Leaching L0333 AGG079 003 BRE

Aggregates programme/Final report
Testing of concrete to determine

the effects on groundwater
The objective of this project was to assess the suitability of common test
methods for determining the leaching characteristics of recycled,
secondary and primary aggregates, concrete containing these
aggregates, and the criteria against which to assess the test results.
Project code: AGG079003

Research date: July 2005 to March 2007
ISBN: 1-84405-316-4
Date: September 2007
Front cover photograph: Concrete produced with recycled aggregates
WRAP and BRE believe the content of this report to be correct as at the date of writing. While steps have been taken to ensure accuracy, WRAP
cannot accept responsibility or be held liable to any person for any loss or damage arising out of or in connection with this information being
inaccurate, incomplete or misleading. For more detail, please refer to WRAPs Terms & Conditions on its web site: www.wrap.org.uk
Published by
Waste & Resources
Action Programme
The Old Academy

21 Horse Fair
Banbury, Oxon
OX16 0AH
Tel: 01295 819 900

Fax: 01295 819 911
E-mail: info@wrap.org.uk
Helpline freephone
0808 100 2040
Executive summary
Recycled and secondary aggregates have a key role within a sustainable construction industry. With the desire for
improved environmental performance and sustainability, there is an increasing interest in the potential use of
recycled and secondary materials as aggregates in concrete. However, there is little available information
regarding the potential for hazardous species to be leached from concrete and aggregates into controlled waters
(groundwater and drinking water).
The objective of this project was to utilise a range of test methods that are currently available to assess leaching
from concrete made with recycled and secondary aggregate sources and compare the results with those from
primary aggregates. The results of the tests have been compared against leaching acceptance criteria.
The results indicated that the primary aggregates generally performed similarly to recycled and secondary
aggregates tested. The concentrations of some species, particularly sulfates and total dissolved solids, appeared
high in some of the leachates from concretes, but this was generally attributable to the Portland cement present
in the concrete mixes tested, rather than to the aggregates themselves.
Overall, the project results imply that the suitability of aggregates for their place of use (in terms of the release of
undesirable substances) could be determined by:
1
Testing the aggregates in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 the leachate test for aggregates
Comparing the results with the inert waste acceptance criteria for inert waste (based on the understanding
that inert wastes are suitable for recycling) 2.
Abbreviations for resources used for producing aggregates used in project
BR
Crushed brick
CC
Crushed concrete
CL
Cheddar limestone
RS
Spent railway sleeper
FS
Foundry sand
IBAA
Incinerator bottom ash aggregate
PC
Portland cement
PDL
Peak District limestone
RAP
Recycled asphalt planings
TV
Thames Valley aggregate
See reference 4
See reference 10
Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater
Contents
1.0
2.0
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3
Test methods............................................................................................................................ 4
2.1
Leaching test methodology...............................................................................................5
2.2
BS EN 12457-2:2002 .........................................................................................................5
2.3
BS EN 1744-3:2002 ...........................................................................................................5
2.4
EA NEN 7375:2004 ............................................................................................................6
2.5
Chemical analysis of leachate...........................................................................................6
2.6
Assessment criteria for leaching test results...................................................................7
2.7
Assessment of turbidity and colour ..................................................................................8
3.0
Specimen preparation .............................................................................................................. 9
3.1
Concrete mixes and aggregates used ..............................................................................9
3.2
Specimen manufacturing and testing ............................................................................ 10
3.3
Mix designs ......................................................................................................................10
3.4
Specimen preparation including curing ......................................................................... 10
3.5
Properties of fresh and hardened concrete ................................................................... 11
4.0
Results ................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1
Leaching from aggregates ..............................................................................................13
4.1.1
Aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002....................................... 13
4.1.2
Aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 ........................................ 14
4.1.3
Discussion of results................................................................................................16
4.2
Leaching from granular concrete specimens ................................................................. 18
4.2.1
Granular concrete specimens tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002............. 18
4.2.2
4.3
Leaching from monolithic concrete specimens ............................................................. 23
4.3.1
Monolithic concrete specimens tested in accordance with EA NEN 7375:2004 ............. 23
4.3.2
4.4
Turbidity and colour testing............................................................................................27
4.5
Overall view: leaching performance of aggregates....................................................... 27
4.6
Overall view: leaching performance of concrete at 28 days and 1 year ...................... 27
5.0
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 28
5.1
Leaching performance of materials................................................................................28
5.2
Suitability of test methods..............................................................................................29
6.0
Suggestions for further work ................................................................................................. 29
Annex A - Leaching assessment criteria ............................................................................................ 32
Annex B - Comparison of results between laboratories using BS EN 1744-3:2002 ........................... 34
1.0
Introduction
The need for a more sustainable construction industry, as well as increasing pressures on landfill space, have led
to an increasing use of recycled and secondary materials as aggregates in concrete 1,2. However, if users are to
have full confidence in these materials, it is important that they are shown to have neither an adverse impact on
the properties of concrete, nor on the environment, through leaching of hazardous materials. However, only
limited data regarding the potential for leaching from concrete containing such materials into controlled water
(groundwater and drinking water) are currently available.
It is widely accepted that the leaching behaviour of potential recycled and secondary aggregate materials needs
to be assessed. However, a universally accepted method to assess this is not yet established. Several test
methods to assess leaching behaviour for different situations are available. However, very different leaching
conditions are adopted in each and the choice of a test methodology to represent the in-service leaching
characteristics of the material is not straightforward. Some methods may appear too severe, while others may
seem too conservative. There is concern that the results from a severe test, together with the use of acceptance
criteria that are too restrictive, may be unrealistic and could preclude the use of suitable materials. On the other
hand, if the criteria or the test method are too lenient, there is a risk that potentially dangerous substances could
find their way into the environment. It is therefore not surprising that standard methods and assessment criteria
have not yet been agreed among stakeholders to assess the leaching performance of aggregates in concrete.
The objective of the project was to assess the leaching characteristics of concrete containing recycled and
secondary aggregates using several of the standard tests already practiced in the UK or specifically proposed for
aggregate materials 3, 4 ,5. These results are compared with results for primary aggregates. Results produced by
different laboratories testing the same materials have also been assessed.
This report summarises the results of leaching tests on a range of recycled and secondary aggregates used in
concrete. Otherwise equivalent concretes made using primary aggregates have been included to provide a basis
for comparison. The results were compared with a series of leaching acceptance criteria developed for various
purposes, including waste acceptance.
It must be stressed that the leaching from different sources of the same type of material could vary considerably,
and any specific material should be considered on a case-by-case basis, rather than solely relying on the results
obtained during this study. Further information on the leaching characteristics of generic material types is given
on the AggRegain website 6.
This work was carried out for WRAP by the Building Research Establishment (BRE) and Scott Wilson (SW).
2.0
Test methods
Standard methods for assessing the leaching behaviour of aggregates in concrete (particularly concrete in contact
with drinking water), are currently under development. Hence, the approach taken within this project was to use
a range of tests developed for assessing aggregates, building materials and wastes for landfill. These tests were
applied to recycled, secondary and primary aggregates, as well as to concrete specimens made from these
aggregates. The concrete mixes had been proposed and agreed by an Industry Consultative Group to reflect
evolving testing standards. Relevant results from the tests have been presented in this report and in a database.
Three different leaching test methods were utilised to assess the performance of recycled, secondary and primary
aggregates as unbound aggregates, as crushed concrete, and as monolithic concrete specimens.
BS EN 12457-2:2002 Characterisation of waste Leaching Compliance test for leaching of granular

waste materials and sludges. Part 2 A rapid tumble-style test carried out on granular/ crushed material,
with a history of use in the UK and understood by the Environment Agency (EA), the Scottish Environment
Protection Agency (SEPA) and other regulators.
BS EN 1744-3:2002 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates Part 3: Preparation of eluates by

leaching of aggregates A rapid stirred tank test carried out on crushed aggregate material and based on the
assumption that equilibrium or near-equilibrium is achieved between the liquid and solid phases during the
test period. This test has a limited history of use in the UK but has been specifically developed to characterise
aggregates rather than waste materials.
EA NEN 7375:2004 Leaching characteristics of moulded or monolithic building and waste materials This
test has been recently introduced to the UK to assess monolithic waste materials. The test is based on a
standard from the Netherlands for assessing leaching from monolithic construction materials such as concrete.
This is a non-aggressive tank test with no stirring required over a duration of 64 days.
The concentrations of chemical species in the leachate were determined following the completion of each
leaching stage of these tests. In addition, on completion of the EA NEN testing, the turbidity and colour of a
selection of water samples were assessed.
A further standard method, (Influence of cementitious products on water intended for human consumption - Test
methods - Part 3, BS EN 14944-1: 2006) was considered for inclusion in this work. The standard describes test
procedures to generate solutions from concrete products such as pipes. However, criteria for evaluation of the
leachates are still being developed. As a result (and with the agreement of the Industry Consultative Group), the
method was rejected for use in this project.
The Industry Consultative Group consisted of Dr Mike Taylor from the British Cement Association (BCA) and
Professor Tom Harrison from the Quarry Product Association (QPA). Both Dr Taylor and Professor Harrison have
wide experience in the concrete and cement industries, particularly in European standardisation, including
leaching test methods. They are also both involved in the European Standardisation Committee related to
concrete, aggregates and the water environment.
2.1
Leaching test methodology
Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the testing methodology adopted during the project (further details of the
individual test methods are given in subsequent sections of this report).
Aggregate
BS EN 1744-3
Prepare concrete
cubes
Store
Crush
Prepare concrete
cylinders
Compressive
strength test
Store for 28
days & 1 year
Crush at 28 days or 1 year
BS EN 12457-2
BS EN 12457-2
(tested at 28 days
& 1 year)
EA NEN 7375
(tested at 28 days
& 1 year)
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the approach to concrete production and leaching tests
2.2
BS EN 12457-2:2002
This method was used to test the primary, recycled and secondary aggregates in their unbound state and also in
concrete specimens aged for 28 days and 1 year respectively that had been crushed before testing. The standard
requires that specimens are crushed in a jaw crusher so that at least 95% by mass of the material had a grain
size of less than 4 mm. The material was then exposed to water leachant, at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 l/kg, and
tumbled for 24 hours. The leachate is then collected, filtered and analysed for the agreed determinands (see
Section 2.5).
The suitability of this test was questioned by the Industry Consultative Group. It requires crushing of the
aggregate and concrete specimens and could be regarded as too severe to reflect the behaviour of aggregates or
the concrete in service. However, the test is expected to provide an indication of the worse case scenario for
leaching and it was therefore considered to be of value to the project. The test also has a significant history of
use in the UK and may be more familiar to regulators. This test is specified for Waste Acceptance testing 7, 8, 9,
which can be used to determine whether material is inert, and by implication, suitable for recycling 10.
2.3
BS EN 1744-3:2002
This method was used to test the primary, recycled and secondary aggregates in their unbound state without
further crushing. Crushed concrete containing these aggregates was not assessed using this method since it is
specifically designed to test aggregates and not other building products. BS EN 1744-3: 2002 is a tank test,
where an aggregate test portion is immersed in a large volume of leachant. The test portion is placed on a screen
insert and leached in a tank for 24 hours, at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1 l/kg. The water is agitated by a motordriven dip stirrer. The method is based on the assumption that equilibrium or near-equilibrium is achieved
between the liquid and solid phases during the test period. The leachate is then collected, filtered and analysed
for the agreed determinands (see Section 2.5).
This method is more representative of the aggregate in service than BS EN 12457-2:20023, as the test portion
has a similar particle size to that of the aggregate in use. However, this test is reasonably new to the UK, with
little history of use, and may be unfamiliar to regulators.
2.4
EA NEN 7375:2004
This method was used to test concrete specimens made with primary, recycled and secondary aggregates aged
under sealed conditions in the laboratory to test ages 28 days and 1 year. EA NEN 7375 is a tank diffusion test in
which monolithic materials, (in this case, concrete cylinders), are placed in contact with water leachant for 64
days without agitation. The leachant is regularly refreshed during the test period and the leachate analysed to
provide an indication of leaching characteristics with time. Results are expressed in terms of cumulative leaching
in mg/m2. The standard indicates that the leachant should be refreshed nine times during the 64 days. However,
on the advice of the Industry Consultative Group, the project team agreed that only five leachate specimens
needed to be collected and analysed for the agreed determinands (see Section 2.5).
This method is more representative of the concrete in service than BS EN 12457-2:2002 which requires the
concrete to be crushed. Despite this benefit, the time required to undertake the testing is likely to make it
unsuitable for compliance testing. The test is also reasonably new to the UK, with little history of use and may be
unfamiliar to regulators. However, this test is specified for waste acceptance testing and it can be used to
determine the leaching characteristics of monolithic materials.
There were minor differences between the approaches adopted in the different laboratories. A comparison to the
standard test method given in EA NEN 7375:2004, is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 : Comparison of Standard test method and methods used by BRE and SW
Variable
EA NEN 7375:2004 method
Specimen size
Dimensional limits are defined
Volume of container
Leachant replenishment
interval
Leachant volume per
specimen for each
replenishment
Sealable plastic tanks without softening

