LEARNING OUTCOMES
LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Calculation of moment resistance
Calculation of shear
resistance
Weld design
Stiffeners
Calculation of joint rotational stiffness
Best practice
guidelines
Conclusion
4
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Eaves
2. Eaves haunch
3. Apex
4. Apex haunch
5. Intermediate joint
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
Haunch
Compression stiffener
End-plate
7
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Tension zone
Shear zone
Compression zone
9
Design steps
11
12
Component
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2(6)
Ft,fc,Rd
Ft,wc,Rd
6.2.6.3
End-plate in bending
Ft,ep,Rd
Ft,wb,Rd
6.2.6.8
13
r=1
r=2
r=3
r=4
h1
h2
h3 h
4
Centre of
compression
Group 1 + 2
Group 1 + 2 + 3
Group 2 + 3
Group 2 + 3 + 4
Group 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
15
Mode 1
The flange of the
T-stub is the critical
feature, and yields
in double curvature
bending
Mode 2
The flange of the
T-stub yields and the
bolts fail at the same
load
17
Mode 3
The bolts are critical
component and the
resistance is the
tension resistance of
the bolts
Bolt-row considered
individually
Mode 1:
Mode 2:
leff,2 = leff,nc
leff,2 = leff,nc
18
19
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Inner
bolt-row
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
End
bolt-row
20
for an extended
end-plate
t tmin min(tp ,t fc )
Maximum
Structures made from steels conforming to:
Minimum
EN 10025-5
Steel used unprotected
1,2d0
4t + 40mm
max(8t; 125mm)
2,2d0
min(14t; 200mm)
min(14t; 200mm)
min(14tmin; 175mm)
2,4d0
min(14t; 200mm)
21
min(14t;
200mm)
min(14tmin; 175mm)
Bolt-row location
Bolt-row considered
individually
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Circular
patterns leff,cp
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row adjacent to
a stiffener
2m
m+p
0,5p+m
-(2m+0,625e)
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
End bolt-row
The smaller of:
adjacent to a stiffener 2m,
m+2e1
e1+m
-(2m+0,625e)
22
Not relevant
Not relevant
Values of for
stiffened column flanges
and end-plates
EN 1993-1-8 Figure 6.11
m
1
me
m2
2
me
23
Bolt-row location
Bolt-row considered
individually
Circular
Non-circular
patterns leff,cp patterns leff,nc
Non-circular
patterns leff,nc
Bolt-row outside
tension flange of beam
Smallest of:
2mx,
mx+w,
mx+2e
Smallest of:
4mx+1,25ex,
e+2mx+0,625ex,
0,5bp,
0,5w+2mx+0,625ex
2m
m+p
0,5p+m(2m+0,625e)
2m
4m+1,25e
2p
2m
4m+1,25e
m+p
2m+0,625e+0,5p
24
25
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
FT,1,Rd
FT,2,Rd
4 Mpl,1,Rd
2 Mpl,2,Rd n Ft,Rd
mn
FT,3,Rd Ft,Rd
M2
27
0 0,5
=1
= 1 + 2(1 )(1 - 1)
=1
= 1
1<<2
= 1 + ( 1)(2 - 1)
=2
= 2
1
1 1,3(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )
1
1 5,2(beff,c, wct wc / Avc )2
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.1
Avc is the shear area of the column
is the transformation parameter EN 1993-1-8 5.3(7)
EN 1993-1-8
29
beff,c,wc is the effective width of column
web in compression 6.2.6.2(1)
EN 1993-1-1
6.2.6.1
Avc Ac hwctwc
may be conservatively taken equal 1,0
hwc is the clear depth of the column web
30
Ft,wb,Rd
M0
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.8
where:
beff,t,wb is an effective width of the beam web in tension;
it is equal to the effective length of equivalent
T-stub representing the end-plate in bending for
an individual bolt-row or bolt-group
twb
is the thickness of the beam web
Component
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2
Symbol
Fc,wc,Rd
EN 1993-1-8
clause number
6.2.6.2
Fc,fb,Rd
6.2.6.7
Fc,hb,Rd
6.2.6.7/6.2.6.2
M0
M1
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2
where:
sp tp c 2tp
34
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(1)
p 0,2
if p 0,72 1,0
or
if p 0,72
p2
p is the plate slenderness: p 0,932 beff,c, wcdwc fy,wc
2
Etwc
hc
tfc
rc
ac
dwc hc 2(t fc rc )
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2(2)
com,Ed
com,Ed 0,7 fy,wc kwc 1,7
fy,wc
or
36
If the height of the beam (including the haunch) exceeds 600 mm the contribution
of the beam web to the design compression resistance should be limited to 20%.
