Ionic Bonding

What is ionic bonding

Strong electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative ions
The ions are held in an arrangement known as giant lattice structure
Ionic compounds are arranged in the lattice structure to
o Maximize the forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
o Minimizes the repulsion between similarly charged ions
Giant lattices of ions form ionic crystals

How do ionic bonds form

Metals lose electrons to achieve a full outer shell to become a positive ion
Non-metals gain electrons (from metals) to achieve a full outer shell to
become a negative ion
This gives them both the electronic configuration as a noble gas
This will cause an attraction between oppositely charged ions forming an
ionic bond
Isoelectronic
o Two atoms, ions or molecules that have the same electronic
structure and same number of valence electrons.
o Example Na+ and Ne
Na+ 1s22s22p6
Ne 1s22s22p6
The complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another forms an
ionic or electrovalent bond
the octec rule
o when the elements react, they tend to do in a way that results in an
outer shell containing eight electrons

Trends in ionic radii

the ionic radius is the radius of an ion in a crystal
the radius of a positive ion is smaller than the elements atomic radius
o because the remaining electrons are more strongly a attracted to the
positive nucleus

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 the radius of a negative ion is smaller than the elements atomic radius
o because all electrons are bond less tightly to the nucleus

Types of lattice structure

electron density maps show the exact arrangement of ions in an ionic
lattice varies depending on the relative sizes of the different ions present
sodium chloride has the face-centred cubic structure
and each cation is surrounded by 6 anions
coordination number
o The number of atoms or ions immediately surrounding a central
atom in a complex or crystal.
The coordination number of NaCl is 6
NaCl lattice is known as the rock salt structure
caesium chloride has a body-centred cubic structure
o because the caesium ion is larger than the sodium ion
o more chloride ions can fit around the caesium ion
The coordination number of CsCl is 6

Electron density maps

These electron density maps provide more evidence for the existence of
ions.
When X-rays are passed through an ionic crystal onto photographic film,
they are diffracted by the electrons and produce bright spots on the film.
The bigger the ion (or atom) the more electrons it has and the brighter the
spot it produces.
By analysing the positions and intensities of the spots, experts can work
out the charge density of the electrons in the crystal.
This charge density can be defined as the amount of electric charge per
unit volume and it is measured as electrons per cubic nanometre.
Points of equal density are joined up to form contour lines which produce
an electron density 'map'.
This diffraction of X-rays in a clear and repeatable pattern is further
evidence of the presence of ions in the crystal.

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