agents of volume between 2 and 5 times
the volume of the test specimen, and of
dimensions such that the specimen is
surrounded by at least 2 cm of water on all
sides
1 hr, 6 hr and , 1, 2.25, 4, 9, 16, 36, 64
days
50 and 200 times the surface area (in m2)
of the test piece
Specimen support method
Not specified
Expression of results
Diffusion or dissolution
2.5
BRE laboratory
Cylinder: 0.08 m2
surface area
13.2 litre Low
density
polyethylene
(LDPE) buckets
with handle and
air-tight lid
SW laboratory
Cylinder: 0.11 m2
surface area
33 litre food
quality
polypropylene
buckets with air
tight lids and
taps
1, 2.25, 4, 16, 64 days.

7.5 litres
14.14 litres
Placed on section
Suspended in
of downpipe
nylon netting
Cumulative leaching (dissolution)
Chemical analysis of leachate
Analysis of the leachates was sub-contracted to two different UKAS accredited testing laboratories. Instrumental
methods of chemical analysis were employed and the results were interpreted by BRE and SW. There were
differences in the detection limits for some determinands between the laboratories and there were also temporal
variations in detection limits for individual determinands, (probably due to variations in the calibration of
equipment at the time of the analysis). Some of the detection limits exceeded the threshold criteria against
which the results were assessed and this restricted the interpretation of the results.
The determinands used to characterise the leaching from the aggregate and concrete specimens are shown in
Table 2. The determinands were chosen following a review of the elements on List I and List II in the EC
Dangerous Substances Directive 11, the elements listed as Waste Acceptance Criteria in the Landfill (England and
Wales) Regulations 2002 (as amended)7,8,9 and the elements commonly found in cement. The metallic
determinands used to assess the appropriate landfill disposal route are present in List I and II of the EC
Dangerous Substances Directive (76/464/EEC), with the exceptions of vanadium, iron and boron which are not
used for waste acceptance testing. Since sodium and potassium salts (which are constituents of Portland
cements) are highly soluble and are known to cause environmental damage, these determinands were added to
the leachate testing suite. There was little expectation that significant quantities of organic material would be
contained within the recycled, secondary and primary aggregates or their leachates.
Table 2: Determinands used to analyse leachate
Determinands
Arsenic (As)
Lead (Pb)
Cadmium (Cd)
Mercury (Hg)
Total Chromium (Cr)
Nickel (Ni)
Copper (Cu)
Zinc (Zn)
BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene & xylenes)
pH
Barium (Ba)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Chloride (Cl)
Antimony (Sb)
Fluoride (F)
Selenium (Se)
Sulphate (SO4)
Phenol Index (PI)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Mineral Oil (C10 C40)
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (7 congeners)
Vanadium (V)
Sodium (Na)
2.6
Iron (Fe)
Boron (B)
Potassium (K)
Notes
Included in List I or List II of the
Dangerous Substances Directive11 and
as waste acceptance criteria in the
Landfill Regulations7,8,9
Included as waste acceptance criteria in

the Landfill Regulations7,8,9
Included in the List I or List II of the

Dangerous Substances Directive11
Derived from cement composition
Assessment criteria for leaching test results
The leaching test results were compared with thresholds for the acceptance of wastes into landfill7,8,9, In this
report, these thresholds are sometimes referred to as Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC), and are detailed in
Annex A. The BS EN 12457-2:2002 test is specifically intended to assess wastes against these criteria and tests
are conducted on fine graded, irregular granular materials, with the level of leaching expressed in mg/kg. The
leaching test results for the unbound aggregates in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 were also assessed
against these criteria. There are also thresholds (referred to as Monolith Criteria in this report), for the
acceptance of monolithic wastes into landfill that have been tested in accordance with EA NEN 7375:2004. The
leaching test results are expressed in mg/m2, to reflect the surface area of the monolith over which leaching has
occurred.
Although the WAC for granular and monolithic wastes are intended for the disposal of wastes to landfill, they
provide a reference point for aggregates, as uncontaminated construction, demolition and excavation wastes
used to produce recycled aggregate and recycled concrete aggregates are considered to be inert10. Leaching
results from both BS EN 12457-2: 2002 and BS EN 1744-3: 2002 are most appropriately reported as mg/kg to
permit comparison to the WAC.
Drinking Water Standards (WQS) 12 and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) 13 are thresholds for List I and List
II substances that are intended to assess the quality of drinking water and water in surface water bodies (such as
lakes and streams). In addition, assessment of determinand content in soil waters against the EQS forms the
basis of the Environment Agencys assessment of risk from contaminated land13. Comparison of leaching test
results to these thresholds requires reporting of determinands as g/l (of leachate). If the levels of leaching from
recycled and secondary aggregates (or concrete containing these aggregates), are less than the thresholds given
in WQS or EQS, it should be readily accepted that they pose no risk to drink water or to controlled waters. Details
are given in the database associated with this project.
All the aggregate materials assessed under this project failed to meet the requirements of both the WQS and EQS
and the comparisons are not included in this report. The WQS and EQS thresholds are relevant for assessing the
suitability of aggregates or concretes for use in sensitive areas, such as river revetments. However, in water
environments, the dilution of leached substances by the water body (for example, the reservoir or river), with the
application of suitable source-pathway-receptor models, must be considered as part of an assessment.
Results from this study have been accumulated in a database in which leaching values are expressed in the
preferable units mentioned above for each test, as well as in g/l.
2.7
Assessment of turbidity and colour
Organoleptic drinking water tests (such as colour, turbidity, odour and taste) were considered for inclusion in this
project. These are not strictly applicable to concrete although they are applicable to drinking water which is
stored in concrete towers and reservoirs. Since the tests are based on assessments of the taste and odour of
drinking water by specialist tasters, neither of the two drinking water testing laboratories approached were willing
to assess water that had been in contact with experimental concrete and aggregates in this way. As a result, a
revised approach, using turbidity and colour assessment was agreed with the Industry Consultative Group. The
available standards relevant to turbidity and colour at present are:
BS 6920-2: 2000
Suitability of non-metallic products, quality of water gives methods for assessing the turbidity (suspended material) and colour of the water. Methods for assessing taste and odour are also given. Samples of the solutions
obtained at 24 hours by BRE from concrete monoliths using the EA NEN 7375: 2004 were sent for laboratory
assessment for turbidity and colour/appearance using the BS 6920-2 methods. Assessment was made by the
same laboratory that carried out the leachate analysis for BRE.
The colour of water, which is generally due to dissolved organics or iron compounds, can be measured using
photometers or colorimeters. These shine a fixed wavelength light through the specimen and measure the
amount of light that has been absorbed. The prescribed concentration or value (PCV) from the WQS is 20
mg/litre measured colorimetrically using a Pt/Co light source.
Turbidity in liquids is caused by the presence of un-dissolved but finely dispersed matter. The unit of measure
adopted by water authorities, the NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) 14. For drinking water, at the customers tap
(from the WQS), the PCV is 4.0 NTU. Results for the turbidity and colour of specimens are given in Section 4.4.
3.0
3.1
Specimen preparation
Concrete mixes and aggregates used
Four control concrete mixes (made with primary aggregates), were produced. For the test mixes, the recycled
and secondary aggregates were used to replace either all of the 10/20 and 4/10 mm fraction of primary
aggregates in the control concrete mix (Control 1) or, in the case of the foundry sand, blended to form the
optimum amount of the finest fraction of the 0/4 mm primary sand. Table 3 provides details of the aggregates
used and how they were incorporated into the project concrete mixes.
Table 3: Summary of concrete mix names, and the test aggregate in each
Primary aggregates used in control mixes
Concrete mix
Aggregate
Comments (reason for choice)
Control 1
Thames Valley river

sand/gravel (TV)
Control mix containing a common concrete aggregate.
Control 2
Crushed Cheddar limestone

(CL)
Control 3
Crushed Cheddar limestone

(CL)
The same CL aggregate was tested in control mixes

produced by both the BRE Laboratory (Control 2) and
the SW laboratory (Control 3) in order to establish the
equivalence of the concrete manufacturing processes
and the robustness of the leaching test methodologies.
Control 4
Crushed Peak District

limestone rock (PDL) with
10% asphalt planings (RAP)
Control for the RA1 concrete specimen, so any

leaching experienced can be attributed to the
appropriate component (that is, the recycled concrete
or the asphalt).
Recycled and secondary aggregates used in test mixes

Concrete mix name
Aggregate
Recycled concrete
aggregate (RCA)
Spent railway sleeper (RS)
Comments (reason for choice)

Crushed concrete with a possibility of low level of
contamination with lubrication oil/ fuel.
Recycled aggregate
(RA1)
Crushed concrete with 10%

asphalt planings (CC/RAP)
BS 8500-2:2006 restricts the levels of asphalt in

recycled concrete aggregate to 5% 15 and to 10% in
recycled aggregate. In this instance, 10% RAP was
included to determine the potential of leaching of
organic components from the bitumen in the asphalt.
Recycled aggregate
(RA2)
Crushed concrete (CC) with

crushed brick (BR)
BS 8500-2:2006 allows recycled aggregate to be made

up of 100% masonry15.
Secondary aggregate
(SA1)
Foundry sand (FS)
Secondary aggregate
(SA2)
Incinerator bottom ash

aggregate (IBAA)
Foundry sand is not a widely available aggregate 16,

but it is potentially contaminated with organic
compounds which could leach out of the concrete.
They are typically fine sized sands.
IBAA is increasingly available17 and has good potential
as an aggregate in concrete.
3.2
Specimen manufacturing and testing
In order to assess the robustness of the leaching test procedures, BRE and SW laboratories prepared and tested
aggregates and concrete specimens, as summarised in Table 4.
Table 4: Summary of specimen manufacture and testing
Aggregate
Thames Valley river sand: 0/4 mm (TV)

