International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013)

Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Building with Plan

Irregularities
Mohammed yousuf1, P.M. shimpale2
1

M.E. structure- student, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M.G.MS college of Engineering Nanded
Each mode has its own particular pattern of deformation.
The contribution of higher modes diminishes very quickly,
and it is nearly always sufficient to consider the first three
modes of vibration to obtain reasonably accurate results for
most short- to medium-rise buildings. For high-rise
buildings, it may be necessary to consider more than three
modes. The significant modes that contribute to response
may be determined by selecting the number of modes such
that their combined participating mass is at least 90% of the
total effective mass in the structure. [2]

Abstract The main objective of earthquake engineering is

to design and build a structure in such a way that the damage
to the structure and its structural component during an
earthquake is minimized. This paper aims towards the
dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete building with plan
irregularity. Four models of G+5 building with one symmetric
plan and remaining irregular plan have been taken for the
investigation. The analysis of R.C.C. building is carried out
with the FE based software ETABS 9.5. Estimation of
response such as; lateral forces, base shear, storey drift, storey
shear is carried out. Four cross sectional variation in columns
section are considered for studying effectiveness in resisting
lateral forces. The paper also deals with the effect of the
variation of the building plan on the structural response
building. Dynamic responses under prominent earthquake,
related to IS 18932002(part1) have been carried out. In
dynamic analysis; Response Spectrum method is used. The
CQC (complete quadratic combination) method has also been
employed for each model for estimation of dynamic response
for 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% damping and dynamic responses
were compared.

Objectives
The main objectives of present study include:
1. The effect of irregular plan on structural response
under seismic loading.
2. Dynamic analysis of framed structures using Response
Spectrum Method by CQC method for 5%, 10%, 15%,
and 20% damping
3. Comparative dynamic analysis of irregular building by
using ETAB software has been investigated.

Keywords Earthquake Analysis, Response Spectrum

Analysis, CQC Method, plan irregularity, dynamic
comparisons.

Basic types of structural analysis

There are basically eight types of analysis in the field of
structural analysis and they are shown in TABLE I.

I. INTRODUCTION

Table I
Basic Types of Structural Analysis

Structural design of buildings for seismic loading is

primarily relate with structural safety against major
earthquakes, but serviceability and the potential for
economic loss are also of concern. Seismic loading requires
an understanding of the structural behavior under large
inelastic deformations. Behavior under this loading is
fundamentally different from wind or gravity loading,
requiring much more detailed analysis to assure acceptable
seismic performance beyond the elastic range. Some
structural damage can be expected when the building
experiences design ground motions because almost all
building codes allow inelastic energy dissipation in
structural systems.[1] The first step in dynamic analysis is
to develop a mathematical model of the building, through
which estimates of strength, stiffness, mass, and inelastic
member properties (if applicable) are assigned. In general,
for a multistory building it is necessary to take into account
contributions from more than one mode.
110

Excitation

Structure

Response

Analysis Type

Static

Elastic

Linear

Linear-Elastic-Static

Static

Elastic

Nonlinear

Nonlinear-Elastic-Static

Static

Inelastic

Linear

Linear-Inelastic-Static

Static

Inelastic

Nonlinear

Nonlinear-Inelastic-Static

Dynamic

Elastic

Linear

Linear-Elastic-Dynamic

Dynamic

Elastic

Nonlinear

Nonlinear-Elastic-Dynamic

Dynamic

Inelastic

Linear

Linear-Inelastic-Dynamic

Dynamic

Inelastic

Nonlinear

Nonlinear-Inelastic-Dynamic

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013)
The diagonal members shall be 'truss' members - i.e.
capable of only carrying axial load. The elastic properties
can be derived from first principle, by matching forces and
deformations in a plate and the equivalent diagonals. [4]
General: This section provides required minimum
standards for the equivalent lateral force procedure of
seismic analysis of structures. For purposes of analysis, the
structure is considered to be fixed at the base. For
limitations on the use of this procedure.
Seismic Base Shear: The seismic base shear VB in a given
direction shall be determined in accordance with the
following equation:
Where:
VB= Ah W
Ah = the seismic response coefficient
W = the total dead load and applicable portions
of other loads:
Calculation of Seismic Response Coefficient: The seismic
response coefficient Ah shall be determined in accordance
with the following equation:

