Explain the relationship between the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries.
(Total 8 marks)
2.
3.
Marine mammals have a series of physiological responses to diving. This enables them
to stay submerged for long periods in water colder than their body temperature. Collectively these
responses are termed the diving reflex.
To investigate the diving reflex in humans, heart rate changes in ten healthy subjects were
monitored during facial immersions in water ranging from 3C to 37C. The data for this
experiment is shown below.
5
10
15
P e rc e n ta g e c h a n g e in h e a rt ra te
20
25
30
35
0
10
15
20
25
30
W a te r te m p e ra tu re / C
35
40
[Source: N R York, Effect of Water Temperature on Diving Reflex Induced Bradycardia in Humans,
http://kesler.biology.rhodes.edu/sciJ/York.html]
(a)
(i)
State the effect of facial immersion on heart rate over the range of temperatures
shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest one reason for the relationship between facial immersion and heart rate.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(c)
Calculate the heart rate of a person immersed in water at a temperature of 15C, if their
heart rate before immersion was 70 beats per minute.
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2
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
1 max
the lower the temperature, the greater the suppression of heart rate / effect
more pronounced at lower temperatures
Numerical answers accepted.
at 15 C, expect a 19% ( 1%) reduction in heart rate;
therefore expect new heart rate of 56 / 57 beats per minute;
2
[5]
4.
Discuss the factors which affect the occurrence of coronary heart disease.
(Total 4 marks)
5.
Award [1] for each of the following structures clearly drawn and
labelled correctly in a diagram of the heart.
left and right ventricle;
left and right atria;
atrioventricular valves / bicuspid / mitral and tricuspid valves;
semilunar valves;
aorta and vena cava;
pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein;
ventricle wall thicker than atria;
left ventricle wall thicker than right ventricle wall;
Do not award marks for a diagram with only the ventricles or atria. However,
it is not necessary to show the cordae tendinae.
[6]
3