it to support high

biodiversity and explain what the threats are to this ecosystem.
(6)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)

53

21.

The diagram below shows succession in a sand dune ecosystem.

A

(a)

(i)

Define the term succession.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

State what variable may be appropriate for the x-axis in the diagram above.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Outline what will happen to soils as the ecosystem in the diagram above changes
from A to B.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

54

(b)

State what is happening within a system when a decrease in variable P leads to a

decrease in variable Q which in turn leads to a further decrease in variable P.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

22.

The diagram below shows a food web for a small-scale ecosystem.

[Source: www.isu.edu/departments/strmecol/images/Baxteretal_FWBiol_2005_Fig1b.jpg]

(a)

State which trophic level is occupied by the bats in the diagram above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

55

(b)

Describe two impacts of a reduction in stream invertebrates on the food web of the
ecosystem shown in the diagram above.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Describe a method used to measure a named factor in a small-scale ecosystem you have
studied.
Named factor: ..............................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

Describe two ways in which the bank side vegetation plays an important role within the
ecosystem in the diagram above.
1 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

56

(e)

Name the natural process of change in vegetation that may occur over time on the banks
of the river in the diagram above.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

23.

(a)

Discuss how gross productivity, net productivity and diversity will change over time as a
habitat goes through succession. Illustrate your answer with a named case study.
(5)

(b)

Explain the present distribution of desert and tundra and discuss the factors controlling
their relative productivity.
(6)

(c)

Outline the components of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and justify your
personal viewpoint on the value of EIAs in the environmental decision making process.
Refer to a specific EIA in your answer.
(7)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)

24.

(a)

(i)

Define the term species diversity.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

Simpsons Diversity Index

D=
(ii)

N ( N 1)
n( n 1)

State what N means in the equation above.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

57

(iii)

Design a method that could be used to analyse diversity of plants within a

woodland ecosystem.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

(i)

Define the term biome.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

58

(ii)

Discuss how the factors that control natural biomes also dictate how people farm
the landscape. Refer to at least two examples of farming systems within your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

25.

The first law of thermodynamics concerns the conservation of energy, whilst the second law
explains the dissipation of energy not available for work.
(a)

(i)

State, giving the reason, which of these laws explains why natural systems are
never isolated.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

59

(ii)

In the space below, draw a flow diagram model to illustrate an example of negative
feedback within an ecosystem.

(2)

Figure 1 The image below shows heather (Calluna vulgaris) which is a pioneer plant species
in moorland succession

60

Figure 2 The table below shows the growth stages of heather

Life stage

Height / cm

Cover / %

Early

24

12

290

150

Building

52

94

1500

440

Mature

63

78

1900

360

Degenerate

55

41

1000

140

Biomass / g m

Productivity / g m yr

[Source: Table showing growth stages of heather from Biological Sciences Review, (Philip Allan Updates, (November 2005).
Reproduced by permission of Philip Allan Updates.]

(b)

(i)

Construct an appropriate graph to illustrate the relationship between biomass and

productivity within the development of heather moorland.

(4)

61

(ii)

Describe and explain the trend in percentage cover for heather shown by the data in
Figure 2.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

26.

(a)

Outline the process of photosynthesis and explain how different limiting factors will
determine productivity in two contrasting biomes.
(4)

(b)

Suggest why agreement has not yet been reached on the role of human activity in global
warming. Justify what measures you think a named country should adopt in response to
the threat of climate change.
(8)

(c)

Identify two landmarks in the development of the modern environmental movement, and
justify why each one is significant.
(6)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 20 marks)

27.

Figure 1 and Figure 2 show a rocky seashore and the distribution of four species of animal on
the seashore. Mean high water mark represents a high tide and mean low water mark a low tide.
The abundance of each species is shown by the thickness of the bars.
Figure 1
M e a n lo w
w a te r m a rk

In te rtid a l
zone

M e a n h ig h
w a te r m a rk

Sea
S e a sh o re

62

ro u g h w in k le s

b a rn a c le s

0
M e a n h ig h w a te rm a rk

m u s s e ls

sea anem ones

Figure 2

1
2

D is ta n c e
fro m P /m

3
4
5

M e a n lo w w a te rm a rk
0

6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
E x p o s u re to a ir/%

(a)

State the ecological term for the distribution of animals shown in Figure 2.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Identify one abiotic (physical) factor which changes from mean low water mark to mean
high water mark.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

63

(c)

Mussels are permanently attached to a rock and feed by filtering small particles of food
out of sea water. Suggest one reason why they are only found in the intertidal zone.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Distinguish between the terms herbivory and predation.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

List the following terms in increasing order of size.

biome, ecosystem, biosphere, habitat
Order

Term

Smallest 1

....................................................

....................................................

....................................................

....................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

64

The diagram below shows the effects of two different fishing policies on fish stocks over four
years.

H ig h in te n s ity fis h in g p o lic y

L o w in te n s ity fis h in g p o lic y

200

36

28
18
20

24

32

36

48

48

W e ig h t o f fis h / to n n e s

200
W e ig h t o f fis h / to n n e s

28.

36

168
16
6

Year
K ey:

(i)

56

20

Year

(a)

120

C a tc h

S to c k o f fis h

Define the term sustainable yield.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Calculate the total catch over four years in each fishing policy in the diagram
above.
High intensity: ...................................................................................................
Low intensity: ...................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Calculate the percentage difference between the year 4 catch for the high intensity
fishing policy and the year 4 catch for the low intensity fishing policy.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

65

(iv)

Predict, giving two reasons, which fishing policy would probably give the greater
profit over 20 years.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Outline two reasons why hunting and fishing may not be controlled by legislation.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

Compare the energy efficiency of terrestrial and aquatic food production systems.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

66

(d)

Suggest one possible solution that a technocentrist might give to the problem of
overfishing.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

29.

(a)

Distinguish between the terms biodiversity and species diversity.

(2)

(b)

Describe and explain how biodiversity changes during succession, and discuss how
human activities can interrupt succession.
(8)
Expression of ideas (2)
(Total 12 marks)

67