DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

The well bore is deliberately deviated from the vertical

OBJECTIVES:
along a predetermined course to a target reservoir

Multi wells from Single Structure

and/or location
Shoreline drilling
Fault control
Inaccessible location
Stratigraphic traps (Salt dome)

Relief well control

Sidetracking off the
obstruction (fish)
Deviate well course to more
promising target (s)
1

Type I

Type II

Type III

10

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

JETTING BIT

Steps
1. One nozzle is fully blanked (big Boy), the rest
are plugged or restricted
2. Orient the blank nozzle to designed direction
3. Jetting the formation with hydraulic and with
none rotating pipe
4. Once the deviated hole pattern have been
formed, rotating pipe to make a new hole
5. Repeat the jetting/rotating sequence until
inclination is achieved
6. Good for soft and unconsolidated formations
7. Good for anti-collision purpose

11

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

WHIPSTOCK

Steps
1.
2.
3.
4.

Run Whipstock to the KOP depth

Drill and deviate rat hole
Pull out the Whipstock
Drill with hole reamer, hole opener and/or
drill bit to make the new hole
5. Whipstock still applicable in present day
for cutting window in Casing and
sidetracking purposes

12

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

DOWNHOLE MOTOR WITH BENT SUB

BENT SUB was used in early

Stage when Down hole Motor
had first been introduced.

It was presently an obsolete

tool in directional drilling due
to the limitation of rotating the
pipe combine with an advanced
Technology on down hole Motors
of which extensively high efficiency
and more steerable friendly.
13

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)

BENT HOUSING(SUB) FIXED ON THE BODY

14

DownholeTurbodrill
A turbine-type motor
Driven by the drilling fluid
- like the PDM

Rotation
Flow

Multi-stage blade-type
stator and rotor sections

A thrust bearing section

A drive shaft
15

Turbine motors are used both for directional drilling and straight-hole drilling.

Top Sub
Turbine Section

Stator/RotorOne Stage
Turbine Section

Typical
turbine
design.

Rotor (Rotating)
Stator (Stationary)
Bearing Section
PDC or Diamond Bit
16

DownholeTurbodrill
Number of rotor/stator sections
may vary from ~25 to 250
Stator remains stationary - its
main function is to deflect the
mud to the rotor blades
The rotor blades are connected
to the drive shaft, which is
connected to the bit
17

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

MWD

DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)

MAIN COMPONENTS (Top to Bottom)

Top Stabilizer (optional)

Bypass Vale
Flexible Bent Sub (optional)
Rotor/Stator Housing (power sub)
Flexible Bent Sub (Standard)
U-joint Housing
Bearing Assembly Housing (outside
Body is Near Bit Stabilizer)
Bit Box

18

DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TOOLS

DOWNHOLE MOTOR (STEERABLE)

INSIDE
OUTSIDE

19

Building
Hole Angle
20

Holding
Hole Angle
21

PRESENT TECHNOLOGY
FOR ROTARY ASSY.

MONITORING
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

22

ROTARY STEERABLE SYSTEM

MONITORING
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
LATEST TECHNOLGY
FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
An advanced BHA that steers itself
During continuous drill string.
Electronic control 3-pad Stabilizer on
the sleeve which is programmed well
Path controlling.
More smooth in well bore than drill
with Motor.
Product Propaganda

Auto Trak - Baker Hughes

Power Drive Schlumberger
Geo-Pilot Sperry Sun, Halliburton
23

LATEST TECHNOLGY
FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

MONITORING
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

24

25

Tool Face Angle

26

Inclination Angle
q, a, I

Direction Angle
f, e, A

27

S23E

N18E
Azimuth
Angle

S20W

N55W
28

Directional Drilling Measurements

The trajectory of a wellbore is

determined by the measurement of:
inclination

q, a, I

direction

f, e, A

measured depth

DMD, DL, L
29

Directional Drilling Measurements

A tool-face measurement is
required to orient:
A whipstock
The large nozzle on a jetting bit

A bent sub or bent housing

30

Directional Drilling Measurements

Tools available
Single-shot magnetic or gyroscopic

Multi-shot magnetic or gyroscopic

Magnetometers, accelerometers,

MWD tools

31

Survey Methods
Single-Shot

32

Survey Methods
Multishot

33

Survey Methods
Steering Tools

34

Steering Tools:
When a mud motor with a bent sub is
used, it may be more economical to
run a steering tool than to
continuously run magnetic single
shot surveys.
An instrument probe is lowered by a
wireline unit and is seated in the
mule-shoe orienting sleeve.
35

Steering Tools - contd

The wireline can be passed through a
circulating head mounted on the
drillpipe. Every 90 ft the tool is
retrieved so another stand of pipe may
be added.
Alternatively, a side entry sub may be
used for the wire. A stuffing box that
prevents fluid leakage is built into the
side of the sub.
36

Steering Tools - contd

With this setup, several hundred ft. of
hole can be drilled without pulling the
tool.
Electronic means are used to measure
direction and inclination.