Hence, if the resistance of the flange is tfbbfbfy,fb then:
t b f
37
Fc,fb,Rd
fb fb y, fb
0,8
Fc,wb,Rd
Fc,wb,Rd
Fc,hb,Rd
tan
()
Fc,hb,Rd
Fc,hb,Rd
where:
Fc,wb,Rd is the design resistance of the beam web to transverse
compression (according to EN 1993-1-1 6.2.6.2)
38
t fb
beff,c, wb
5(t fb rb )
sin
rb
beff,c,wb
()
tfb
tfb/sin
tfb
Fc,wb,Rd
Vwp,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.1
fy,wc
where:
is a transformation parameter;
Ft2,Rd for one-sided connection = 1,0
Ft3,Rd
EN 1993-1-8 5.3(7) or Table 5.4
Ft1,Rd
h1 h2 h
3
where:
Ft,Rd design tension resistance of bolt
EN 1993-1-8 3.6.1 Table 3.4
Ftx,Rdhr
Ftr, Rd
hx
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.7.2 (9)
Triangular distribution of bolt row forces
where:
Ftx,Rd is the design tension resistance of the furthest row from
the centre of compression that has a design tension
resistance greater than 1,9Ft,Rd
hx
is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row with resistance Ftx,Rd
hr
is the lever arm from the centre of compression to the
row under consideration
43
Ft1,Rd
Ft2,Rd
Ft3,Rd
h1 h2 h
3
VEd
ns
where:
ns
is the number of bolts carrying the vertical
shear (usually there are bolts in the lowest rows)
Fv,Rd is the shear resistance of the bolt
Fb,Rd is a bearing resistance of the bolt
(two types of bearing resistance have to be
considered: of the end-plate and of the column
flange)
46
v fub A
Fv,Rd
M2
where the shear passes through the threaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the tensile stress area of the bolt As
- for classes 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 => v = 0,6
- for classes 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 and 10.9 => v = 0,5
where the shear passes through the unthreaded portion of the bolt:
- A is the gross cross section of the bolt
- v = 0,6
47
M2
where:
b
is the smallest of d, fub/fu or 1,0
fu
is the ultimate tensile strength of the material of either:
the end-plate or the column flange
fub
is the ultimate tensile strength for the bolt
t = tp when the bearing resistance of the end-plate is considered or
t = tfc when the bearing resistance of the column flange is considered
d
is the bolt diameter
M2 1,25 - partial safety factor for bolts
48
p1
Determination of d
e1
d
3d0
49
Determination of k1
e2
p2
k1 min(2,8 1,7; 1,4 1,7; 2,5)
d0
d0
d0
e2
p2
k1 min(1,4
p2
1,7; 2,5)
d0
WELD DESIGN
WELD DESIGN
52
WELD DESIGN
WELD DESIGN
The welds between the tension flange and the end plate must be
full strength.
The total tension force in the top three bolt rows for an extended
end plate or the total tension force in the top two bolt rows for a
flush end plate.
54
WELD DESIGN
Where the compression flange has a sawn end, a bearing fit can
be assumed between the flange and end plate and nominal fillet
welds will suffice (recommended throat thickness:
a = 4 6 mm for tfb 12 mm or a = 6 8 mm for tfb > 12 mm ).
55
WELD DESIGN
Shear
zone
56
WELD DESIGN
The resistance of the beam web welds for vertical shear forces:
w M2
Lws
fu
WELD DESIGN
58
STIFFENERS
STIFFENERS
Types of stiffeners
6
4
2
1. Compression stiffener
2. Column flange stiffener
3. Cap plate
4. Shear stiffener
5. Supplementary web plate
6. End plate stiffener
7. Backing plate
60
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type
Effect
Comments
Compression
stiffener
A common solution
connections on the minor axis
may be more complicated
Supplementary
web plate
61
STIFFENERS
Stiffener type
Effect
Comments
End plate
stiffener
Cap plate
Flange backing
plate
62
1 Limit for Sj
EN 1993-1-8 5.2.2.5
The second moment of area of the beam Ib and of the column Ic;
The span of the beam Lb and the storey height of the column Lc ;
where:
kb = 8
kb = 25
65
EIb
Kb
Lb
EIc
Kc
Lc
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.1(4)
Ez 2
S j,ini
1
i k
i
where:
E
z
ki
67
Stiffness coefficient
Joint component
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
End-plate in bending
k10
Bolts in tension
0,38 Avc
k1
z
Stiffened column web panel in shear
(stiffened by shear stiffener)
k1
z
0,7beff,c, wct wc
k2
dc
k2
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.2
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.2
0,7beff, t,wct wc
k3
dc
beff,t,wc is the effective width of the column web in tension
(for a single bolt-row); It is taken as equal to the smallest of
the effective lengths leff (individually or as a part of group of
bolts) given for this bolt-row in:
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.4 for an unstiffened column flange
EN 1993-1-8 6.2.6.3 Table 6.5 for a stiffened column flange
twc
dc
71
0,9leff t fc3
k4
m3
leff
tfc
m
72
k5
leff
tp
m
0,9leff tp3
m3
73
1,6 As
k10
Lb
As
Lb
74
75
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3
Ez 2
Initial rotational stiffness S j,ini
1 1 1
k1 k2 keq
keq
hr
keff,r
zeq
EN 1993-1-8 6.3.3
eff, r r
76
77
78
The length of the cutting around 10% of the span (up to 15% of
the span in the most efficient elastic designs);
80
For class 8.8 bolts and steel S275, the end plate thickness should
be approximately equal to the bolt diameter;
tp
81
tp
82
84
fy w M2
aw t wb
Web to end-plate weld
M0 fu 2
where:
af
aw
fy
fu
85
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
87
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
89