1.

) Using standard Thermodynamic values, calculate the enthalpy of the reaction of the
combustion of methane gas with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide and liquid water.
Chemical Equation:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) => CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + heat
given :
Hf H2O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol , Hf CO2(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol,
Hf CH4(g) = -74.87 kJ/mol , Hf O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol
Solution:
Hrxn =[2 * Hf H2O(l) + Hf CO2(g) ]+ [2 * Hf O2(g) + Hf CH4(g)]
Hrxn = [2*(-285.83 kJ) + (-393.51 kJ)] [(2*0 kJ) + (-74.87 kJ)]
Hrxn = -890.3 kJ/mol
answer: Therefore the enthalpy of the reaction is -890.3 kJ/mol.

2.) If 1.6g of CH4 reacts with oxygen gas to form water and carbon dioxide what is the
change in entropy for the universe? Reaction Equation: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
solution :
S System =SProducts SReactants
S System =[(.21374 kJ/mol)+(2* .06995 kJ/mol)]-[(2*.20507 kJ/mol)+( .18626 kJ/mol)]
S System = -.24276 kJ/mol
H System =HProducts HReactants
H System = [( -393.509 kJ/mol)+(2* -285.83 kJ/mol)]-[(2*0)+( -74.87 kJ/mol)]
H System = -890.229 kJ/mol
S Surroundings =HSystem /T
S Surroundings = -890.229/298
S Surroundings = -2.9873 kJ/mol
S Universe= S Surroundings S System
S Universe= -2.9873 kJ/mol (-.24276 kJ/mol)
S Universe = -2.745 kJ/mol
answer: Therefore the change for the entropy of the universe is -2.745 kJ/mol

3.) Find the change is Gibbs Free Energy for the reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide to form liquid water and sodium chloride at 31 C.
First you must write the chemical equation for the reaction: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ->H2O(l) +
NaCl.
HRxn =HProducts HReactants
HRxn =[(-285.8+(-411.54)) kJ/mol]-[(-167.16 + (-470.1) kJ/mol]
HRxn = -60.05 kJ/mol
SRxn =SProducts SReactants
SRxn=[(0.06991+ 0.07238) kJ/molK]-[0.0565 + 0.0482 kJ/molK]
SRxn = 0.03759 kJ/molK
Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15
=31 + 273.15
= 304.15 K
G=H-TS.
G= -60.05 KJ/mol 304.15 K *(0.03759 KJ/molK) = -71.4830

4.) There is a house hold heater that operates at 4 V and at 35 and is used to heat up 15g
of copper wire. The specific heat capacity of copper is 24.440 J/mol/K. How much time is
required to increase the temperature from 25C to 69C?
It is important to know the equation in circuitry that calculates power: P=V2/R, which is derived
from the equation V=IR. We will also be using q=mCsT.
solution:
P=V2/R
P=(4)2/35

q=mCsT
q=(15)(24.440)(69-25)

P=.457 J/s

q= 16130.4 J

We now know how many joules of heat must be added to the copper wire to increase the
temperature and we know how many joules of energy are given off by the heater per second. We
divide to find the number of seconds.
Time=(16130.4 J)/(0.457 J/s) = 35296.3 seconds

5.) What is the equilibrium constant for the formation of N2O4 gas from NO2 gas
molecules? The temperature of the reaction is 310.5K.
First, the balanced equation must be written:
2NO2(g) -> N2O4(g)
solution:
K=e^[-G/RT]
K is the equilibrium constant, e is the numerical value 2.718, G is the change in Gibbs free
energy in J/mol
R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in K
H System =HProducts HReactants
H System=[9.08 kJ/mol]-[2*33.1 kJ/mol]
H System = -57.12 kJ/mol

S System =SProducts SReactants

S System=[.30438 kJ/molK]-[2*.24004
kJ/molK]
S System = -.1757 kJ/molK

Also, the T used is not room temperature, but the temperature given in the problem the
temperature at which the reaction takes place.

G=H-TS
G=[-57.12]-310.5[-0.1757]
G = -2.565 kJ/mol or -2565 J/mol

Once G is calculated the original equation

can be used to solve for k.
K=e^[-G/RT]
K=e^[2565/8.314*310.5]
K= 2.701

6) what is thermodynamics?
answer: Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to
energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy,
and pressure) that characterize materials and radiation, and explains how they are related and by
what laws they change with time.