Thames Valley river gravel: 4/20 mm (TV)
Crushed Cheddar limestone rock 10/20 mm (CL)
Crushed Peak District limestone rock 4/20 mm (PDL)
Spent railway sleeper 4/20 mm (RS)
Crushed concrete 4/20 mm (CC)
Recycled asphalt planings 4/20 mm (RAP)
Crushed concrete with crushed brick 4/20 mm (CC/BR)
Foundry sand (FS)
Incinerator bottom ash aggregate 4/20 mm (IBAA)
Concrete mix
Control 1
Control 2
Control 3
Control 4
RCA
RA1
RA2
SA1
SA2
3.3
Testing laboratory
Leachate preparation method
BS EN 12457-2:2002
BS 1744-3:2002
Leachate
Leachate
Leachate
Leachate
preparation
analysis
preparation
analysis
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW & BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
BRE
SW
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW & BRE
Concrete specimen
Leachate preparation
manufacture
and analysis
BRE
BRE
BRE & SW
BRE & SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
Mix designs
Mix designs were based on a fixed cement content of 280 kg/m3, and a free water/cement ratio of approximately
0.6. The mix design is based on the minimum cement content required for a concrete to be placed in contact with
groundwater, soil or surface water 17.
With the exception of the mix containing foundry sand as a partial sand replacement, the fine fraction (0/4 mm)
used was entirely Thames Valley (TV) sand, and the coarse fraction of aggregates (4/20 mm) was the particular
primary, recycled or secondary aggregate being studied. A summary of the particle size range and types of
aggregates used in each concrete mix are given in Tables 5a and b. The maximum proportion of the FS (25% by
weight of the sand fraction) in the SA1 concrete mix was controlled by its particle size within the overall sand
grading. More detailed mix designs together with fresh and hardened concrete properties are given in Section
3.5.
3.4
Specimen preparation including curing
The concrete specimens included 100 mm cubes for compressive strength testing and crushing for the BS EN
12457-2: 2002 test, and cylinders for the EA NEN 7375:2004 test, as described in Tables 6a and 6b.
10
Table 5a: Aggregate type and grading for BRE manufactured concrete specimens
Concrete mix name
Control 1
Control 2
RCA
RA2
SA1
Cement type
PC
PC
PC
PC
PC
10/20 mm
TV
CL
RS
CC/BR
TV
4/10 mm
TV
CL
RS
CC/BR
TV
0/4 mm
TV
TV
TV
TV
FS/TV
Table 5b: Aggregate type and grading for SW manufactured concrete specimens
Concrete mix name
Control 3
Control 4
RA1
SA2
Cement type
PC
PC
PC
PC
10/20 mm
CL
PDL/RAP
CC/RAP
IBAA
4/10 mm
CL
PDL/RAP
CC/RAP
IBAA
0/4 mm
TV
TV
TV
TV
Table 6a: Concrete specimens cast at BRE

Specimens
11 cubes (100 mm)
2 cylinders (200 mm x
100 mm diameter)
Curing (20C)
Under damp sacking and polythene for 3
days (with demoulding at 24 hrs)
Testing
Compressive strength at 28 days
(3 cubes)
Seal in plastic at 3 days and store
Store in sealed condition for leaching

tests (8 cubes) at 28 days and 1 year
Under damp sacking and polythene to 3

days age (with demoulding at 24 hrs)
Specimens
8 cubes (100 mm)
Table 6b: Concrete specimens cast at SW

Curing (20C)
Testing
Compressive strength at 28 days
(3 cubes)
6 cylinders (160 mm x
150 mm diam)

tests (2 cylinders) at 28 days and 1 year


tests (5 cubes) at 28 days and 1 year
tests (3 cylinders) at 28 days and 1 year
3.5
Properties of fresh and hardened concrete
The properties of the fresh and hardened concrete, where measured, are given in Table 7a and b. The mean 28
day compressive strength of the Cheddar limestone control mixtures (Control 2 and Control 3) are similar for both
the BRE & SW laboratories (42.5 and 41.5 N/mm2 respectively), which is indicative of consistent manufacturing
processes between the two laboratories.
11
As the mixes were intended for leaching assessments, they were designed with equal cement contents and were
not adjusted to achieve a specific compressive strength. Therefore, it should not be concluded that the lower 28
day compressive strength compared to the control indicate that crushed brick or IBAA are unsuitable as
concreting aggregates.
Table 7a: Mix proportions and properties of concrete specimens manufactured at BRE
Theoretical
Free
PC content
Water
Aggregate
in kg/m3
(kg/m3)
[actual]
% of total aggregate
(nominal size)
Free
w/c
0/4
mm
4/10
mm
10/20
mm
Fresh and hardened concrete properties

Wet
density
(kg/m3)
Slump
(mm)
Control 1 280 [280]

168
0.60
40
20
40
2330
Control 2 280 [280]
168
0.60
40
20
40
2410
RCA
280 [282]
168
0.60
40
60
2300
RA2
280 [280]
168
0.60
40
60
2200
SA1
280 [279]
168
0.60
40*
20
40
2370
[ ] Actual Portland Cement (PC) (kg/m3).
*
Foundry sand at 25% of 0/4 mm content (remainder was primary sand).
+
Mean 28 day compressive strength and cube density determined from the
90
50
80
80
90
Mean
cube
density
(kg/m3)+
Mean 28 day
compressive
strength
(N/mm2)+
2343
2423
2330
2220
2373
35.0
42.5
35.5
26.5
35.5
results of 3 specimens.
Table 7b: Mix proportions and properties of concrete specimens manufactured at SW
Theoretical Free
Aggregate PC content Water
in kg/m3 * (kg/m3)
% of total aggregate
(nominal size)
Free
w/c
0/4
mm
4/20
mm
10/20
mm
Fresh and hardened concrete properties

Wet
density
(kg/m3)
Slump
(mm)
Control 3
280
168
0.60
40
20
40
n/d
Control 4
280
168
0.60
40
60
n/d
RA1
280
168
0.60
40
60
n/d
SA2
280
168
0.60
40
60
n/d
*
Actual cement content not determined.
+
Mean 28 day compressive strength and cube density determined from the
n/d Not determined.
n/d
n/d
n/d
n/d
Mean
cube
density
(kg/m3)+
Mean 28 day
compressive
strength
(N/mm2)+
2425
2384
2258
2167
41.5
30.5
29.0
22.5
results of 3 specimens.
12
4.0
4.1
Results
Leaching from aggregates
4.1.1 Aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002

Table 8 and Table 9 show the results for crushed samples of the unbound aggregates used in the concrete mixes,
compared to the Waste Acceptance Criteria7,8,9. Table 8 gives the results for the primary aggregates and Table 9,
for the recycled and secondary aggregates. The results are expressed as mg/kg of dry substance. Shaded cells in
the data indicate where results exceed the threshold WAC. The WAC have three levels for:
Inert Waste, shown in yellow, below which wastes are considered to be inert and by implication, suitable for
recycling10.
Stable Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste (SNRHW), shown in orange, below which wastes are suitable to be
disposed of in the same landfill cell as non-hazardous waste.
Hazardous Waste, shown in pink, below which wastes can be disposed in hazardous waste landfill, above
which, waste must be treated before disposal.
Table 8: Leaching from primary aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
Crushed
Thames Valley Crushed Cheddar limestone
Peak District
Sample
river sand and
rock (CL)
limestone
Inert
Hazardous
gravel (TV)
SNRHW
rock (PDL) waste
waste
Aggregate
4/20
0/4
4/20
10/20
4/10
4/20
fraction
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Arsenic
<0.1
0.011
<0.1
0.031
0.05
0.06
0.5
2
25
Barium
<0.1
3.7
<0.1
0.14
0.085
2
20
100
300
Cadmium
<0.005 <0.005 <0.005
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.04
1
5
Chromium
<0.1
0.024
<0.1
<0.01
0.034
1.2
0.5
10
70
<0.1
<0.002
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
<0.01
<0.005
0.15
<0.01
0.01
0.013
0.015
<0.01
<0.1
<0.002
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
<0.01
<0.005
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.018
<0.005
0.019
<0.01
0.08
<0.01
0.011
0.16
0.086
<0.005
0.23
0.032
<0.01
<0.01
0.021
0.05
2
0.01
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.06
0.1
4
50
0.2
10
10
10
0.7
0.5
50
100
2
30
40
50
5
7
200
Chloride
<20
68
<20
100
35
1600
800
15000
25000
Fluoride
2.7
11
3.1
2.0
2.7
<10
10
150
500
<200
<0.5
370
<0.3
<200
<0.5
64
<0.3
140
<0.3
100
<0.3
1000
1
20000
-
50000
-
15
44
<10
59
53
110
500
800
1000
<2000
1300
<2000
900
1100
28000
4000
60000
100000
8.2
12.0
>6
>6
>6
0.0053
0.011
30000
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.1
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
0.26
1
6
100
500
Copper
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Sulfate
Phenols
Dissolved
Organic Carbon
Total Dissolved
Solids
pH
8.6
8.9
7.3
8.5
Total Organic
0.0044
0.0059
Carbon (%C)
*
Total PCB
All <0.01 <0.01 All <0.01 <0.01
Total BTEX+
All <0.1 <0.05 All <0.01 <0.05
Total PAH^
0.0026 <0.02
<0.02
<0.02
TPHx
0.02
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
*
PCB - polychlorinated biphenyls
+
BTEX - benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
13
^
x
PAH - polyaromatic hydrocarbons

TPH - total petroleum hydrocarbons
Table 9: Leaching from recycled and secondary aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 124572:2002
Crushed
Spent
Recycled concrete
Incinerator
Crushed
Foundry
railway
asphalt
with
bottom ash
Sample
concrete
sand
sleeper
planings crushed
aggregate Inert
Hazardous
(CC)
(FS)
SNRHW
(RS)
(RAP)
brick
(IBAA)
waste
waste
(CC/BR)
Aggregate
4/20
4/20
4/20
4/20
0/4
4/20
fraction
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Arsenic
<0.1
0.054
0.011
<0.1
<0.1
0.033
0.5
2
25
Barium
0.4
1.1
0.12
0.4
0.1
1.9
20
100
300
Cadmium
<0.005 <0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.005
<0.005
0.04
1
5
Chromium
<0.1
0.17
0.036
0.32
<0.1
0.039
0.5
10
70
Copper
<0.1
2.8
<0.01
0.1
0.13
0.039
50
100
Mercury
<0.002
<0.005
<0.005
<0.002
<0.002
<0.005
0.01
0.2
Molybdenum
<0.1
0.65
<0.01
0.1
<0.1
0.054
0.5
10
30
Nickel
<0.2
<0.01
<0.01
<0.2
<0.01
0.4
10
40
Lead
<0.5
0.71
<0.01
<0.5
<0.5
<0.01
0.5
10
50
Antimony
<0.04
0.62
<0.01
<0.04
<0.04
<0.01
0.06
0.7
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
<0.02
<0.1
<20
2.9
0.086
1.1
790
<10
<0.01
<0.01
140
5.1
<0.02
<0.1
130
3
<0.02
0.93
<20
4.1
0.012
0.035
62
9.5
0.1
4
800
10
0.5
50
15000
150
7
200
25000
500
Sulfate
<200
1200
74
700
300
630
1000
20000
50000
Phenols
Dissolved
Organic Carbon
<0.5
<0.3
<0.3
<0.5
<0.5
<0.3
20
120
45
34
320
110
500
800
1000
5400
36000
1100
3700
2000
2100
4000
60000
100000
9.6
>6
>6
>6
0.011
30000
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
0.47
1
6
100
500
Total Dissolved
Solids
pH
>12.0
10.0
9.1
12.0
>12.0
Total Organic
0.012
0.0045
Carbon (%C)
*
Total PCB
All <0.01 <0.01
<0.01
All <0.01 All <0.01
Total BTEX+
All <0.1
<0.05
<0.05
All <0.1 All <0.1
^
Total PAH
<0.002
<0.02
<0.02
0.011
0.005
TPHx
<0.01
<0.1
<0.1
0.86
0.005
*
+
^
x
4.1.2 Aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002