II. METHODS OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Methods of Dynamic Analysis
The methods of dynamic analysis used here are Time
History Method and Response Spectrum Method.
Time History Method
Time-history analysis is a step-by-step analysis of the
dynamical response of a structure to a specified loading
that may vary with time. The analysis may be linear or non
linear. Time history analysis is used to determine the
dynamic response of a structure to arbitrary loading. [3]
Response Spectrum Method
The Response Spectrum is a method of estimation of
maximum responses (acceleration, velocity and
displacement) of a family of SDOF systems subjected to a
prescribed ground motion. The RSM utilizes the response
spectra to give the structural designer a set of possible
forces and deformations a real structure would experience
under earthquake loads.
In IS:1893, two methods, one Seismic Coefficient and
other Response Spectrum method is described to carry out
the analysis for Earthquake forces. One Table (in Clause
4.2.1) is also provided to decide upon the method to be
used, depending upon Building Ht. and Zone. At the
bottom of this table, it is clearly mentioned that building
with irregular shape and/or irregular distribution of mass
and stiffness in horizontal and/or vertical plane, shall be
analyzed as per Response Spectrum Method. For all
practical reasons, no building is uniform in all the respects
(i.e. shape, mass/stiffness distribution in horizontal and
vertical plane). This means that for no building, the
Seismic Co-efficient method shall be resorted. Response
Spectrum method, being time consuming and tedious
process, most of time, it resort to computer applications.
Now while, modeling the structure, in most of available
softwares, usually, we model the space frame, neglecting
the in-fill wall stiffness. These results in flexible frames,
and due to which, in most of Cases, the program gives a
higher Time Period and results into lower base shear.
Today with the availability of Powerful Computers and
Software, the seismic coefficient method should not be
applied to anything other than mass concrete!! In such a
case a reduction coefficient would not be applicable. The
infill walls and slabs should be modeled. If software has
plate modeling capability, these can be modeled as plates.
Otherwise an "equivalent pair of diagonal members
connecting the four corners of the slab or wall (in each bay)
would simulate the shear behavior.

Ah

S a ZI
2 Rg

Where:
Z =Zone factor given in
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient
R = the response reduction factor
I = the importance factor depending upon the
functional use of structure
Period Determination: The fundamental period of the
building, T, in the direction under consideration shall be
established using the structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a
properly substantiated analysis or, alternatively, it is
permitted to be taken as the approximate fundamental
period, T, determined in accordance with the requirements
of Sec. The fundamental period, T, shall not exceed the
product of the coefficient for upper limit on calculated
period from and the approximate fundamental period T.
T=0.075h
for R.C.frame building
T=0.085h
for Steel frame building
Where
h=Height of building in meter

111

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Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces: The lateral force,
F (kip or KN), induced at any level shall be determined
from the following equations:
Wi hi

Qi VB

W h
j

j 1

III. STRUCTURAL MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

Four building of G+5 stories regular and irregular in
plan are modeled as of fixed base building and analyzed
with soft computing tool E-TABS V 9.5. Dynamic
responses of building are studied. Regular model consists
of symmetry in plan as well as elevation and irregular
model consists of plan asymmetry but elevation symmetric.
The CQC method is employed to get dynamic responses for
5%, 10%, 15%, 20% damping for all four models.
Figure 1 shows the plan of base model and figure 2, 3, 4
shows the developed irregular plans from base model. Each
model has plot dimensions 12 18 m in x-direction and ydirection respectively. The developed models are C-shape,
L-shape and irregular in plan as shown in figure 1, 2, 3,
and 4.
For the analysis of fixed base building response
spectrum method as per I.S. 1893: 2002 is used. The graph
represents response spectra for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
damping rocky soil (shown in Figure 5). X-axis shows
period T in seconds and Y-axis shows spectral