7.) What are the laws of thermodynamics? and define each.

answer:

Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

This statement implies that thermal equilibrium is an equivalence relation on the set
of thermodynamic systems under consideration. Systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium
with each other if spontaneous molecular thermal energy exchanges between them do not lead to
a net exchange of energy.

First law of thermodynamics: The increase in internal energy of a closed system is equal
to the difference of the heat supplied to the system and the work done by it: U = Q W

The first law of thermodynamics asserts the existence of a state variable for a system, the internal
energy, and tells how it changes in thermodynamic processes. The law allows a given internal
energy of a system to be reached by any combination of heat and work

Second law of thermodynamics: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location
to a hotter location.

The second law of thermodynamics is an expression of the universal principle of dissipation of

kinetic and potential energy observable in nature. The second law is an observation of the fact
that over time, differences in temperature, pressure, and chemical potential tend to even out in a
physical system that is isolated from the outside world. Entropy is a measure of how much this
process has progressed. The entropy of an isolated system that is not in equilibrium tends to
increase over time, approaching a maximum value at equilibrium.

Third law of thermodynamics: As a system approaches absolute zero the entropy of the
system approaches a minimum value.

The third law of thermodynamics is a statistical law of nature regarding entropy and the
impossibility of reaching absolute zero of temperature. This law provides an absolute reference
point for the determination of entropy. The entropy determined relative to this point is the
absolute entropy. Alternate definitions are, "the entropy of all systems and of all states of a
system is smallest at absolute zero," or equivalently "it is impossible to reach the absolute zero of
temperature by any finite number of processes".

8.) What is Hess Law?

answer:
Hess' Law is named after Russian Chemist and Doctor Germain Hess. Hess helped formulate the
early principles of thermochemistry. His most famous paper, which was published in 1840,
included his law on thermochemistry. The law went on to be called Hess' Law of Constant Heat
summation (sometimes referred to as Hess' Law) and it states that regardless of the multiple
stages or steps of a reaction, enthalpy change overall encompasses the sum of all changes.

9.)What are the Steps involved in solving enthalpy of combustion problems?

answer:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Balance the individual equations

If necessary look up standard enthalpies
Flip equations around if necessary to cancel out terms on opposite sides
Changing the equation around requires a sign change of the H of that individual step
Sum up the individual steps

10.) Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of the transition of C(s,

graphite) C(s, diamond), given
C(s, graphite) + O2 CO2 Ho = -393.5 kJ/mol
CO2 C(s, diamond) + O2 Ho = + 395.41 kJ/mol
First we see that both equations are balanced. The enthalpies were given and there is no need to
flip an equation around because it is possible to cancel out a couple terms as is. What is left is
canceling out the O2 and the CO2 species, writing the overall reaction and then summing the two
enthalpies together.
C(s, graphite) + O2 CO2
CO2 C(s, diamond) + O2
Overall Equation becomes: C(s, graphite) C(s, diamond)

adding the enthalpies gives (-393.5 kJ/mol + 395.41 kJ/mol) = + 1.91 kJ/mol
Since the

Ho is positive, the reaction is endothermic.

11.) Using Hess Law, the enthalpy of reaction of the major process of steam reforming can
be determined.
CH4(g) + H2O(l) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

H = ??

Using the two postulates, given enough information, we are able to solve the enthalpy of reaction
of an untabulated equation.
Using the reaction of Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen gas and reaction of methane decomposition;
1) CO(g) + H2(g) C(graphite) + H2O(g)
2) C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)

H = -131.3 kJ
H = -74.8 kJ

Steps
1.
1.
2.
1.
3.

Flip Equation #2 to and change the sign of the enthalpy reaction.

Ex. CH4(g) C(graphite) + 2H2(g)
H = +74.8
Flip Equation #1 as well in order to get the unnecessary equation parts to cancel out.
C(graphite) + H2O CO(g) + H2(g)
H = +131.3 kJ
With the two equations packed together, notice the equations will cancel out and come out
with the final equation. C(graphites) cancel out between the two equations.
C(graphite) + H2O CO(g) + H2(g)
CH4(g) C(graphite) + 2H2(g)

H = +131.3 kJ
H = +74.8

Final Equation:
CH4(g) + H2O CO + 3H2

H = +74.8 kJ + 131.3 kJ

4.
Add the final enthalpies to the two fixed up equations and receive the enthalpy of
the unknown equation: H = +201.1 kJ CH4(g) + H2O CO + 3H2
H = 201.1
kJ

12.) What is Entropy?

answer:
Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity that is generally used to describe the course of a process,
that is, whether it is a spontaneous process and has a probability of occurring in a defined
direction, or a non-spontaneous process and will not proceed in the defined direction, but in the
reverse direction. Entropy is a state function that describes the state of a system and does not
depend on how the system reached that state. Colloquially, entropy is referred to as the 'state of
disorder' of a system. Entropy can be defined in terms of statistical probabilities of a system or in
terms of the other thermodynamic quantities. Entropy is also the subject of the Second and
Third laws of thermodynamics, which describe the changes in entropy of the universe with
respect to the system and surroundings, and the entropy of substances, respectively.