Table 10 and Table 11 show the results of leaching testing in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 for crushed
specimens of the aggregates used in the concrete mixes, compared to the WAC. Table 10 gives the results for the
primary aggregates and Table 11, for the recycled and secondary aggregates. Shaded cells in the data indicate
that results which exceed the threshold WAC, using the same colour-coding as in Section 4.1.1.
A comparison of inter-laboratory variation of the leaching test results has been conducted and the results are
presented in Annex B.
14
Crushed
Thames Valley Crushed Cheddar limestone
Peak District
Sample
river sand and
rock (CL)
limestone
Inert
Hazardous
gravel (TV)
SNRHW
rock (PDL) waste
waste
Aggregate
4/20
0/4
10/20
10/20
4/10
4/20
fraction
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Leaching step
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
Assoc.
conducted by:
Assoc.
Analysis step
BRE
SW
BRE
SW
SW
SW
conducted by:
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Arsenic
<0.01
0.06
<0.01
0.042
0.16
0.055
0.5
2
25
Barium
<0.1
0.026
<0.1
0.25
0.65
<0.025
20
100
300
Cadmium
<0.005 <0.0025 <0.005 <0.0025 <0.0025
<0.0025
0.04
1
5
Chromium
<0.02 <0.005
<0.02
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.5
10
70
Copper
<0.05 <0.005
<0.05
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
2
50
100
Mercury
<0.002 <0.0025 <0.002 <0.0025 <0.0025
<0.0025
0.01
0.2
2
Molybdenum
<0.1
<0.005
<0.1
<0.005
<0.005
0.0065
0.5
10
30
Nickel
<0.02 <0.005
<0.02
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.4
10
40
Lead
<0.01 <0.005
<0.01
0.0055
0.008
0.021
0.5
10
50
Antimony
<0.01 <0.005
<0.01
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.06
0.7
5
Selenium
<0.02 <0.005
<0.02
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
0.1
0.5
7
Zinc
0.38
<0.005
<0.05
0.031
0.032
<0.005
4
50
200
Chloride
<20
5.5
<20
3.8
3.9
3.1
800
15000
25000
Fluoride
<2
0.7
<2
0.1
0.1
2.3
10
150
500
Sulfate
<240
30
<240
2.9
3.4
15
1000 20000
50000
Phenols
<0.5
<0.15
<0.5
<0.15
<0.15
<0.15
1
Dissolved
59
113
<50
14
17
16
500
800
1000
Organic Carbon
Total Dissolved
<250
245
<250
410
395
435
4000 60000
100000
Solids
pH
7.6
7.6
7.7
8.0
8.0
7.9
>6
>6
>6
Total Organic
0.0226
0.0028
0.0033
0.0031
30000
5
6
Carbon (%C)
All
Total PCB*
<0.0035 All <0.001 <0.0035 <0.0035
<0.0035
1
<0.001
+
Total BTEX
All <0.1 <0.025 All <0.1 <0.025
<0.025
<0.025
6
^
Total PAH
0.0014 <0.01
0.0038
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
100
TPHx
<0.1
0.36
<0.1
0.43
0.6
0.48
500
*
+
^
x
15
Crushed
Spent
Recycled concrete
Incinerator
Crushed
Foundry
railway
asphalt
with
bottom ash
Specimen
concrete
sand
sleeper
planings crushed
aggregate Inert
Hazardous
(CC)
(FS)
SNRHW
(RS)
(RAP)
brick
(IBAA)
waste
waste
(CC/BR)
Aggregate
4/20
4/20
4/20
4/20
0/4
4/20
fraction
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
Leaching step
BRE
BRE
SW
SW
BRE Assoc
SW
conducted by
Assoc.
Assoc
Analysis step
BRE
SW
SW
BRE
BRE
SW
conducted by
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Assoc.
Arsenic
<0.01
0.18
0.045
<0.01
<0.01
0.09
0.5
2
25
Barium
<0.1
0.14
<0.025
0.11
0.12
0.85
20
100
300
Cadmium
<0.005 <0.0025 <0.0025
<0.005 <0.005
<0.0025
0.04
1
5
Chromium
0.12
0.065
<0.005
0.25
<0.02
0.055
0.5
10
70
Copper
<0.05
0.023
0.021
0.059
0.069
0.65
2
50
100
Mercury
<0.002 <0.0025 <0.005
<0.002 <0.002
<0.0025
0.01
0.2
2
Molybdenum
<0.1
0.013
<0.005
0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.5
10
30
Nickel
<0.02
0.0055
<0.005
<0.02
0.86
0.015
0.4
10
40
Lead
<0.01
0.015
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.21
0.5
10
50
Antimony
0.021
0.0075
<0.005
0.012
<0.01
0.16
0.06
0.7
Selenium
Zinc
<0.02
<0.05
<0.005
0.016
<0.005
<0.005
<0.02
<0.05
<0.02
0.92
0.024
0.07
0.1
4
0.5
50
7
200
Chloride
<20
160
110
130
<20
900
800
15000
25000
Fluoride
<2
0.75
<2
2.4
1.9
10
150
500
Sulfate
<240
355
25
830
300
1500
1000
20000
50000
Phenols
Dissolved
Organic Carbon
<0.5
<0.15
<0.15
<0.5
<0.5
<0.15
110
26
18.5
84
400
44
500
800
1000
<250
1350
415
2100
820
4700
4000
60000
100000
7.7
7.6
7.7
9.3
7.2
7.0
>6
>6
>6
0.0052
0.0037
0.0087
30000
<0.0035
<0.025
<0.01
0.45
6
100
500
Total Dissolved
Solids
pH
Total Organic
Carbon (%C)
All
All
<0.0035 <0.0035 All <0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Total BTEX+
All <0.1 <0.025
<0.025
All <0.1 All <0.1
Total PAH^
<0.001
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
<0.001
TPHx
3.8
0.43
0.49
1.5
<0.1
*
+
^
x
Total PCB*
4.1.3 Discussion of results

The leaching from the aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002 (Table 8 and Table 9) show the
following:
Cheddar Limestone did not exceed the Inert WAC. The implication is that, if it were a waste, the material
would be classified as inert.
Cheddar Limestone (4/20 combined material tested by BRE and separate 10/20 and 4/10 fractions tested by
SW), gave similar results between the two testing laboratories (Table 8), and for the different grading
fractions tested. This provides evidence that the procedures conducted in the two laboratories gave
reasonably reproducible results for essentially the same materials.
16
The Thames Valley sand (0/4 mm) slightly exceeded the Inert WAC for fluoride, but the amount of fluoride
did not exceed that required for the Stable Non-Reactive Hazardous Waste (SNRHW) category, (Table 8). The
implication is that, if it were a waste, the material would be classified as non-hazardous and by implication,
would not automatically be suitable for use as recycled aggregate (that is, it would fail to meet the criteria set
out in the quality protocol for aggregates10). In this instance, the threshold criterion for fluoride was only
exceeded by 1 mg/kg on one aggregate test portion. This result might not be repeated over a range of
samples.
The Peak District limestone exceeded the Inert WAC for chromium, chloride and total dissolved solids, but not
the criteria for the WAC SNRHW category, (Table 8). Hence, if it were a waste, the material would be
classified as non-hazardous. The Peak District limestone was the only aggregate to leach significant levels of
chromium. This is possibly associated with mineralisation of the Peak District limestone.
The crushed concrete (CC) exceeded the Inert WAC for copper, molybdenum, lead, antimony, sulfate and
total dissolved solids, but not the criteria for the WAC SNRHW category, (Table 9). Hence, if it were a waste,
the material would be classified as non-hazardous. However, the results of the leaching from the same source
of crushed concrete combined with crushed brick (CC/BR) did not exceed these thresholds. The following are
possible explanations for this:
The addition of crushed brick to the crushed concrete dilutes the aggregate sufficiently that leaching
no longer exceeds the WAC thresholds (this dilution effect might also be related to the reduced
surface area of the crushed concrete fraction available for leaching).
The concrete has a sufficiently variable composition to produce different results in leaching test trials.
There is a difference in the testing methodologies employed by the two laboratories which results in a
different result for the crushed concrete and the crushed concrete with crushed brick.
The results for the Cheddar limestone indicate that the testing is consistent between the two laboratories and
this explanation can therefore be discounted. The implication is that either the crushed concrete source is
variable, or that the aggregate is diluted by the addition of crushed brick. As the concrete is sourced from a
source of low variability (processed, redundant pre-cast railway sleepers), the most likely cause is effects
associated with the dilution of the crushed concrete with crushed brick.
The foundry sand (FS) exceeded the WAC inert waste limits for nickel but not the SNRHW category. Hence, if
it were a waste, the material would be classified as non-hazardous and by implication.
The spent railway sleepers (RS) exceeded the WAC inert limit for total dissolved solids but not the SNRHW
category. Hence, if it were a waste, the material would be classified as non-hazardous.
It is clear from these results that the recycled, secondary and primary aggregates examined in this study undergo
measurable leaching when tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002, and several exceed the WAC for inert
waste. Commonly used concreting primary aggregates, such as Thames Valley sand and gravel and Cheddar
limestone crushed rock, do not leach significantly. However Peak District limestone (a commonly used primary
aggregate), failed to meet several of the WAC thresholds for inert waste. The findings imply that leaching tests in
accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002 and applying pass/fail criteria to aggregate by assessing the results
against current WAC for inert waste, is not a suitable means for assessing fitness for purpose.
If they were considered as a waste, the recycled and secondary aggregates discussed above would be classified
as non-hazardous (rather than inert) and by implication, would not automatically be considered suitable for use
as recycled aggregate. Nevertheless, it is possible that the materials could be demonstrated suitable for use
following agreement with appropriate regulators and following further testing if appropriate.
The leaching from aggregates tested in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 (Table 10 and Table 11), which uses
conditions that are less severe than the BS EN 12457-2:2002 test, shows that:
None of primary aggregates exceed the Inert WAC.
Only the foundry sand (FS) and the incinerator bottom ash aggregate (IBAA) exceed the Inert WAC.
The leachate from FS exceeds the Inert WAC threshold for nickel. There were no significant differences from
the results obtained using BS EN 12457-2:2002.
The IBAA specimen exceeds the Inert WAC thresholds for antimony, chloride, sulfate and total dissolved
solids.
The results for FS are unsurprising since, as it is a fine aggregate (<4mm), no size reduction was required for BS
EN 1744-3:2002. As a result, there is very little difference between the results obtained using the two testing
regimes (BS EN 1744-3:2002 and BS EN 12457-2:2002).
The results for the IBAA are surprising, as the aggregate did not exceed any of the Inert WAC when tested in
accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002. As BS EN 12457-2:2002 requires particle size reduction, the increased
surface area of the IBAA would be expected to result in increased leaching when compared to the results of BS
EN 1744-3:2002. The differences appear to be factors (unidentified) associated with the leaching procedures in
17
this case, since analysis of eluate from IBAA without particle size reduction in two different laboratories gave
similar results.
In general, these results imply that testing aggregates in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002, and then
comparing the results to the WAC might be a convenient means to determine if an aggregate is suitable for use.
This conclusion is based on the evidence that this standard test and comparison does not reject primary
aggregates which are already accepted for use without testing, and have no history of deleterious environmental
impact.
4.2
Leaching from granular concrete specimens
Concrete specimens containing primary aggregates and recycled or secondary aggregates, were crushed and
tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002 after 28 days and 1 year. These specimens are referred to as
granular concrete specimens to avoid confusion with the crushed concrete (CC) used as a recycled aggregate in
the experimental programme. All data are presented in units of mg/kg of dry substance.
4.2.1 Granular concrete specimens tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002

Table 12 to Table 16 show the leaching results from granular concrete specimens (concrete crushed to comply
with the test procedure) tested at 28 days and 1 year. The coloured shading indicates where results exceed the
corresponding WAC thresholds for particular determinands.
Table 12: Leaching results from granular concrete TVS and PDL control specimens at 28 days and 1
year tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
Specimen and age
Control 4 Control 4
Control 1 Control 1
PDL+ 10%
PDL+
TVS
TVS
RAP
10% RAP
28 days
1 year
28 days
1 year
Inert
waste
SNRHW
Hazardous
waste
Arsenic
<0.1
<0.01
0.06
0.01
0.5
25
Barium
3.6
3.3
28
0.45
20
100
300
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
<0.005
<0.1
<0.1
<0.005
0.082
<0.05
<0.005
0.28
<0.01
0.005
0.05
<0.01
0.04
0.5
2
1
10
50
5
70
100
Mercury
<0.002
<0.002
<0.005
0.026
0.01
0.2
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Phenols
Dissolved Organic Carbon
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
<20
6.3
<200
<0.5
23
<0.1
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.0049
<0.05
<20
<2
<240
0.058
27
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.03
<0.01
0.05
27
<1
31
<0.3
48
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
180
<1
250
1.0
18
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.06
0.1
4
800
10
1000
1
500
10
10
10
0.7
0.5
50
15000
150
20000
800
30
40
50
5
7
200
25000
500
50000
1000
Total Dissolved Solids
9500
8900
54000
28000
4000
60000
100000
pH
>12.0
12.3
13.0
12.4
>6
>6
Total Organic Content (%C)
0.0048
0.0018
30000
5
Total PCB*
All <0.001 All <0.001
<0.01
<0.01
1
Total BTEX+
All <0.1 All <0.01
<0.05
<0.05
6
Total PAH^
<0.002
<0.001
<0.02
<0.02
100
TPHx
0.003
<0.1
<0.1
4.2
500
*
+
^
x
>6
6
-
18
Table 13: Leaching results from granular concrete CL control specimens at 28 days and 1 year
tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
Specimen and age
Control 2 Control 2 Control 3

