1.

AIDS is a opportunistic disease

False

HIV doesn't kill anybody directly. Instead, it weakens the body's ability to fight disease.
Infections which are rarely seen in those with with normal immune systems are deadly to those
with HIV.
People with HIV can get many infections (called opportunistic infections, or OIs). Many of these
illnesses are very serious, and they need to be treated. Some can be prevented.
This web page has information about opportunistic infections and some other disorders common
with HIV Disease.
2. Alternative sources of energy should be preferred to conventional energy
sources

True

3. Bioamplification is a fertilizer related problem

True

Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase

in concentration of a substance, such as the pesticide DDT, that occurs in a food chain as a
consequence of:
• Persistence (slow to be broken down by environmental processes)
• Food chain energetics
• Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation/excretion of the substance (often due to
water-insolubility)
4. Biodiversity signifies instability of ecosystem
False.
Biodiversity signifies stability of ecosystem.
5. Biogeochemical Cycle is cyclic
True.
The nutrient movement goes on side by side along with unidirectional flow of
energy. The nutrient movement is a cyclic movement where the nutrients revolve
round with an ecosystem, hence cyclic. This cyclic movement of nutrients is also
called as biogeochemical cycle.

6. Energy conservation influences air quality

True
7. Food chain and food webs are the same
False.
Food chains, in ecology, are the sequence of transfers of matter and energy from
organism to organism in the form of food. Food chains do not normally encompass
more than five trophic levels because energy, in the form of heat, is lost at each
step. Food chains combine into highly complex food webs because most organisms
consume more than one type of animal or plant.
Food chains are overly simplistic as representatives of what typically happens in nature. The
food chain shows only one pathway of energy and material transfer. Most consumers feed on
multiple species and are, in turn, fed upon by multiple other species. The relations of detritivores
and parasites are seldom adequately characterized in such chains as well.
A food web is a set of interconnected food chains by which energy and materials circulate within
an ecosystem. The food web is divided into two broad categories: the grazing web, which
typically begins with green plants, algae, or photosynthesizing plankton, and the detrital web,
which begins with organic debris. These webs are made up of individual food chains. In a
grazing web, materials typically pass from plants to plant eaters to flesh eaters. In a detrital web,
materials pass from plant and animal matter to bacteria and fungi (decomposers), then to
detritivores, and then to their predators (carnivores).
8. Forest resources should be conserved and managed.
True.
9. Gene banks are examples of insitu conservation
.False.
In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation - Gene Banks -Conservation of biodiversity can be
achieved in a number of, complementary ways. These methods, all of them falling within the
broader concept of 'gene banks' can be broadly classified as follows:

(i) In situ conservation, which includes conservation of plants and animals in their native
ecosystems or even in man made ecosystems, where they natural1y occur:

(ii) Ex situ conservation, which includes conservation of samples of genetic diversity

(particularly representing endangered species) away from their field habitats.

10. Green revolution was able to solve food related problems in India
False
But it is disturbing to note that even today, there are places like Kalahandi (in India's eastern state of
Orissa) where famine-like conditions have been existing for many years and where some starvation
deaths have also been reported. Of course, this is due to reasons other than availability of food in
India, but the very fact that some people are still starving in India (whatever the reason may be),
brings into question whether the Green Revolution has failed in its overall social objectives though it
has been a resounding success in terms of agricultural production.

(4) The Green Revolution cannot therefore be considered to be a 100 percent success.

11. Human activities are allowed in a biosphere reserve.

.False
A biosphere reserve is a specified area in which multiple use of the land is permitted by dividing
it into zones, each for a particular activity.
Zones of biosphere reserve
A biosphere reserve is divided into 3 zones - Core, Buffer and Manipulation.
The zones of biosphere reserve
a) Core zone
No human activity is allowed in this zone. Comprises of legally protected ecosystem.
b) Buffer zone
Limited human activity is permitted in the buffer zone.
c) Manipulation zone or Transition zone
Several human activities can occur in the manipulation zone.
Example: Settlements, cropping, forestry, recreation etc
12. Landfills are the best methods to dispose MSW.
True.
Today the disposal of wastes by landfilling or landspreading is the ultimate fate of all solid
wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site,
residual materials from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion of
solid waste, compost or other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A
modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing of solid
wastes on land without creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the
breeding of rats and insects and the contamination of ground water.
13. Landslides are often caused by human activities.
True
Landslides are caused when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an unstable
condition. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting
together or alone.landslides are aggravated by human activities, Human causes
include:deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes

14. Mining causes air pollution.

True
Mining is the extraction (removal) of minerals and metals from earth. Manganese, tantalum, cassiterite,
copper, tin, nickel, bauxite (aluminum ore), iron ore, gold, silver, and diamonds are just some examples of
what is mined.
Mining causes air pollution by releasing a variety of particles.
15. Mining causes various types of pollutions.
True
Mining is generally very destructive to the environment. It is one of the main causes of deforestation. In
order to mine, trees and vegetation are cleared and burned. With the ground completely bare, large
scale mining operations use huge bulldozers and excavators to extract the metals and minerals from the
soil. In order to amalgamate (cluster) the extractions, they use chemicals such as cyanide, mercury, or
methylmercury. These chemicals go through tailings (pipes) and are often discharged into rivers,
streams, bays, and oceans. This pollution contaminates all living organisms within the body of water and
ultimately the people who depend on the fish for their main source of protein and their economic
livelihood.
Environmental issues can include erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and
contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In
some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available
room for the storage of the created debris and soil.[19] Besides creating environmental damage,
the contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals also affect the health of the local
population.[20] Mining companies in many countries may be required to follow environmental and
rehabilitation codes; however, in many areas regulation is not enforced, and mining companies
have encouraged self-policing.[21] In 1992 a Draft Code of Conduct for Transnational
Corporations was proposed at the Rio Earth Summit by the UN Centre for Transnational
Corporations (UNCTC), but the Business Council for Sustainable Development (BCSD) together
with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) argued successfuly for self-regulation
instead.[22] This was followed up by the Global Mining Initiative which created of the
International Council on Mining and Metals, an industry organization which works to self-
regulate the mining industry internationally.[21] The mining industry has provided funding to
various nonprofit groups, which have been subsequently less inclined to fight for the rights of
indigenous people.[23]
Mines generate large amounts of waste, called tailings, which are perhaps their largest
environmental burden. For example, 99 tonnes of waste are generated per tonne of copper, with
even higher ratios in gold mining. These tailings can be toxic. There are various ways to store
tailings (see tailings article). The mining industry has argued that submarine tailings disposal
(STD) is ideal; although the practice is illegal in the United States and Canada, it is used in the
developing world
16. National parks and biosphere reserves are the same.
False
A national park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by a national
government, set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, and protected from most
development. land protected by government: a large area of public land chosen by a
government for its scenic, recreational, scientific, or historical importance and usually given
special protection
Biosphere reserve :nationally or internationally protected area: a nationally or
internationally protected area managed primarily to preserve natural ecological
processes. Biosphere reserves are often open to tourists.
17. Noise pollution differs from other types of pollution.
True
irritating noise from environment: irritating, distracting, or physically
dangerous noise to which people are exposed in their environment and over which
they usually have no control
18. Over use of fertilizers causes eutrofication
True
depletion of oxygen in water: the process by which a body of water becomes
rich in dissolved nutrients from fertilizers or sewage, thereby encouraging the
growth and decomposition of oxygen-depleting plant life and resulting in harm to
other organism
19. Overgrazing leads to decrease in food production
True
20. Ozone hole depletion causes green house effect
True
21. Solid waste production is directly proportional to economic status of a society
True
22. The volume of water on earth does not justify water availability.
True
23. Trophic levels and ecological pyramids are the same
False
Trophic levels: stage in food chain: a stage in a food chain that reflects the
number of times energy has been transferred through feeding, e.g. when plants are
eaten by animals that are in turn eaten by predators. Plants and plant-eating
animals occupy the first two levels, followed by carnivores, usually to a maximum of
six levels.
An ecological pyramid (or trophic pyramid) is a graphical representation
designed to show the biomass or productivity at each trophic level in a given
ecosystem. Biomass pyramids show the abundance or biomass of organisms at
each trophic level, while productivity pyramids show the production or turnover in
biomass. Ecological pyramids begin with producers on the bottom and proceed
through the various trophic levels, the highest of which is on top. In Ecological
Pyramid the arrangements from below is producers then primary consumers then
secondary consumers and on the top is decomposers.

24. Water is an exhaustible resource

False
Resources that are unlimited in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities
fall under this category. Solar radiation, air, water, precipitation (rainfall, snow fall, etc.,) and
atomic power are some instances of such resources.
25. Watershed development is a substitute to major dams.
True