13.) What is Enthalpy?

answer:
Enthalpy is the amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure.
Enthalpy is usually expressed as the change in enthalpy. The change in enthalpy is related to a
change in internal energy (U) and a change in the volume (V), which is multiplied by the
constant pressure of the system.
14.) Calculate the enthalpy (H) for the process in which 45.0g of water is converted from
liquid at 10?C to vapor at 25?C.
solution:
Part 1: Heating water from 10.0 to 25.0 ?C
kJ = 45.0g H20 x (4.184J/gH20?C) x (25.0 - 10.0)?C x 1kJ/1000J
kJ = 2.82 kJ
Part 2: Vaporizing water at 25.0?C
kJ = 45.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O x 44.0 kJ/1 mol H2O
kJ = 110 kJ
Part 3: Total Enthalpy Change
H = 2.82 kJ + 110kJ
H =112.82kJ

15.) What is Gibbs Free energy?

answer:
The Gibbs Energy is named after a Josiah William Gibbs, an American physicist in the late
19th century who greatly advanced thermodynamics; his work now serves as a foundation for this
branch of science. This energy can be said to be the greatest amount of work (other than
expansion work) a system can do on its surroundings, when it operates at a constant pressure and
temperature.

16.)If John pushes a tricycle 50 feet with a force of 5 Newtons how much work did he do on
the tricycle?
solution:
Convert 50 feet to meters: 50 feet x .3048 meters/feet = 15.24 meters.
W = F * D: 5 Newtons * 15.24 meters
W = 76.2 Joules.
17.) How far, in meters, would a box travel if pushed with 7 newtons of force and 15 Joules
of work is done on the box?
solution:
W=F*D
D = W/F
D = 15 Joules/7 Newtons
D = 2.14 meters.
18.) How much work is done by a gas that expands from 2 liters to 5 liters against an
external pressure of 750 mmHg?
answer:
V = Vfinal - VInitial = 5 L - 2 L = 3 L
Convert 750 mmHg to atm:
750 mmHg * 1/760 (atm/mmHg)
=0 .9868 atm.
W = pV
W = -(0.9868 atm)(3 Liters)
W= -2.96 L atm.
19.) How much work is done by .54 moles of a gas that has an initial volume of 8 liters and
expands under the following conditions: 30oC and 1.3 atm?
answer:
First we must find the final volume using the idela gas law:
pv = nRT
v = (nRT)/P
v = [(.54 moles)(.082057(L atm)/ (mol K))(303K)] / (1.3 atm)
v= 10.33 L

V= Vfinal - Vinitial
V= 10.3 Liters - 8 Liters

V= 2.3 Liters

W = pV
W= - (1.3 atm)(2.3 Liters)
W= -3 L atm.

20.) How much work is done by a gas (p=1.7 atm, V=1.56 L) that expands against an
external pressure of 1.8 atm?
answer:
.
Given p1,V1, and p2, find V2:
p1V1=p2V2 (at constant T, n)
V2= (V1* P1) / P2
V2= (1.56 L * 1.7 atm) / 1.8 atm
V2= 1.47 L
W = - p * V = - 1.8 atm *
Now, V = V2 - V1
W = - 1.8 atm * (1.47 1.7) L
W =0.414 L atm.
21.) Who is the father of thermodynamic?
A.) Michael Faraday B.) Nicolas Lonard Sadi Carnot

C.) Svante August Arrhenius

answer : B.)
22.) Which one of the following is TRUE?
A.) Evaporation of perspiration occurs to help control human body temperature. This process is
hindered at low relative humidities as opposed to high relative humidities.
B.) Water vapour in air typically has a partial pressure that is less than 3% of atmospheric
pressure.
C.)The temperature at which condensation first forms on a cooled surface is called wet bulb
temperature.
D.) For a given temperature the partial pressure of water vapour in air is normally greater than
the saturated water vapour pressure.
answer: B.