CL (BRE) CL (BRE) CL (SW)
28 days
1 year
28 days
Control 3
CL (SW)
1 year
Inert
waste
SNRHW
Hazardous
waste
Arsenic
<0.1
<0.01
0.16
0.01
0.5
25
Barium
2.1
2.1
6.7
2.5
20
100
300
<0.005
<0.1
<0.1
<0.002
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
46
4.5
<0.005
0.061
<0.05
<0.002
<0.1
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.0045
<0.05
<20
<2
<0.005
0.23
<0.01
<0.005
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
540
3.4
<0.005
0.44
<0.01
<0.005
0.04
0.02
0.1
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
67
0.8
0.04
0.5
2
0.01
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.06
0.1
4
800
10
1
10
50
0.2
10
10
10
0.7
0.5
50
15000
150
5
70
100
2
30
40
50
5
7
200
25000
500
Sulfate
<200
<240
1100
190
1000
20000
50000
Phenols
<0.5
40
0.74
24
<0.3
59
<0.3
25
1
500
800
1000
8800
8700
5600
50000
4000
60000
100000
12.5
0.0059
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.1
12.0
0.0025
<0.01
<0.05
0.05
<0.1
>6
30000
1
6
100
500
>6
5
-
>6
6
-
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
pH
>12.0
12.3
Total PCB*
All <0.01
<0.001
Total BTEX+
All <0.01
<0.01
Total PAH^
<0.02
<0.001
TPHx
<0.1
<0.1
*
+
^
x
19
Table 14: Leaching results from granular concrete RCA specimens at 28 days and 1 year tested in
accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
Specimen and age
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Phenols
RCA
RS
28 days
RCA
RS
1 year
Inert
waste
SNRHW
Hazardous
waste
<0.1
3
<0.005
0.16
<0.1
<0.002
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
<20
3.5
<200
<0.5
17
<0.01
3
0.012
0.23
<0.05
<0.002
<0.1
<0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.0062
<0.05
<20
<2
<240
0.82
47
0.5
20
0.04
0.5
2
0.01
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.06
0.1
4
800
10
1000
1
500
2
100
1
10
50
0.2
10
10
10
0.7
0.5
50
15000
150
20000
800
25
300
5
70
100
2
30
40
50
5
7
200
25000
500
50000
1000
9700
9000
4000
60000
100000
12.4
All <0.001
All <0.01
<0.001
<0.1
>6
30000
1
6
100
500
>6
5
-
>6
6
-
pH
>12.0
Total PCB*
All <0.001
Total BTEX+
All <0.1
Total PAH^
<0.002
TPHx
<0.1
*
+
^
x
20
Table 15: Leaching results from granular concrete RA specimens at 28 days and 1 year tested in
RA1
CC/RAP
28 days
RA1
CC/RAP
1 year
RA2
CC/BR
28 days
RA2
CC/BR
1 year
Inert
waste
SNRHW
Hazardous
waste
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
0.03
10
<0.005
0.22
0.01
0.04
0.24
0.007
0.09
0.04
<0.1
3.2
<0.005
0.17
<0.1
<0.01
2.8
<0.005
0.23
<0.05
0.5
20
0.04
0.5
2
2
100
1
10
50
25
300
5
70
100
Mercury
<0.005
0.042
<0.002
<0.002
0.01
0.2
Molybdenum
Nickel
Lead
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Phenols
0.03
0.01
0.04
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
100
<1
24
<0.3
73
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.05
100
<4
140
1.0
38
<0.1
<0.2
<0.5
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
36
3.3
<200
<0.5
28
<0.1
<0.02
0.014
<0.01
0.0079
<0.05
55
<2
<240
1.2
33
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.06
0.1
4
800
10
1000
1
500
10
10
10
0.7
0.5
50
15000
150
20000
800
30
40
50
5
7
200
25000
500
50000
1000
5500
22000
9100
25000
4000
60000
100000
12.3
All <0.001
All <0.01
0.11
1.6
>6
30000
1
6
100
500
>6
5
-
>6
6
-
Specimen and age
pH
13.0
12.3
>12.0
0.0073
0.0038
Total PCB*
<0.01
<0.01
All <0.001
Total BTEX+
<0.05
<0.05
All <0.1
Total PAH^
<0.02
<0.02
0.003
TPHx
0.29
3.6
<0.1
*
+
^
x
21
Table 16: Leaching results from granular concrete SA specimens at 28 days and 1 year tested in
SA1
FS
28 days
SA1
FS
1 year
SA2
IBAA
28 days
SA2
IBAA
1 year
Inert
waste
SNRHW
Hazardous
waste
<0.1
3.2
<0.005
<0.1
<0.1
<0.002
<0.1
<0.2
<0.01
3.5
<0.005
0.13
<0.05
<0.002
<0.1
<0.02
0.16
11
<0.005
0.25
0.28
<0.005
0.06
0.02
0.03
3.2
0.006
0.29
0.59
<0.005
0.055
0.14
0.5
20
0.04
0.5
2
0.01
0.5
0.4
2
100
1
10
50
0.2
10
10
25
300
5
70
100
2
30
40
Lead
<0.5
<0.01
0.46
1.00
0.5
10
50
Antimony
Selenium
Zinc
Chloride
Fluoride
Sulfate
Phenols
<0.04
<0.02
<0.1
21
3.8
<200
<0.5
44
<0.01
0.0071
<0.05
<20
<2
<240
0.58
66
<0.01
<0.01
0.06
210
<1
27
<0.3
120
0.04
<0.01
1.00
170
0.4
70
<0.3
47
0.06
0.1
4
800
10
1000
1
500
0.7
0.5
50
15000
150
20000
800
5
7
200
25000
500
50000
1000
12000
9900
52000
34000
4000
60000
100000
12.6
0.012
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
4.9
12.4
0.0047
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.1
>6
30000
1
6
100
500
>6
5
-
>6
6
-
Specimen and age
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
pH
>12.0
12.4
Total PCB*
All <0.001 All <0.001
Total BTEX+
All <0.1
0.025
Total PAH^
<0.002
<0.001
TPHx
<0.002
<0.1
*
+
^
x
22

Concretes that had been crushed and tested at two different ages from casting (28 days and 1 year) using the
waste acceptance test BS EN 12457-2:2002, gave the results shown in Tables 12 to 16. The findings are as
follows:
All granular crushed concrete specimens exceed the inert WAC for total dissolved solids at both specimen
ages. Since the aggregates, when tested alone, rarely exceeded the limits for dissolved solids, the level of
dissolved solids can largely be attributed to the cement paste in the concrete.
With a few notable exceptions, the amounts of individual leachate species were generally less in the 1 year
old specimens compared with the 28 day specimens. This is assumed to be due to increased hydration
reactions that will have occurred as the concrete specimens aged, creating a more dense microstructure
within the concrete, which will have led to greater physical and chemical immobilisation of chemical
components.
Notable exceptions at 1 year, which caused the inert WAC to be exceeded, include mercury in the RA1 and
Control 4 specimens (both of which contain RAP), and lead in the SA2 specimen (which contains IBAA).
Certain metals (lead, mercury) tend to be more soluble at high pH 18, so their appearance in significant
amounts in the leachates from crushed concrete but not those from the aggregates alone, is not surprising.
However, this does not necessarily explain the increased leaching at 1 year of age. It is possible that mercury
(in the granular concrete specimens containing RAP) and the lead (in the granular concrete specimen
containing IBAA) continued over the 1 year period to dissolve in the water within the pores of the cement
paste (which has a pH 13). During leaching tests, these contaminants could be expected to leach out in
higher concentrations. As concrete is rarely stored for 1 year before use, these results may not be
representative of concrete in service. Further testing would be needed to examine the leaching characteristics
of concrete submerged in water for a long period.
With the exception of Control 3 at 28 days, sulfates were leached to a greater extent at 1 year compared with
28 days, but still did not exceed the inert WAC limit for sulfate. The time dependence is probably due to
changes in the solution phases in the cement paste, causing sulfates to dissolve. The sulfate is largely derived
from the Portland cement present.
Concretes containing RAP leached more organic compounds (phenols, TPH) than the RAP alone (which
appears relatively inert). There was also greater leaching of these species after 1 year than after 28 days.
This implies that the high pH in the concrete increases the solubility of these organics from the RAP.
Nevertheless, the levels were still relatively low compared with the inert WAC limits.
Chromium is a minor component of Portland cement. The levels of chromium in the leachates from granular
concrete were significant but nevertheless, were not sufficient to exceed the WAC for inert waste.
Overall, assessing concrete in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002 appears to be inappropriate for assessing the
suitability of concrete and the aggregates it contains, as it is likely to fail materials already in common use; (for
example, all of the materials failed to meet total dissolved solids criteria, and one of the Cheddar limestone
control specimens exceed the threshold criteria for sulfate). This general unsuitability may be due to the
sensitivity of the test method, which requires a finely ground material with a high surface area. It can be argued
that testing according to BS EN 12457-2:2002 is not a realistic representation of the leaching performance of the
aggregates when in concrete. The higher surface area of the crushed specimen-derived material may not
accurately reflect in-service performance of a concrete monolith.
4.3
Leaching from monolithic concrete specimens
4.3.1 Monolithic concrete specimens tested in accordance with EA NEN 7375:2004