Direction is measured with

magnetometers that measure the
earths magnetic field in the X,Y, and Z
planes.
37

Hole Direction
Tool
Face
L
o
90

R
o
90

180

32.7o

Drift

114o

Azimuth

Tool-face indicator
located on the drill floor

38

Steering Tools - contd

Most steering tools continuously

sense
inclination
direction
tool-face angle

39

Steering Tools - contd

The steering tool takes the guess-work
out of correcting the tool-face angle for
reverse torque.
A steering tool is one of the most
economical means of making a trajectory
change when a mud motor and bent sub
are used for drilling, especially when rig
costs are high.
40

MWD
(Measurement While Drilling)
While drilling it is possible to transmit to
the surface downhole information on:
inclination
direction
tool-face angle
gamma ray
resistivity

temperature
weight on bit
torque on bit
sonic velocity

41

MWD - contd
Inclination, direction, and tool-face angle are
of particular interest in directional drilling. A
lower cost MWD tool can be used if only
directional drilling information is required.
Information is typically transmitted through
the mud column by:
+ ve or - ve pressure pulses, or
pressure pulse modulation
42

Recorder

Terminal Computer

Rig
Floor
Display

Mud Pump

Typical MWD system

Bypass
Valve and
Sensor
Package 43

~ 3-5 minutes per update

Basic types of mud pulsers

44

~ 3-5 minutes per update

Basic types of mud pulsers

45

Mud Siren - 0s and 1s

Basic types of mud pulsers

46

In the BUILD
Section

Dx = r (1 - cos I)

I
Dy

Dy = r sin I

DL

r
I

Dx

DL = r Irad
p
DL = r Ideg
180

18,000
r=
p * BUR

47

48

r1 x 3 and r1 r2 x 4

49

r1 x 3 and r1 r2 x 4

50
3D Wells

51

I, A, DMD

52

53

54

* The actual well path hardly ever coincides with the planned
trajectory
* Important: Hit target within specified radius

55

CLOSURE
(HORIZONTAL)

DEPARTURE

LEAD ANGLE
56

Wellbore Surveying Methods

Average Angle
Balanced Tangential
Minimum Curvature
Radius of Curvature
Tangential

57

Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations

The table below gives data from a directional survey.
Survey Point

A
B
C
D

Measured Depth
along the wellbore
ft

3,000
3,200
3,600
4,000

Inclination
Angle
I, deg

0
6
14
24

Azimuth
Angle
A, deg

20
6
20
80

Based on known coordinates for point C well calculate the coordinates of point D using the
above information.

58

Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations

Point C has coordinates:

x = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the east

y = 1,000 (ft) positive towards the north

z = 3,500 (ft) TVD, positive downwards

C
Dz

N (y)

N
Dz

D
E (x)

D
Dy
Dx

59

Example - Wellbore Survey Calculations+

I. Calculate the x, y, and z coordinates

of points
D using:

(i) The Average Angle method

(ii) The Balanced Tangential method

(iii) The Minimum Curvature method

(iv) The Radius of Curvature method

(v) The Tangential method

60

The Average Angle Method

Find the coordinates of point D using
the Average Angle Method
At point C, x = 1,000 ft
y = 1,000 ft
z = 3,500 ft

Measured depth from C to D, DMD = 400 ft

IC = 14

A C = 20

ID = 24

A D = 80
61

Measured depth from C to D, DM D = 400 ft

IC = 14

A C = 20

I D = 24

A D = 80

N (y)
Dz

Dz
Dy D

E (x)
Dx

62

The Average Angle Method

63

The Average Angle Method

This method utilizes the average
of I1 and I2 as an inclination,
the average of A1 and A2 as a
direction, and assumes the
entire survey interval (DMD)
to be tangent to the average
angle.

I1 I2
IAVG =
2
A AVG

A1 A 2
=
2

DEast = DMD sin IAVG sin A AVG

DNorth = DMD sin IAVG cos A AVG
DVert = DMD cos IAVG
64

The Average Angle Method

65

The Average Angle Method

DNorth = DMD sin IAVG cos A AVG

Dy = 400 sin19 cos 50

Dy = 84 ft

DVert = 400 cos IAVG

Dz = 400 cos19

Dz = 378 ft

66

The Average Angle Method

At Point D,

x = 1,000 + 100 = 1,100 ft

y = 1,000 + 84 = 1,084 ft

z = 3,500 + 378 = 3,878 ft

67

The Balanced Tangential Method

This method treats half the measured
distance (DMD/2) as being tangent to
I1 and A1 and the remainder of the
measured distance (DMD/2) as being
tangent to I2 and A2.
DMD
sin I1 sin A1 sin I2 sin A2
2