References:

http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants
/Acid_and_Base_Strength
http://facultyfp.salisbury.edu/dfrieck/htdocs/212/rev/acidbase/arrhenius.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamic_Exa
mple_Problems
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics#Laws_of_thermodynamics
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Thermodynamisc_Cy
cles/Hess'_Law
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Ionization_Constants
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Entr
opy
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Enth
alpy
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Path_Functions/Work
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/State_Functions/Diff
erential_Forms_of_Fundamental_Equations
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Aqueous_Solutions_
Of_Salts
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/Calculating_Equilibri
um_Concentrations_And_Ph_From_Ka
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Acids_and_Bases/PH_Scale
http://www.seethesolutions.net/practice-exams-topic/25/
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/howtosolveit.html#Nuclear
http://sst.nsu.edu/chm224/practice/c4pp16.html
http://studentzoneonline.com/Chemistry/Chemical-Equilibrium.aspx
http://library.thinkquest.org/10429/low/equil/equil.htm
http://www.thebigger.com/chemistry/nuclear-and-radiation-chemistry/what-is-nuclearchemistry/
http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/core/questions/questions.cfm?Course=chem&TopicC
/ode=09
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/howtosolveit.html#Nuclear
http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/science/laws_of_thermodynamics/quiz1690.html
http://chemistry.about.com/library/weekly/blacidquiz.htm?lastQuestion=9&answers=1&s
ubmit=Next+Question+%3E%3E&ccount=8

23.) The Laws of Thermodynamics dictate the specifics for the movement of ___________
and ______________.
a.)energy, motion
b.) heat, work
c.)light,heat
d.)none of the above
answer: B
24.) There are three Laws of Thermodynamics. Which of the following is NOT one of these
laws?
a.)conservation of energy
b.)direction of conservation
c.)reaching absolute zero
d.)none of the above
answer: D

25.)True or False? The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy output is
equal to the amount of heat supplied.
a.)True
b.)False
answer: A

26.)A mathematical approach to the first law produced which equation?

a.)W + Q= U
b.)Q= U + W
c.)U=Q W
d.) none of the above
answer: C

27.)True or False? The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in all energy
exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system, the potential energy of the
state will always be less than that of the initial state.
a.)TRUE
b.)FALSE
answer: A

28.)Which of the following best illustrates the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

a.)A cold frying pan heats up faster when placed in the microwave rather than the stove.
b.)A hot frying pan cools down when it is taken off the kitchen stove.
answer: B

29.)The second law of thermodynamics states that energy _________ out and
disperse rather than staying concentrated.
a.)spread
b.)stays
answer : A
30.)The Third Law of Thermodynamics refers to a state known as absolute zero
. This is the bottom point on the ___________ temperature scale.
a.)Celsius
b.)Kelvin
c.)Fahrenheit
answer: B

Definition of Thermodynamics and its laws

Thermodynamics is a science and, an important engineering tool used to describe
processes that involve changes in temperature, transformation of energy, and the
relationships between heat and work.
Thermodynamics where thermo means heat and dynamics, means power is the
study ofenergy conversion between mechanical work and heat, and the macroscopic
variables such as temperature, volume and pressure.
It can be regarded as a generalization of an enormous body of empirical evidence. It is
used to describe the performance of systems, power generation systems, and
refrigerators, and to describe fluid flow, combustion, and many other phenomena.
For example: The focus of thermodynamics in aerospace engineering is on the
production of work, often in the form of kinetic energy (for example in the exhaust of a
jet engine) or shaft power, from different sources of heat.
The starting
point for
most thermodynamic considerations
are
the laws
of thermodynamics, which postulate that energy can be exchanged between physical
systems as heat or work. They also postulate the existence of a quantity named
entropy,
which
can
be
defined
for any isolated
system
that
is
in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Thermodynamics is based on two generalizations called the first and second law
ofthermodynamics which are based on human experience.
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, about conservation of energy.
It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. The change in
the internalenergy of a closed thermodynamic system is equal to the sum of the amount
of heat energy supplied to or removed from the system and the work done on or by the
system or we can say In an isolated system the heat is constant.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, about entropy,
The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system always increases over time,
approaching a maximum value or we can say in an isolated system, the entropy never
decreases. Another way to phrase this: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder
location to a hotter area work is required to achieve this.
THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, about absolute zero,
The Third Law of Thermodynamics refers to a state known as "absolute zero." This is
the bottom point on the Kelvin temperature scale. The Kelvin scale is absolute, meaning
0 Kelvin is mathematically the lowest possible temperature in the universe. This
corresponds to about -273.15 Celsius, or -459.7 Fahrenheit.