Table 17 to Table 21 show the cumulative 64 day leaching test results for concrete cylinders aged 28 days and
after 1 year and tested in accordance with EA NEN 7375:2004. The results are compared to the Monolith Criteria,
with orange indicating determinand levels below the thresholds for SNRHW, and red indicating determinand levels
below the thresholds for Hazardous waste. There are no thresholds for Inert monolithic wastes so this
assessment cannot be used to determine the general suitability of monolithic materials for use as recycled
aggregates. In some cases, the results may appear higher than in reality, due to the inclusion of one or more
results at a lower limit of detection. For example, 5 specimens tested over the 64 day period all have results at
the lower limit of detection of <1.0; this is accumulated for the 64 day result to <5.0. Such accumulated values
are all preceded with a < symbol. Results are expressed in mg/m2.
23
Table 17: Leaching results from monolithic concrete TV and PDL control specimens at 28 days and 1
year (mg/m2)
Control 4
Control 4
Control 1 Control 1
Hazardous
Specimen name and
PDL+ 10%
PDL+ 10%
SNRHW
TVS
TVS
waste
age
RAP
RAP
28 days
1 year
28 days
1 year
Arsenic
<4.8
<0.5
0.8
16.1
1.3
20
Barium
38.2
29.2
85.7
19.5
45
150
Cadmium
<0.2
<0.2
0.3
<0.3
0.2
Chromium
<4.8
1.1
6.1
12.4
25
Copper
<4.8
<2.4
<0.6
4.9
45
60
Mercury
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
<0.3
0.1
0.4
Molybdenum
<4.8
<4.8
<0.6
0.7
20
Nickel
<9.6
<1.0
<0.6
2.4
15
Lead
<23.9
<0.5
<0.6
<0.6
20
Antimony
<1.6
<0.5
<0.6
<0.6
0.3
2.5
Selenium
<1.0
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
Zinc
Chloride as Cl-
9.5
<955
2.4
<95.5
5.7
633.7
5.3
8417.2
30
10000
100
20000
Fluoride as F-
117.5
95.5
138.8
54.8
60
20000
Sulfate as SO3
<9554
<11465
1363
20400
10000
200
12.0
1471
10.3
922.0
11.9
1478
9.8
867.7
NR
NR
NR
NR
pH
Total Organic Carbon
NR = not required
24
Table 18: Leaching results from monolithic concrete CL control specimens at 28 days and 1 year
(mg/m2) tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
Control 2 Control 2
Control 3
Control 3
Specimen name and
Hazardous
SNRHW
CL (BRE) CL (BRE)
CL (SW)
CL (SW)
waste
age
28 days
1 year
28 days
1 year
Arsenic (As)
<4.8
<0.5
7.0
12.8
1.3
20
Barium (Ba)
32.5
19.7
11.6
14.9
45
150
Cadmium (Cd)
<0.2
<0.2
<0.3
<0.3
0.2
Chromium (Cr)
<4.8
1.2
40.2
8.9
25
Copper (Cu)
<4.8
<2.4
<0.6
9.9
45
60
Mercury (Hg)
<0.1
<0.1
<0.3
<0.3
0.1
0.4
Molybdenum (Mb)
<4.8
<4.8
<0.6
0.8
20
Nickel (Ni)
<9.6
<1.0
<0.6
0.8
15
Lead (Pb)
<23.9
<0.5
0.7
1.1
20
Antimony (Sb)
<1.6
<0.5
<0.6
0.7
0.3
2.5
Selenium (Se)
<1.0
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
5.7
<2.4
17.7
4.6
30
100
Chloride as Cl-
<955
955.4
583.6
13201
10000
20000
Fluoride as F-
103.2
<95.5
27.5
73.0
60
20000
Sulfate as SO3
<9554
<11465
691.6
35607
10000
200
12.0
1318
11.2
821.7
11.1
1298
9.3
1414.0
NR
NR
NR
NR
Zinc (Zn)
pH
NR = not required
Table 19: Leaching results from monolithic concrete RCA specimens at 28 days and 1 year (mg/m2)
tested in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002
RCA
RCA
Specimen name and
Hazardous
RS
RS
SNRHW
age
waste
28 days
1 year
Arsenic (As)
<4.8
<0.5
1.3
20
Barium (Ba)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Mercury (Hg)
Molybdenum (Mb)
37.3
<0.2
<4.8
<4.8
<0.1
<4.8
15.5
<0.2
1.1
2.5
<0.1
<4.8
45
0.2
5
45
0.1
7
150
1
25
60
0.4
20
Nickel (Ni)
<9.6
<1.0
15
Lead (Pb)
<23.9
<0.5
20
Antimony (Sb)
<1.6
<0.5
0.3
2.5
Selenium (Se)
<1.0
0.2
0.4
Zinc (Zn)
Chloride as Cl-
5.1
965
<2.4
993.6
30
10000
100
20000
Fluoride as F-
99.4
<95.5
60
20000
Sulfate as SO3
13376
<11465
10000
200
pH
NR = not required
12.0
1634
9.9
726.1
NR
NR
NR
NR
25
Table 20: Leaching results from monolithic concrete RA1 and RA2 specimens at 28 days and 1 year
RA1
RA1
RA2
RA2
Specimen name and
Hazardous
SNRHW
CC/RAP
CC/RAP
CC/BR
CC/BR
waste
age
28 days
1 year
28 days
1 year
Arsenic (As)
<4.8
<0.5
1.1
18.3
1.3
20
Barium (Ba)
31.1
18.6
45.6
23.0
45
150
Cadmium (Cd)
<0.2
<0.2
3.3
<0.3
0.2
Chromium (Cr)
<4.8
1.3
9.9
12.9
25
Copper (Cu)
<4.8
2.4
<0.6
12.4
45
60
Mercury (Hg)
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
<0.3
0.1
0.4
Molybdenum (Mb)
<4.8
<4.8
<0.6
1.0
20
Nickel (Ni)
<9.6
<1.0
<0.6
1.7
15
Lead (Pb)
<23.9
<0.5
<0.6
<0.6
20
Antimony (Sb)
<1.6
<0.5
<0.6
0.7
0.3
2.5
Selenium (Se)
<1.0
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.4
5.8
<2.4
1.9
4.7
30
100
Chloride as Cl-
1061
1146.5
1532
14525
10000
20000
Fluoride as F-
98.4
<95.5
38.6
72.6
60
20000
Sulfate as SO3
<9554
<11465
1168
39926
10000
200
12.0
1624
10.4
1108.3
11.9
1864
9.5
1086.2
NR
NR
NR
NR
Zinc (Zn)
pH
NR = not required
Table 21: Leaching results from monolithic concrete SA1 and SA2 specimens at 28 days and 1 year
SA1
SA1
SA2
SA2
Specimen name and
Hazardous
FS
FS
IBAA
IBAA
SNRHW
age
waste
28 days
1 year
28 days
1 year
Arsenic (As)
<4.8
<0.5
5.6
7.7
1.3
20
Barium (Ba)
42.0
31.8
9.6
14.7
45
150
Cadmium (Cd)
<0.2
<0.2
0.3
<0.3
0.2
Chromium (Cr)
<4.8
1.1
31.0
10.1
25
Copper (Cu)
<4.8
2.5
0.9
10.8
45
60
Mercury (Hg)
<0.1
<0.1
<0.3
<0.3
0.1
0.4
Molybdenum (Mb)
<4.8
<4.8
<0.6
0.9
20
Nickel (Ni)
<9.6
<1.0
<0.6
1.7
15
Lead (Pb)
<23.9
<0.5
<0.6
<0.6
20
Antimony (Sb)
<1.6
<0.5
<0.8
1.0
0.3
2.5
Selenium (Se)
<1.0
0.2
0.9
0.8
0.4
5.1
2.6
9.8
6.1
30
100
Chloride as Cl-
<955
965.0
602.9
11389
10000
20000
Fluoride as F-
102.2
<95.5
28.4
62.2
60
20000
Sulfate as SO3
<9554
<11465
928.1
29308
10000
200
12.0
1643
10.1
1251.6
11.1
1491
9.8
1272.6
NR
NR
NR
NR
Zinc (Zn)
pH
NR = not required
26

The data for monolithic leaching presented in Tables 17-21 show that the acceptance limits are exceeded for
several elements: arsenic, antimony, selenium, fluoride, mercury, chromium. There is very little difference
between the amounts leached at 28 days and those at 1 year and no consistent differences between concrete
made with recycled, secondary or primary aggregates is apparent. The elements that exceed the threshold limits
(arsenic, antimony, selenium, fluoride, mercury, barium, cadmium and chromium) appear to be derived from
Portland cement and not the aggregates. This conclusion is based on the comparison of these results with those
for the aggregates alone given in Tables 8 and 9.
The SNRHW Monolith Criterion for antimony is exceeded in all cases in the monolithic test. This result can only be
a result of the cement paste present in the concrete since it applies to all the specimens. The Monolith Criteria for
SNRHW, and on occasions Hazardous Waste, are exceeded by the cumulative results of the test, irrespective of
the nature of the aggregate, recycled, secondary or primary. This indicates that EA NEN 7375:2004 may not be
an appropriate procedure to test the leaching characteristics of concrete. As mentioned previously, a 64 day test
would probably not be suitable for compliance testing due to its long duration.
4.4
Turbidity and colour testing
The results from colour testing indicate a slight colouration in some of the concrete leachate specimens relative to
the blanks. However, this is not considered to be significant, as some results from the primary aggregates (for
example, TV, PDL) exceed those for the recycled and secondary aggregates (for example, IBAA, FS). This shows
that in many cases the recycled and secondary aggregates perform no worse than the primary aggregates.
The turbidity results (only available for BRE specimens) given in Table 22, indicate little or no difference between
the turbidity of the test specimen and the blank (the higher the value, the greater the cloudiness or turbidity).
Table 22: Results from colour and turbidity tests
Laboratory
Leachate
Colour* (mg/l Pt/Co)
Turbidity (NTU)+
Blank
< 0.4
ND
* PCV for colour is 20 mg/litre Pt/Co.
4.5
CL
< 0.4
ND
SW
IBAA
1.1
ND
+
CC
1.2
ND
PDL
0.8
ND
Blank
<0.4
0.22
PCV for turbidity is 4.0 NTU.
CL
1.0
0.33
BRE
FS
CC
0.7 <0.4
0.28 0.22
CC/BR
<0.4
0.29
TV
1.2
0.30
ND = not determined
Overall view: leaching performance of recycled, secondary and primary

aggregates
The different leaching test methods (BS EN 12457-2:2002 and BS EN 1744-3:2002) have been applied to a range
of aggregates and have shown that the recycled and secondary aggregates have performed similarly to the
primary aggregates. The results indicate that testing in accordance with BS EN 12457-2:2002 and assessing the
results against WAC, is not a suitable means of assessing leaching from aggregates. However, testing aggregates
in accordance with BS EN 1744-3:2002 and then comparing the results to the WAC might be a convenient means
to determine if an aggregate is suitable for use.
4.6
Overall view: leaching performance of concrete at 28 days and 1 year
Variation in leaching performance of the aggregates bound in concrete was assessed both by the BS EN 12457-2:
2002 test for granular materials and by the monolith EA NEN 7375: 2004 test. Overall, it appears that as concrete
ages, the leaching of most of the determinands is reduced. This is thought to be due to chemical binding and the
concrete microstructure becoming denser with time, impeding the diffusion of ions throughout the concrete.
However, the reverse appears to be true of sulfate, which is generally leached to a greater extent from the 1 year
aged specimens compared to those at 28 days age. This is likely to be due to changes in the pore water
composition in the older concrete causing sulfate-bearing phases to dissolve and pass into solution. The general
reduced leaching from specimens as their age increases is positive for the use of recycled and secondary
aggregates in concrete, as it suggests that the results in this report will largely represent the worst case scenario
to be expected from young concrete which as it ages, can be expected to improve its leaching performance.
Possible exceptions are where the concrete becomes cracked or degraded or where the pH falls, for example,
under acid conditions.
27
5.0
5.1
Conclusions
Leaching performance of materials
The objective of this project was to assess leaching from aggregates, concrete made with recycled and secondary
aggregates and to compare the results with aggregates and concretes made from primary aggregates.
There are no agreed acceptance criteria against which to assess leaching from concrete and aggregates. As a
consequence, the results of the leaching tests have been benchmarked against waste acceptance criteria (WAC),
whilst accepting that the materials are not waste. Inter-laboratory variation of the results has also been assessed.
The results of this study provide evidence that:
The primary aggregates generally performed similarly to recycled and secondary aggregates tested,
Primary and non-primary aggregates exceeded the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for inert waste in some
respects (Tables 23 and 24),
The concentrations of some species, particularly sulfates and total dissolved solids, appeared high in some of
the leachates from concretes, but this was generally attributable to the Portland cement present in the
concrete mixes tested, rather than to the aggregates themselves,
The results from control specimens tested by two separate laboratories (using BS EN 1744-3:2002) indicate
that this test method may be sufficiently robust to produce comparable results. It is also completed within 24
hours, which is a beneficial feature of any compliance test. It is unfortunate that the test method has little
history of use in the UK, does not have agreed acceptance criteria, and may be unfamiliar to many regulators.
Test
BS EN 12457-2:
2002
BS EN 1744-3:
2002
Table 23 leaching from aggregates (summary)

Aggregates
Determinands exceeding inert WAC
(for BS EN 12457-2:2002)
None
None
Cheddar limestone
None
Recycled asphalt planings
None
Crushed concrete and crushed brick
None
Incinerator Bottom Ash Aggregate
Spent railway sleeper
Foundry sand
Crushed concrete
chromium, chloride, total dissolved solids

fluoride
total dissolved solids
nickel
copper, molybdenum, lead, antimony, sulfate, total
dissolved solids

Cheddar limestone
None
None
None
Foundry sand
Incinerator Bottom Ash aggregate
(primary aggregates are underlined)
Nickel
antimony, chloride, sulfate, total dissolved solids
Table 24 leaching from granular concrete specimens (summary)

Aggregates
BS EN 12457-2: 2002

Peak District limestone + RA planings
Cheddar limestone
Spent railway sleepers
Crushed concrete and RA planings
Crushed concrete and crushed brick
Foundry sand
Incinerator Bottom Ash aggregate
Determinands exceeding inert WAC