Where

Qi = Design lateral force at floor i

Wi Seismic Weight of floor i
hi Height of floor i measured from base
n Number of storeys in the building is the number of
levels at which the masses are located
Complete quadratic combination (CQC):The Complete
quadratic combination (CQC) rule for modal combination
is applicable to a wider class of structures as it overcomes
the limitations of the SRSS rule. The method is based on
random vibration theory. It has been incorporated in several
commercial analysis programs. A double summation is
used to estimate maximum responses,

i 1 j 1

In which, ij

acceleration coefficient(s a /g).

ij

is a cross-modal coefficient (always

positive), which for constant damping is evaluated by

r= number of modes being considered

i =response quantity in mode i

j = response quantity in mode j

ij

8 2 1

1.5

2 2

4 2 1

Figure1 model A

Figure 2 model A

=modal damping ratio

=frequency ratio=

j
i

j =circular frequency in jth mode

i = circular frequency in ith mode

Similar equations can be applied for the computation of
member forces, interstorey deformations, base shears and
overturning moments.
Figure 3 Model C

112

Figure1 model D

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Figure 6 Base shear

Modal Natural Period (T k ): - The modal natural period

Figure 5 Response Spectra for 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% damping

k is the time period of vibration in mode k. The modal

natural period k is more in model A as compared to model
B and model C. The modal natural period k is somewhat is
less in model D as compared to model A. Therefore the
Sa/g value is more in model A as compared to remaining
model as shown in Figure 7.

For the dynamic analysis of building the assumed

preliminary data as follows
Type of structure =Multi-storey rigid jointed plane
frame, seismic zone = IV , zone factor=0.24,number of
storey's=G+5.storey height=3.5, base floor height=2,infill
wall=230mmthick,imposed load=5 KN/m2, Materials=
Concrete (M25) and Reinforcement Fe415, Depth of
slab=150 mm, Specific weight of RCC=25 KN/m3, ,
Specific weight of infill=20 KN/m3, Importance
factor=1.The various sizes of columns and beams shown
below
C1=230 mm x 380 mm Outer column
C1=230 mm x 800 mm Interior column up to G+1
C1=230 mm x 600 mm Interior column up to G+3
C1=230 mm x 450 mm Interior column up to G+5

BM=230mm x 600 mm Beam in Longitudinal direction

BO=230mm x 600 mm Beam in Transverse direction

Figure 7 Model Period

Response spectrum acceleration:

The response
spectrum acceleration depends upon time period and
percentage of damping therefore response spectrum
acceleration decreases as we increase the percentage of
damping .The magnitude of response spectrum acceleration
is less for 20% damping as compared to 5% damping. The
response spectrum acceleration for various damping
percentage as shown in Figure 8 to 11.

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

Base Shear:
Base shear is calculated by using IS 1893-2002 method
for all four model s in Figure 6 illustrate the comparison of
base shear using lateral load Equivalent method. The lower
base shear is getting in model C and the higher base shear
is getting in model A.

113

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Figure 8 Response Spectrum Acceleration For 5% Damping After

Analysis
Figure 11 Response Spectrum Acceleration For 15% Damping After
Analysis

Natural Frequency: Natural frequency is the reciprocal

of model natural period. The dynamic responses are vary
according to different natural frequency because the
number of modes to be considered is depend upon the
natural frequency. If the natural frequency beyond 33Hz
those modes are to be considered and model combination
will be carried out only for modes up to 33Hz according to
IS -1863-2002. The natural frequency for various modes as
shown in Figure 12.

