Ajanta Sachan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering
IIT Gandhinagar
Shoring
Foundations
Tunneling
Soil Exploration
Terzaghi says:
(Father of Soil Mechanics)
Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)
soil properties
Design Office
~ for design & analysis
construction site
ground
Soil particle
W: Liquid
Water (electrolytes)
A: Air
Air
Void ratio,e
Vv
Vs
hydrometer
stack of sieves
sieve shaker
soil/water suspension
Sieve Analysis
Hydrometer Analysis
Soil Groups
Cohesive
soils
Clay
Granular soils or
Cohesion less soils
Silt
0.002
Sand
0.075
Gravel
2.36
(4.75; IS code)
Cobble
63
(80)
Boulder
200
(300)
Fine grain
soils
Coarse grain
soils
Subangular
Subrounded
Angular
Field Test: In-situ dry density, Shear Strength, Plate Load Test
Depth of
Exploration
Test Pits: Unlike boring, soil can be visually observed from the sides of
the test pit. Pit is made by excavating ground (typical size =1.2mx1.2m)
considering sufficient working space.
Trenches: Trenches are long shallow pits. They are more suitable for
exploration on slopes than pits.
Suggestions:
Boring Techniques
Auger Boring
Wash Boring
Rotary Boring
Percussion Boring
Use depends on
Nature of soil
Water table Depth
Sample Disturbance
Accuracy of soil exploration
Auger Boring for soils which can stay open without casing or drilling
mud. It is not possible for sands below water table.
Good for Highways, railways projects where small depth of soil
exploration is needed.
Procedure
Auger Boring
1. Hand Auger
for shallow depth (3 - 5 m)
3. Sand Bailer
Heavy duty pipe with cutting
edge
Lifted and then left to fall freely
under self weight. Additional
weight (sinker) may be added for
ease of sinking
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Auger Boring
4. Hollow Stem Auger
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Wash Boring
10
Rotary Boring
Design similar to wash boring
Useful when soil is resistant to auguring or wash
boring
Percussion Boring
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Drilling Mud
Use of Casing
Casagrande Piezometer
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Soil Sampling
Representative Samples:
Non-representative Samples:
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Shelby Tube
(Thin-wall) Sampler
Thin wall (1/16in = 0.0625 in)
sampling tube
Sampler pushed into the ground
hydraulically
Sample extruded from tube and
Undisturbed soil sample is obtained
Sealing of
Sampling Tube
After removing the sampler
from ground, it is sealed on
both sides using melted wax
to preserve moisture
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(a) Shrinkage Limit, Free swell, Swell pressure for Expansive soils
(b) Pinhole test, Crumb test for Dispersive soils
(c) Chemical Test (PH, Sulphite, Chloride, Iron etc) for soils (may affected with
industrial waste or some other waste)
(d) Furnace test for Organic Soils (peats etc)
Dynamic Properties
15
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Triaxial Test:
Measures shear strength
parameters of soil
(shear strength properties:
cohesion, friction angle)
Loading conditions :
Static loading
(compression is common)
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Soil specimen
Triaxial setup
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Soil Properties
Cohesion (c)
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Axial Strain a
Damping D
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ShearStrain g
ShearModulus G
Damping D
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(t ) C eit
Acc.
Resonant freq. f1
+
Sample Geometry
+
End restraint
+
Wave equation (torsion)
2 f
G0 vs2 (2H 1
FT
D = 1/2D1
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Bender Elements
(made by Piezoelectric material)
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Thank You
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