EWSD Local Exchange:

EWSD (Elektronisches Whlsystem Digital in German, Electronic

Digital Switching System/Electronic World Switch Digital in English) is one of the most widely
installed telephone exchange systems in the world. EWSD can work as a local or tandem switch
or combined local/tandem, and for landline, or mobile phones. It is manufactured by Siemens
AG, who claims that EWSD switches perform switching for over 160 million subscriber lines in
more than 100 countries. DeTeWe bought its first EWSD under license in 1985 for remote
switching. Bosch built its first EWSD as a local exchange in 1986. Deutsche Telekom formerly
Deutsche Bundes post, the largest German telephone company, uses EWSD and System 12
(Alcatel), the former more than the latter. EWSD was introduced in 1975 as a sequel of
the Elektronisches Whlsystem (Analog), which was using analogue technology only.

Hardware:
General Information:
The hardware of an EWSD system is organized in subsystems that are linked
through uniform interfaces. The Digital Line Unit (DLU) combines a number of analogue and
digital subscriber lines. Max 952 Subscriber lines can be connected to one DLU. The DLU is
connected to the Line/Trunk Group (LTG). The Line / Trunk Group (LTG) not only terminates
Digital Line Units (DLUs) but It is also linked to:
Other exchanges

Digital Switching Board (DSB).

The Switching System (SN) provides the inter-connections between two subscriber lines.
To handles the Signalling System No.7, the EWSD exchange requires a Subsystem Common
Channel Signalling Network Controller (CCNC). Since the processing workload is distributed
over several microprocessors within the EWSD system, a common processor for Coordination
tasks is extremely useful. These functions are handled by the Coordination Processor (CP).
The CP consists of the:

Coordination Processor (CP)

External Memory (EM)
Operation and Maintenance Terminal (OMT)
System Panel (SYP)
Message Buffer (MB)
Central Clock Generator (CCG)
Load Distribution
In order to reduce the workload of the Coordination Processor (CP) and to achieve
faster processing times, some processing functions are distributed over autonomous control
devices. Since the EWSD subsystems independently execute all necessary tasks within their
respective areas, they require their own control devices such as the:

DLU:
Digital Line Unit Controller (DLUC)

LTG:
Group Processors (GP)

SN:
Switch Group Control (SGC)

SYP:
System Panel Control (SYPC)

MB:
Message Buffer Control (MBC)

CCNC:
Common Channel Network Processor (CCNP)
Main subsystems are:

CP (Central Processor)

MB (Message Buffer)

CCNC (Common Channel Network Control)

LINE (Analog Line Group)

LTG (Line Trunk Group)

DLU (Digital Line Unit)

SN (Switching Network)

PA (ISDN Primary Access)

PDC (Primary Digital Carrier)

All system units are redundant so the inactive side can take over immediately in
case of an error.DLU handles analog and ISDN lines and includes codes for analog lines, one of
the BORSCHT functions for subscriber lines. Digital signals are assigned a time slot. DLU
concentrates traffic onto a Line B unit, as well as Primary ISDN and V5.2 connections.
Supervision and address signaling (dial pulse, DTMF) are also integrated in the DLU.
ForPCM30 (E-1) connections to other exchanges, Line C Units are used, which also handle
signaling including SS7, MFC R2 signaling, IKZ (dial pulse), and E&M.

The Switching Network consists of 4 space division stages of 16x16 switches, and a time
division section with 16 stages of 4x4 switches. Control is provided by the CP Co-ordination
Processor.
There are the following kinds of Co-ordination Processors:

CP103 with max 22,000 call attempts in the busy hour

CP112 with max 60,000 call attempts in the busy hour

CP113D with max one million call attempts in the busy hour

CP113C with max six million call attempts in the busy hour

CP113E with max ten million call attempts in the busy hour

Software:
The software of EWSD is called APS (Automatic Program System).
The APS is on a hard drive and includes the operating system, developed by Siemens in
cooperation with Bosch. It is predominantly written in the CHILL language. Application
software is switch specific and serves among other things traffic management, path search, and
call charging. Support software serves translating programs, binding modules as well as
administration of libraries for generating data. Operating and data communication software serve
for co-operation of maintenance centers and switching centers.