DMD
sin I1 cos A1 sin I2 cos A2
DNorth =
2

DEast =

DMD
cos I2 cos I1
DVert =
2

68

The Balanced Tangential Method

DMD
sin IC sin AC sin ID sin AD
DEast =
2

400
=
sin 14o sin 20o sin 24o sin 80o
2

Dx = 97 ft
69

The Balanced Tangential Method

DMD
sin IC cos A C sin ID cos AD
DNorth =
2

400
o
o
o
o
=
sin 14 cos 20 sin 24 cos 80
2

Dy = 60 ft
70

The Balanced Tangential Method

DMD
DVert =
2

cos ID cos IC

400
o
o
=
cos 24 cos 14
2

Dz = 377 ft
71

The Balanced Tangential Method

At Point D,

x = 1,000 + 97 = 1,097 ft

y = 1,000 + 60 = 1,060 ft

z = 3,500 + 377 = 3,877 ft

72

Minimum Curvature Method

73

Minimum Curvature Method

This method smooths the two straight-line segments of the
Balanced Tangential Method using the Ratio Factor RF.

RF =

tan

(DL= b and must be in radians)

DMD
sin I1 sin A1 sin I2 sin A2 RF
DEast =
2
DMD
sin I1 cos A1 sin I2 cos A2 RF
DNorth =
2

DMD
cos I1 cos I2 RF
DVert =
2

74

Minimum Curvature Method

The Dogleg Angle, b, is given by:
cos b = cos ID IC sin IC sin ID 1 cos(AD AC )

= cos 24o 14o sin 14o sin 240 1 cos(800 20o )

cos b = 0.9356

b = 20.67 = 0.3608 radians

o

75

Minimum Curvature Method

The Ratio Factor,
RF =

tan

b
2

20.67o
2

RF =
tan
0.3608
2

RF = 1.0110
76

Minimum Curvature Method

DMD
sin IC sin AC sin ID sin AD RF
DEast =
2

400
o
o
o
o
=
sin 14 sin 20 sin 24 sin 80 1.0110
2

= 96 .66 * 1.011 = 98 ft

Dx = 98 ft
77

Minimum Curvature Method

DMD
sin IC cos AC sin ID cos AD RF
DNorth =
2

400
=
sin 14o cos 20o sin 24o cos 80o 1.0110
2

= 59 .59 * 1.011 = 60 ft

Dy = 60 ft
78

Minimum Curvature Method

DMD
DVert =
2

cos ID cos IC RF

400
o
o
=
cos 24 cos 14 1.0110
2

= 376 . 77 * 1. 0110 = 381 ft

Dz = 381 ft
79

Minimum Curvature Method

At Point D,

x = 1,000 + 98 = 1,098 ft

y = 1,000 + 60 = 1,060 ft

z = 3,500 + 381 = 3,881 ft

80

The Radius of Curvature Method

DMD cos IC cos ID cos A C cos AD 180
DEast =

ID IC AD AC
p

400 cos 14 cos 24 cos 20 cos 80 180

=

24 14 80 20
p
o

Dx = 95 ft
81

The Radius of Curvature Method

DMD (cos IC cos ID ) (sin AD sin AC ) 180
DNorth =

(ID IC ) ( AD AC )
p
400(cos14 cos 24 )(sin 80 sin 20
=
(24 14)(80 20)

) 180

Dy = 80 ft
82

The Radius of Curvature Method

DMD (sin ID sin IC ) 180
DVert =

ID IC
p
400 (sin 24o sin 14o ) 180
=

24 14
p

Dz = 378 ft
83

The Radius of Curvature Method

At Point D,

x = 1,000 + 95 = 1,095 ft

y = 1,000 + 80 = 1,080 ft

z = 3,500 + 378 = 3,878 ft

84

The Tangential Method

Measured depth from C to D, DMD = 400 ft

IC = 14

A C = 20

ID = 24

A D = 80

DEast = DMD sin ID sin AD

= 400 sin24 sin 80

Dx = 160 ft

85

The Tangential Method

= 400 sin 24o cos 80o

Dy = 28 ft

= 400 cos 24

Dz = 365 ft

86

The Tangential Method

87

Summary of Results (to the nearest ft)

Average Angle
Balanced Tangential
Minimum Curvature
Radius of Curvature
Tangential Method

1,100
1,097
1,098
1,095
1,160

1,084
1,060
1,060
1,080
1,028

3,878
3,877
3,881
3,878
3,865

88

Question
Plan a build and hold trajectory where the
kick-off depth is at 2000, and the
target bulls-eye is 5500 from the
surface location at a TVD of 8100. Use
a build-up rate of 2 deg/100. Your plan
should include maximum inclination
angle, measured depth to the end of the
build and to the target depth and
horizontal departure to the end of the
89
build.