Figure 9 Response Spectrum Acceleration For 10% Damping After

Analysis

Figure 12 Natural Frequency

Storey Drift: As per Clause no. 7.11.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1):

2002, the storey drift in any storey due to specified design
lateral force with partial load factor of 1.0, shall not exceed
0.004 times the storey height. From the analysis the storey
drift we are getting is within in permissible limit as shown
in figure 6.21 to figure 6.24. Maximum drift permitted =
0.004 x 3500 = 14mm for similar storey and for base
storey maximum drift= 0.004 x 2000 = 08mm.

Figure 10 Response Spectrum Acceleration For 15% Damping After

Analysis

114

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Figure13 Storey Drift for Model A

Figure 16 Storey Drift for Model D

Storey Shear by CQC Method:

The storey shear reduces linearly for each in increase in
damping percentage. Therefore we have to consider what
amount of percentage of damping is required for the
building in respective zones because in severe zone more
damping is required to reduce structural damages and to get
maximum response of structure against damages. But
generally 5% damping is considered as critical damping for
earth quake design of structure. But for 10% damping we
are getting optimum value for spectra x and spectra y. the
storey shear by CQC method after analysis that are getting
as shown in TABLEII and TABLE III below.
Figure 14 Storey Drift for Model B

TABLE I
STOREY SHEAR BY CQC METHOD (SPECTRA X)

Model

Figure 15 Storey Drift for Model C

115

Storey Shear by CQC method (spectra x)

Storey
Storey
Storey
A/L
Shear
Shear
Shear
Ratio
5%
10%
15%

Storey
Shear
20%

A
B

0
0.33

1160
1010

932
790

818
693

704
597

0.66

709

573

504

434

0.33

969

738

654

565

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013)
TABLE III
STOREY SHEAR BY CQC METHOD (SPECTRA Y)

Model

5) Irregularity in plan can result in complex dynamics

and irregular response as the above discussion in
performance analysis the irregular responses we are
getting for models.
6) Where Plan irregularities exist, check the lateral-force
resisting elements using a dynamic analysis so that
more realistic lateral load distribution can be achieved
because irregularity in plan can result in irregular
response so to resist the lateral loads it is necessary to
check lateral- force resisting elements.
7) The Complete quadratic combination (CQC) rule for
modal combination is applicable to a wider class of
structures as it overcomes the limitations of the other
rule because the method is based on random vibration
theory.

Storey Shear by CQC method (spectra Y)

Storey
Storey
Storey
Storey
A/L
Shear
Shear
Shear
Shear
Ratio
5%
10%
15%
20%

1200

960

843

726

0.33

1010

813

714

615

0.66

741

594

522

449

0.33

969

777

682

587

V. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

From the dynamic analysis of G+5 RCC frames with

plan irregularity we have got the following conclusions.
1) Dynamic analysis of buildings requires careful
structural modeling, understanding appropriate
selection of ground motion records, and thorough
knowledge and familiarity of the analyst with the
procedures and computer software employed.
2) Seismic design of structures is typically based on the
modal analysis with response spectrum that is
generally considered a conservative approach.
3) Base shear is calculated by using IS 1893-2002
method for all four model s in Figure 6.27 illustrate
the comparison of base shear using lateral load
Equivalent method. The lower base shear is getting in
model C and the higher base shear is getting in model
A.
4) For higher and unsymmetrical buildings Response
Spectrum Method should be used for symmetric
building we can use lateral load equivalent method to
the best way. But for unsymmetrical building requires
more accurate analysis therefore Response Spectrum
Method should be used.

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]

[5]

116

Romy Mohan C Prabha(2011): Dynamic Analysis of RCC Buildings

with Shear Wall .
P. P. Thakare O. R. Jaiswal(2011): Comparative Study of Fixed Base
and Base Isolated Building using Seismic Analysis
Chopra A. K, Dynamics of structures theory and applications to
earthquake engineering, Prentice- Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1995.
IS: 1893 (Part 1) 2002- Indian standard- Criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
Dr. Sudhir K Jain and Dr. Sudhir K Jain, Design Example of a Six
Storey Building, Department of Applied Mechanics M. S.
University of Baroda, Department of Civil EngineeringIndian
Institute of Technology Kanpur