Technical Data:

Number of access lines: to 250,000

Number of feeder lines: 240,000

Traffic connection: 25,200

Call attempts in busy hour: 10 million

Operating voltages: -48V -60V -90V

Rate zones: 127, for each zone of 6 tariffs

Tariff change-over at 15 minute intervals

Space requirement with 10,000 access lines: 35 square meters

Switching Network:
The actual switching process that establishing a call connection between two
subscribers takes place in the hardware subsystem called switching Network (SN).SN
consist of Time Stages and Space Stages. A time stage consists of Time Stage Module
(TSM) and space stage consist of Space Stage Module (SSM).

Access
SDC

The main components of a SN are:

DLU

Switching

LTG
DLUC

SN1
GP
SDC

LTG

Time Stages:

SN0

GP

In time stages octets to be

Common Channel
Signaling

switched change time slot and highway

SDC
CCNC
CCNP

according to their destination.

Coordination

SYP
SYPC

Space Stages:

EM
CP
OMT

In space stages they change highway

MB
MBC
CCG

SDC

SGC
SGC

without changing time slots Switch Group

Control (SGC) Connection paths through the time & space stages are switched by the
SGC in accordance with the switching information from the CP.

Packet Switching and Circuit Switching:

Packet Switching:
Packet-switched and circuit-switched networks use two different technologies for
sending messages and data from one point to another. Each has its advantages and
disadvantages depending on what you are trying to do. In packet-based networks, the
message gets broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the
computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most efficient route to travel
as circuits become available. This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the
shortest route. Each packet may go a different route from the others.

Advantages:

Security
Bandwidth used to full potential

Devices of different speeds can communicate

Not affected by line failure (redirects signal)
Availability no waiting for a direct connection to become
available
During a crisis or disaster, when the public telephone network
might stop working, e-mails and texts can still be sent via packet
switching.

Disadvantages:

Under heavy use there can be a delay

Data packets can get lost or become corrupted
Protocols are needed for a reliable transfer
Not so good for some types data streams (e.g. real-time video
streams can lose frames due to the way packets arrive out of
sequence)

Circuit Switching:
Circuit switching was designed in 1878 in order to send telephone calls down a
dedicated channel. This channel remains open and in use throughout the whole call and
cannot be used by any other data or phone calls

There are three phases in circuit switching:

Establish

Transfer

Disconnect

Advantages:

Circuit is dedicated to the call no interference, no sharing

Guaranteed the full bandwidth for the duration of the call
Guaranteed quality of service

Disadvantages:

Inefficient the equipment may be unused for a lot of the call; if

no data is being sent, the dedicated line still remains open.
It takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit.
During a crisis or disaster, the network may become unstable or
unavailable.
It was primarily developed for voice traffic rather than data

traffic.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN):

It allows digital transmission and Support wide range of services over a channel.

Services that ISDN works:

Voice Calls
Fax Transmission
Data Transmission & Voice
Linking to the internet
Video Conferencing

Types of ISDN:
ISDN BA / BRI (Basic Access / Basic Rate Interface):
t is used for KOBIs & Home Users

ISDN PA / PRI (Primary Access / Primary Rate Interface):

t is used for Internet Service Providers & Big
Companies.
Both BRI (Basic Rate Interface) and PRI (Primary Rate Interface) provide multiple
digital bearer channels over which temporary connections can be made and data can be
sent.

Features:
ISDN BRI services 2 B channels (64 kbps) and one D channel (16 kbps). The
total bandwidth is 144 kbps.In North America ISDN PRI service is PRI T1 total
bandwidth 1.544 Mbps ( 23 B channel with 64 kbps + 1 D channel with 64

Kbps)In Europe ISDN PRI service is PRI E1 total bandwidth 2.048 Mbps (30 B channel
with 64 kbps + 1 D channel with 64 Kbps)

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):

Circuit - Switching telephone network

Carries analog voice
Constant Bandwith

PSTN Hierarchy:

Local (example, within a city)

Subscriber connections
Switching within the local exchange
Switching to other exchanges
Transit (county level, say between Tampere and Helsinki)
Switching traffic between different geographical areas within one country
International

DSL and DSLAM:

DSL equipment:
ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one on the customer end and one at the
Internet service provider, telephone company or other provider of DSL services. At the
customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services. The DSL
service provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections.

