10
qi
Rate
q2
t 1
Flow Period n
q n1
pressure
qn
log p
q1
t 2
t i
derivative
t n1
log t
tp = jn1
=i tj
tp+t
Log-log analysis
pi
Pressure
f (t)
Specialized analysis
q1
qi
q n1
Rate
q2
t 1
t 2
t i
p*
t n1
qi 1 ) (qn1 qn )] f
n1
j =1
Horner analysis
Fig. 2Horner analysis.
t j + t f (t )
Pressure
n1
tp = jn1
=i tj
pi
i =1
qn
[(q
Flow Period n
tp+t
pi p(t = 0)|
Time
11
Tech 101
NEAR-WELLBORE
EFFECTS
RESERVOIR
BEHAVIOR
BOUNDARY
EFFECTS
Wellbore
Storage
Homogeneous
Specified
Rates
Skin
Heterogeneous
Specified
Pressure
2-Porosity
Leaky
Boundary
Fractures
Partial
Penetration
2-Permeability
Composite
Horizontal
Well
EARLY TIMES
MIDDLE TIMES
LATE TIMES
IDENTIFICATION
VERIFICATION
DATA
EARLY TIMES
Wellbore Storage
Skin
Fractures
Partial Penetration
Horizontal Well
NEAR-WELLBORE
EFFECTS
MIDDLE TIMES
LATE TIMES
Homogeneous
Specified Rate
Heterogeneous
Specified Pressure
2-Porosity
2-Permeability
Composite
Leaky Boundary
RESERVOIR
BEHAVIOR
BOUNDARY
EFFECTS
NO
COMPARE
WITH
DATA
CONSISTENT?
YES
CONSISTENT
WELL TEST
INTERPRETATION
MODEL
CALCULATE
MODEL
BEHAVIOR
ANOTHER
MODEL?
NO
12
END
YES
4,000
200
FP 66
180
FP 186
FP 203
160
Pressure, psia
140
120
2,000
100
FP 386
80
60
3,000
1,000
40
20
Measured rates
Analysis rates
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
0
60,000
(a)
102
FP66
FP186
FP203
FP386
10
101
102
Deconvolved Derivative
103
103
102
101
(b)
10
102
103
104
105
13
Tech 101
Whats Next?
Improvements in well test analysis will
essentially come from three areas:
richer signals (i.e., those containing
more information), better interpretation
techniques (providing significant
improvements in the identification and
validation of the interpretation model),
and more-complex models that represent
the geology better. Reservoir geology
Conclusions
Well test analysis has come a long
waysince the 1950s when the
interpretation methods on the basis of
straight lines gave unreliable results.
We now have a methodology that
provides repeatability and techniques
with derivatives and deconvolution that
enable a high level of confi dence in
interpretation results.
It can be safely predicted that the
importance of well test analysis in
reservoir characterization will continue
to increase as new tools such as
permanent downhole pressure gauges
and downhole flowmeters become more
widely used and as the scale relationship
with the interpretation of other data from
geophysics, geology, and petrophysics
becomes better understood. TWA
14