(for BS EN 12457-2:2002)
total diss. solids
total diss. solids, barium, mercury
total diss. solids, sulfate
total diss. solids
total diss. solids, mercury
total diss. solids
total diss. solids
total diss. solids, lead
28
(concretes made with primary aggregates and no recycled or secondary aggregate content are underlined)
5.2
Suitability of test methods
The results of testing using BS EN 1744-3:2002 and comparing the results to the inert WAC could provide a
method that is suitable for assessment of aggregates; this standard test found primary recycled and secondary
aggregates suitable for use when compared to the WAC for inert granular waste. However, the results of testing
using BS EN 12457-2:2002, (compared to the inert WAC), appears unsuitable to assess aggregates for use in
concrete and crushed concrete made with these aggregates. This test found some recycled, secondary and
commonly used primary aggregates, and concrete containing these aggregates, could be deemed unsuitable
when results are compared to WAC for inert granular waste.
The monolithic leaching test, EA NEN 7375:2004, used in conjunction with WAC, is unsuitable for assessing the
appropriateness of concrete or the aggregates that it contains. This test (with comparison to the Monolith
Criteria) failed all concrete specimens, including some containing commonly used primary aggregates.
6.0
Suggestions for further work
A major issue is that there are currently no agreed aggregate-specific compliance criteria against which to assess
construction materials. There is still a need for debate on whether the WAC for granular wastes is a suitable
means to assess recycled and secondary aggregates in concrete and in other uses. The limited history and
experience in the UK of test methods for assessing leaching from aggregates could be supplemented by:
Wide spread round-robin testing on standard aggregates,

The reporting of results to gather repeatability and reproducibility information,
Further testing of a range of primary, recycled and secondary aggregates to confirm these initial results
Addition of new information from the supplementary testing to the database.
This project has assessed a limited number of aggregate types taken from single locations. Further work could be
conducted to assess a wider variety of materials as well as temporal variations in the materials.
29
7.0 References
1
Reid, JM and Chandler, JWE, Recycling in transport infrastructure, TRL, Crowthorne, 2002.
Gardner, KH and Eighmy, TT, Recycled materials in transportation applications: Knowledge gaps and research
needs, in Eighmy, TT (ed.); Beneficial Use of recycled materials in transportation applications, Air and Waste
Management Association, Sewickley, USA, 2003.
British Standards Institution, BS EN 12457-2:2002, Characterisation of waste. Leaching. Compliance test for
leaching of granular waste materials and sludges. One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg for
materials with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction), BSI, London, 2002.
British Standards Institution, BS EN 1744-3:2002, Tests for chemical properties of aggregates. Preparation of
eluates by leaching of aggregates, BSI, London, 2002.
5
Environment Agency, EA NEN 7375:2004, Leaching characteristics of moulded or monolithic building and waste
materials determination of leaching of inorganic components with the diffusion test, EA, Bristol, 2004.
AggRegain, Environmental Information Sheets, WRAP, Banbury, 2004.(online). Last accessed on 25 March
2006 at www.aggregain.org.uk
Office of Public Sector Information, The Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations 2002, Statutory Instrument
2002 No. 1559, OPSI (online). Last accessed 25 March 2006 at www.opsi.gov.uk
Office of Public Sector Information, The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2004,
Statutory Instrument 2004 No. 1375, OPSI (online). Last accessed 25 March 2006 at www.opsi.gov.uk
9
Office of Public Sector Information, The Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2005,
Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 1640, OPSI (online). Last accessed 25 March 2006 at www.opsi.gov.uk
10
WRAP, Quality Protocols for the productions of recycled aggregates from inert waste in England, Scotland and
Northern Ireland, WRAP, Banbury, 2004 and 2005 (available online at www.aggregain.org.uk/quality).
11
Official Journal of the European Communities, Council Directive on pollution caused by certain dangerous
substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the community (76/464/EEC), OJEC, Luxembourg, 1976
(online). Last accessed on 25 March 2007, at ec.europa.eu. Note that, since the start of this project, this Directive
has been replaced by Directive 2006/11/EC on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into
the aquatic environment of the Community (Codified version).
12
Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 3184, Water, England and Wales. The Water Supply (Water Quality)
Regulations 2000. http://www.dwi.gov.uk/regs/si3184/3184.htm
13
Environment Agency, Model Procedures for the Management of Land Contamination - Contaminated Land
Report 11, EA, Bristol, 2004.
14
ISO 7027:1999 Water quality -- Determination of turbidity
15
British Standards Institution, BS 8500-2:2006, Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1

Part 2: Specification for constituent materials and concrete, BSI, London, 2006.
16
Department for Communities and Local Government, Survey of Arisings and Use of Alternatives to Primary
Aggregates in England, 2005 - Other materials, DCLG, London, 2007.
17
British Standards Institution, BS 8500-1:2006, Concrete Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206-1

Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier, BSI, London, 2006.
30
18
Van der Sloot HA, Heasman L, Quevauviller Ph, Harmonization of leaching/extraction tests, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, 1997.
31
Annex A - Leaching assessment criteria

Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC)
EA WAC related to landfill classification for granular waste (mg/kg dry substance)
SNRHW and nonhazardous waste deposited
Determinand
Inert
Hazardous
in the same cell with such
waste
Mg/kg dry substance
Arsenic (As)
0.5
2
25
Barium (Ba)
20
100
300
Cadmium (Cd)
0.04
1
5
Total Chromium
0.5
10
70
Copper (Cu)
2
50
100
Mercury (Hg)
0.01
0.2
2
Molybdenum (Mo)
0.5
10
30
Nickel (Ni)
0.4
10
40
Lead (Pb)
0.5
10
50
Antimony (Sb)
0.06
0.7
5
Selenium (Se)
0.1
0.5
7
Zinc (Zn)
4
50
200
Chloride (Cl)
800
15000
25000
Fluoride (F)
10
150
500
Sulphate (SO4)
1000
20000
50000
Phenol index (PI)
1
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)
500
800
1000
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)*
4000
60000
100000
pH
Minimum 6
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
30000
5%
6%
BTEX compounds
6
(benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene & xylenes)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (7 congeners)
1
Mineral oil (C10 - C40)
500
Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
100
Non-cohesive waste must have a mean in situ bearing ratio of at least 5%.
* The value for Total Dissolved Solids is not a requirement but can be used instead of meeting the individual
limits for sulfate and chloride.
32
EA Monolith Criteria for landfill

EA WAC related to landfill classification for monolithic waste
Cumulative limit values to 64 days, tested to EA NEN 7375
(mg/m2)
Determinand
SNRHW in non-hazardous
Hazardous waste in
landfill
hazardous waste landfill
Arsenic
1.3
20
Barium
45
150
Cadmium
0.2
1
Chromium
5
25
Copper
45
60
Mercury
0.1
0.4
Molybdenum
7
20
Nickel
6
15
Lead
6
20
Antimony
0.3
2.5
Selenium
0.4
5
Zinc
30
100
Chloride
10000
20000
Fluoride
60
20000
Sulfate
10000
200
Dissolved organic carbon
Not determined
Not determined
pH
Not determined
Not determined
Electrical conductivity
Not determined
Not determined
33
Annex B - Comparison of results between

laboratories using BS EN 1744-3:2002
Selected determinations have been conducted in different laboratories on the same materials (see Tables 2 and
B1). Results from eluate analyses (given in mg/litre or g/l), are shown in Table B2 to B8 below. The red
highlighted cells indicate where there is a significant difference between the results from different laboratories.
Sample distributions according to several different scenarios (intended to show the influence on the results of
different laboratories conducting the leaching step and/or the chemical analysis on the same materials), were
conducted and these are explained in the footnotes to the tables.
The eluate results were generally similar when comparing the results between laboratories that conducted the
leaching step and/or the chemical analysis. There were examples where the results between laboratories by a
factor of four, with the BRE results being smaller than the SW results.
Inspection of the results in Tables B6 and B7 (where eluates generated in the same laboratory have been
analysed in two different laboratories), indicates that there is not a common pattern, (in which results from one
laboratory being higher than that in the other).
Inspection of the results in Table B8 (where two different laboratories generate the eluate and one laboratory
conducts the analysis), BREs results are generally less than the SW results (for the same material).
Interpretation of the results has been made more difficult by the different limits of detection achieved in the
different analytical laboratories. Nevertheless, it is clear that both the laboratory conducting the leaching step and
conducting the chemical analysis have introduced variability into the results.
Table B1: Analysis of aggregate samples (BS 1744-3:2002)
Leachate preparation method
Aggregate
Thames Valley river sand: 0/4 mm (TV)
Thames Valley river gravel: 4/20 mm (TV)
Crushed Peak District limestone rock 4/20 mm (PDL)
Spent railway sleeper 4/20 mm (RS)
Crushed concrete 4/20 mm (CC)
Recycled asphalt planings 4/20 mm (RAP)
Crushed concrete with crushed brick 4/20 mm (CC/BR)
Foundry sand (FS)
Incinerator bottom ash aggregate 4/20 mm (IBAA)
BS 1744-3:2002
Leachate preparation
Leachate analysis
SW
SW
BRE
SW
SW
SW & BRE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
BRE
SW
SW
SW & BRE
34
Table B2: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Spent railway sleeper (RS)
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
Scenario number 1
BRE Associate Lab 1
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
SW Associate Lab
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
Antimony
g/l
2.1
1.8
<1
Arsenic
g/l
<1
17
<1
Barium
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
16 g/l
<1 g/l
Boron
<0.05 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
<20 g/l
<20 g/l
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
12
6.9
<1
Copper
g/l
<5.0
2.9
<1
0.016 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
110 g/l
<10 g/l
Iron
Lead
g/l
<1
2.9
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
1g/l
<1
<2
<1
<1
<1
Molybdenum
Nickel
g/l
Selenium
g/l
Vanadium
<2
<1
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
28 g/l
Zinc
g/l
<5
1.8
<1
Chloride
mg/l
<2
2.5
<0.1
mg/l
11
4.1
<1
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
0.06
<0.32
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<2
<200
pH in waters
pH units
7.7
7.6
<0.1
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.03
<0.03
Potassium
mg/l
2.5
0.2
6.1
Sodium
mg/l
0.05
2.6
Sulfate
mg/l
<24
24
23
<22
mg/l
<25
25
120
<10
%C
0.0041
<10
Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<1
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Total BTEX
g/l
94
<500
g/l
380
10
94
<200
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
2,2',3,3',6,6'-Hexachlorobiphenyl
2,2',3,4,4',5,5'Heptachlorobiphenyl
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
2,2',4,5,5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
2,2',5,5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
2,3,4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
2,4,4'-Trichlorobiphenyl
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
<0.7
<70
Electrical Conductivity
S/cm
1800
Leaching step and chemical analysis carried out in two different laboratories
Limits of detection
35
Table B3: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Cheddar Limestone (10/20) (CL)
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
Antimony
g/l
Arsenic
g/l
Barium
Boron
Scenario number 1
BRE Associate Lab 1
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
SW Associate Lab
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
<1
<1
<1
<1
8.4
<1
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
49 g/l
<1 g/l
<0.05 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
<20 g/l
<20 g/l
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
<2
<1
<1
Copper
g/l
<5
<1
<1
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
88 g/l
<10 g/l
<1
1.1
<1
<0.5
Iron
Lead
g/l
Mercury
g/l
Molybdenum
Nickel
g/l
Selenium
g/l
Vanadium
<0.2
0.2
<0.5
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
<1g/l
<1
<2
<1
<1
<1
<2
<1
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
14 g/l
Zinc
g/l
<5
6.2
<1
Chloride
mg/l
<2
0.75
<0.1
mg/l
<5
2.8
<1
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
0.02
<0.32
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
0.38
0.1
<2
<200
pH in waters
pH units
7.7
<0.1
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.03
<0.03
Potassium
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<1
Sodium
mg/l
0.78
0.05
<2
Sulfate
mg/l
<24
24
0.57
<22
mg/l
<25
25
82
<10
<10
%C
0.0028
Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<1
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Total BTEX
g/l
85
<500
85
<200
<0.1
<0.1
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
<10
10
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
<0.7
<70
S / cm
130
36
Table B4: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Crushed concrete and a high proportion of crushed
brick (4/20) (CC/BR)
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
Scenario number 2 **
BRE Associate Lab 1
BRE Associate Lab 1
BRE Associate Lab 2
SW Associate Lab
Result
LOD
Result
Antimony
g/l
1.2
<1
LOD
<1
Arsenic
g/l
<1
2.1
<1
Barium
0.011 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
5.1 g/l
<1 g/l
Boron
0.051 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
64 g/l
<20 g/l
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
25
2.8
<1
Copper
g/l
5.9
3.3
<1
<10 g/l
0.036 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
47 g/l
Lead
Iron
g/l
<1
1.7
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.5
<0.5
<1 g/l
<1
<0.010
Molybdenum
mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Nickel
g/l
<2
1.4
<1
Selenium
g/l
<2
<1
<1
0.013 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
6.5 g/l
<5
8.5
<1
<0.1
Vanadium
Zinc
g/l
Chloride
mg/l
13
0.43
mg/l
8.4
<1
<1
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.05
<0.32
<200
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
0.1
3.8
pH in waters
pH units
9.3
7.2
<0.1
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.03
<0.03
Potassium
mg/l
3.3
0.2
<1
Sodium
mg/l
8.5
0.05
<2
Sulfate
mg/l
83
24
2.7
<22
mg/l
210
25
21
<10
<0.001
<10

Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<1
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<1
<10
<500
<10
<200
-
Total BTEX
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
150
10
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
**
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
<1
<70
33
Leaching step conducted in the same laboratory but chemical analysis conducted in two different laboratories
37
Table B5: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Thames Valley gravel (4/20) (TV)
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
Antimony
g/l
Arsenic
g/l
Barium
Boron
Scenario number 2
BRE Associate Lab 1
BRE Associate Lab 2
BRE Associate Lab 1

SW Associate Lab
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
<1
2.1
<1
<1
2.8
<1
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
15 g/l
<1 g/l
<0.05 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
110 g/l
<20 g/l
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
<2
22
<1
Copper
g/l
<5
6.1
<1
0.12 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
340 g/l
<10 g/l
<1
1.9
<1
<0.5
Iron
Lead
g/l
Mercury
g/l
Molybdenum
Nickel
g/l
Selenium
g/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.5
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
5.6 g/l
<1
<2
<1
<1
<2
<1
<1
26 g/l
<0.010
Vanadium
mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Zinc
g/l
38
2.7
<1
Chloride
mg/l
<2
15
<0.1
mg/l
5.9
<1
<1
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
0.13
<0.32
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
0.14
0.1
2.7
<200
pH in waters
pH units
7.6
11.5
<0.1
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.03
<0.03
Potassium
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
8.9
Sodium
mg/l
0.69
0.05
13
Sulfate
mg/l
<24
24
80
<22
mg/l
<25
25
420
<10
%C
<0.001
<10
Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<1
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<1
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<1
Total BTEX
g/l
40
<500
40
<200
-
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
<10
10
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
<1
<70
S/cm
650
Leaching step conducted in the same laboratory but chemical analysis conducted in two different laboratories
38
Table B6: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Incinerator bottom ash aggregate (4/20) (IBAA)
Scenario number 3
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
Result
LOD
Result
Antimony
g/l
32
<1
31
Arsenic
g/l
18
<1
<1
LOD
Barium
170 g/l
<1 g/l
0.042 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Boron
260 g/l
<20 g/l
0.21 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.5
Cadmium
g/l
Chromium (total)
g/l
11
<1
9.4
Copper
g/l
130
<1
91
5
0.01 mg/l
Iron
630 g/l
<10 g/l
<0.01 mg/l
Lead
g/l
41
<1
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.5
<0.5
<0.2
0.2
0.01 mg/l
Molybdenum
20 g/l
<1g/l
0.014 mg/l
Nickel
g/l
<1
<2
Selenium
g/l
4.7
<1
<2
Vanadium
21 g/l
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Zinc
g/l
14
<1
17
Chloride
mg/l
180
<0.1
170
mg/l
8.7
<1
10
Fluoride
mg/l
0.37
<0.32
<0.2
0.2
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
<2
<200
4.3
0.1
pH in waters
pH units
<0.1
6.8
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.03
<0.03
0.13
0.05
Potassium
mg/l
41
21
0.2
Sodium
mg/l
99
100
0.05
Sulfate
mg/l
300
<22
270
24
mg/l
940
<10
770
25
%C
0.0087
<10
Benzene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<1
<10
10
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<1
<20
20
o-Xylene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Toluene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Total BTEX
g/l
89
<500
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
g/l
89
<200
430
10
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-
SW
SW Associate Lab
Heptachlorobiphenyl
g/l
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
<0.7
<70
S/cm
1400
Leaching step conducted in the same laboratories but with chemical analysis conducted in two different laboratories
39
Scenario number 3
Units
Chemical analysed
unless
otherwise
indicated
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
Antimony
g/l
<1
<1
<1
Arsenic
g/l
8.4
<1
<1
Barium
49 g/l
<1 g/l
0.016 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Boron
<20 g/l
<20 g/l
<0.05 mg/l
0.05 mg/l
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
<1
<1
12
Copper
g/l
Iron
<1
<1
<5
88 g/l
<10 g/l
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Lead
g/l
1.1
<1
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.5
<0.5
<0.2
0.2
Molybdenum
<1 g/l
<1g/l
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Nickel
g/l
<1
<1
11
Selenium
g/l
<1
<1
<2
14 g/l
<0.01 mg/l
0.01 mg/l
Vanadium
Zinc
g/l
6.2
<1
<5
Chloride
mg/l
0.75
<0.1
<2
mg/l
2.8
<1
5.3
Fluoride
mg/l
0.02
<0.32
<0.2
0.2
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
<2
<200
2.9
0.1
pH in waters
pH units
<0.1
7.8
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.03
<0.03
0.053
0.05
Potassium
mg/l
<1
<0.2
0.2
Sodium
mg/l
<2
1.4
0.05
Sulfate
mg/l
0.57
<22
<24
24
mg/l
82
<10
52
25
%C
0.0028
<10
Benzene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<1
<10
10
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<1
<20
20
o-Xylene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Toluene
g/l
<1
<10
10
Total BTEX
g/l
85
<500
85
<200
330
10
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
g/l
2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-
SW
SW Associate Lab
Heptachlorobiphenyl
g/l
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
<0.7
<70
S/cm
130
Leaching step conducted in the same laboratories but with chemical analysis conducted in two different laboratories
40
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
Antimony
g/l
Scenario number 4
BRE Associate Lab 1
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
BRE Associate Lab 2
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
<1.0
<1.0
Arsenic
g/l
<1.0
<1.0
Barium
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
0.016
0.01
Boron
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.05
0.05
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
<2.0
12
Copper
g/l
<5.0
<5.0
Iron
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Lead
g/l
<1
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
Molybdenum
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
2
Nickel
g/l
<2
11
Selenium
g/l
<2
<2
Vanadium
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Zinc
g/l
<5
<5
Chloride
mg/l
<2
<2
mg/l
<5
5.3
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
0.38
0.1
2.9
0.1
pH in waters
pH units
7.7
7.8
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
0.053
0.05
Potassium
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
Sodium
mg/l
0.78
0.05
1.4
0.05
Sulfate
mg/l
<24
24
<24
24
mg/l
<25
25
52
25
%C
Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
10
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<10
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<20
20
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
Total BTEX
g/l
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
<10
10
330
10
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
S/cm
Leaching step (without aggregate sample) conducted in different laboratories with chemical analysis in the same
laboratories
Limit of detection
41
Table B9: Results for BS EN 1744-3: 2002 for Blank (water)

Scenario number 4
Units unless
Chemical analysed
otherwise
indicated
BRE Associate Lab 1
SW
BRE Associate Lab 2
BRE Associate Lab 2
Result
LOD
Result
LOD
Antimony
g/l
<1.0
<1.0
Arsenic
g/l
<1.0
<1.0
Barium
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Boron
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.05
0.05
Cadmium
g/l
<0.5
0.5
<0.5
0.5
Chromium (total)
g/l
<2
12
Copper
g/l
<5
<5
Iron
mg/l
0.025
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Lead
g/l
<1
<1
Mercury
g/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
Molybdenum
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Nickel
g/l
<2
11
Selenium
g/l
<2
<2
Vanadium
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
0.01
Zinc
g/l
9.4
<5
Chloride
mg/l
<2
<2
mg/l
<5
<5
Fluoride
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
PAH (total EPA 16)
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
pH in waters
pH units
7.5
8.3
Phenols (total)
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
<0.05
0.05
Potassium
mg/l
<0.2
0.2
<0.2
0.2
Sodium
mg/l
0.89
0.05
0.56
0.05
Sulfate
mg/l
<24
24
<24
24
mg/l
46
25
<25
25
%C
10
Benzene
g/l
<10
10
<10
Ethyl benzene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
m- & p-Xylene
g/l
<20
20
<20
20
o-Xylene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
Toluene
g/l
<10
10
<10
10
Total BTEX
g/l
Total Petroleum
Hydrocarbons
g/l
<10
10
480
10
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
g/l
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
PCB as Aroclor 1260
g/l
S/cm
chmical analysis carried out in two different laboratories

tection
Limit of detection
ucted in different laboratories with chemical analysis in the same laboratories
42
Written by:
Caroline Weeks
Flavie Moulinier
Andrew Dunster
Rachel Harrex
Published by
Waste & Resources
Action Programme
Sumeet Bellara
Adam Buttress
Rebecca Hooper
The Old Academy

21 Horse Fair
Banbury, Oxen
OX16 0AH
Tel: 01295 819 900

Fax: 01295 819 911
E-mail: info@wrap.org.uk
Helpline freephone
0808 100 2040
www.wrap.org.uk

Leaching L0333 AGG079 003 BRE

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Leaching L0333 AGG079 003 BRE

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Aggregates programme/Final report

Testing of concrete to determine

Project code: AGG079003

Front cover photograph: Concrete produced with recycled aggregates

The Old Academy

Tel: 01295 819 900

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

BS EN 12457-2:2002 Characterisation of waste Leaching Compliance test for leaching of granular

BS EN 1744-3:2002 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates Part 3: Preparation of eluates by

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Leaching test methodology

Crush at 28 days or 1 year

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

EA NEN 7375:2004 method

Dimensional limits are defined

Sealable plastic tanks without softening

Specimen support method

1, 2.25, 4, 16, 64 days.

Chemical analysis of leachate

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Included as waste acceptance criteria in

Included in the List I or List II of the

Assessment criteria for leaching test results

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Assessment of turbidity and colour

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Comments (reason for choice)

Thames Valley river

Control mix containing a common concrete aggregate.

Crushed Cheddar limestone

Crushed Cheddar limestone

The same CL aggregate was tested in control mixes

Crushed Peak District

Control for the RA1 concrete specimen, so any

Recycled and secondary aggregates used in test mixes

Spent railway sleeper (RS)

Comments (reason for choice)

Crushed concrete with 10%

BS 8500-2:2006 restricts the levels of asphalt in

Crushed concrete (CC) with

BS 8500-2:2006 allows recycled aggregate to be made

Foundry sand (FS)

Incinerator bottom ash

Foundry sand is not a widely available aggregate 16,

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Specimen manufacturing and testing

Thames Valley river sand: 0/4 mm (TV)

Specimen preparation including curing

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Table 6a: Concrete specimens cast at BRE

Seal in plastic at 3 days and store

Store in sealed condition for leaching

Under damp sacking and polythene to 3

Table 6b: Concrete specimens cast at SW

Store in sealed condition for leaching

Under damp sacking and polythene to 3

Store in sealed condition for leaching

Seal in plastic at 3 days and store

Properties of fresh and hardened concrete

Testing of concrete to determine the effects on groundwater

Fresh and hardened concrete properties

Control 1 280 [280]