The Transceiver:
Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSL modem." The
engineers at the telephone company or ISP call it an ATU-R. Regardless of what it's called, it's
the point where data from the user's computer or network is connected to the DSL line.
The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways, though most residential
installation uses USB or 10 base-T Ethernet connections. While most of the ADSL transceivers
sold by ISPs and telephone companies are simply transceivers, the devices used by businesses
may combine network routers, network switches or other networking equipment in the same
platform.

The DSLAM:
The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to
happen. A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single,
high-capacity connection to the Internet. DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support
multiple types of DSL in a single central office, and different varieties of protocol and
modulation -- both CAP and DMT, for example -- in the same type of DSL. In addition, the

DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic IP address assignment
for the customers.The DSLAM provides one of the main differences between user service
through ADSL and through cable modems. Because cable-modem users generally share a
network loop that runs through a neighborhood, adding users means lowering performance in
many instances. ADSL provides a dedicated connection from each user back to the DSLAM,
meaning that users won't see a performance decrease as new users are added -- until the total
number of users begins to saturate the single, high-speed connection to the Internet. At that
point,an upgrade by the service provider can provide additional performance for all the users
connected to the DSLAM.

IPTV:
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a system through which television services are
delivered using the Internet protocol suite over a packet-switched network such as a LAN or
the Internet, instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal,
and cable television formats. Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the
media in smaller batches, directly from the source. As a result, a client media player can begin
playing the data (such as a movie) before the entire file has been transmitted. This is known
as streaming media.
IPTV services may be classified into three main groups:

Live television with or without interactivity related to the current TV show;

Time-shifted television: catch-up TV (replays a TV show that was broadcast hours or days
ago), start-over TV (replays the current TV show from its beginning);
Video on demand (VOD): browse a catalog of videos, not related to TV programming.

IPTV is distinguished from Internet television by its ongoing standardization process

(e.g., European Telecommunications Standards Institute and preferential deployment scenarios in
subscriber-based telecommunications networks with high-speed access channels into end-user
premises via set-top boxes or other customer-premises equipment.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy:

Synchronous Transmission has been developed to overcome the problems associated with
Plesichronous Transmission, in particular the inability of the PDH to extract individual
circuits from high capacity systems without having to demultiplex the whole system.

Main features:

Network Management Capability

Channel Extraction
Any existing PDH Transmission Rate to be packaged into an STM-1 frame
In a synchronous network, all equipment is synchronized to an overall network clock.
It is important to note that the delay associated with a transmission link may vary slightly
with time. As a result the location of virtual containers within STM-1 frame is may not be
fixed.
These variations are accommodated by associating a pointer with each VC.

Digital Cross connect system:

A digital cross-connect system (DCS or DXC) is a piece of circuit-switched network
equipment, used in telecommunications networks, that allows lower-level TDM bit
streams, such as DS0 bit streams, to be rearranged and interconnected among higher-level
TDM signals, such as DS1 bit streams. DCS units are available that operate on both
older T-carrier/E-carrier bit streams, as well as newer SONET/SDH bit streams.

DCS devices can be used for "grooming" telecommunications traffic, switching traffic
from one circuit to another in the event of a network failure, supporting automated
provisioning, and other applications. Having a DCS in a circuit-switched network
provides important flexibility that can otherwise only be obtained at higher cost using
manual "DSX" cross-connect patch panels.

It is important to realize that while DCS devices "switch" traffic, they are not packet
switchesthey switch circuits, not packets, and the circuit arrangements they are used to
manage tend to persist over very long time spans, typically months or longer, as
compared to packet switches, which can route every packet differently, and operate on
micro- or millisecond time spans.

DCS units are also sometimes colloquially called "DACS" units, after a proprietary brand
name of DCS units created and sold by AT&T's Western Electric division, now AlcatelLucent.

Modern digital access and cross-connect systems are not limited to the T-carrier system,
and may accommodate high data rates such as those of SONET.