Integration by Partial Fractions

Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Integrating Improper Rational Functions
Integration by Partial Fractions
November 3, 2014
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
In algebra, we learn how to combine two or more fractions into a

single fraction by finding a common denominator. For example,
3
2(x + 1) + 3(x 4)
5x 10
2
+
=
= 2
x 4 x +1
(x 4)(x + 1)
x 3x 4
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
However, for purposes of integration, the decomposed side is

preferable to the other side since each of the terms is easy to
integrate:
Z
Z
Z
5x 10
2
3
dx =
dx +
dx
x 2 3x 4
x 4
x +1
= 2 ln |x 4| + 3 ln |x + 1| + C
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
In the decomposition
5x 10
2
3
=
+
3x 4
x 4 x +1
x2
the terms on the right side are called partial fractions of the
expression on the left side because they each constitute part of
that expression.
Note that the numerators of the partial fractions are constants and
the denominators are the factors of the denominator of the original
fraction.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
To start, we factor the denominator of the fraction and look for

constants A and B such that
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10
A
B
=
+
(x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 x +1
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10
A
B
=
+
(x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 x +1
One way to find the constants A and B is to multiply both sides by
(x 4)(x + 1) to clear fractions. This yields
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10
A
B
=
+
(x 4)(x + 1)
x 4 x +1
One way to find the constants A and B is to multiply both sides by
(x 4)(x + 1) to clear fractions. This yields
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
This relationship holds for all x, so it holds in particular if x = 4 or
x = 1.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
Substituting x = 4 above makes the second term drop out and
yields the equation
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
yields the equation
10 = 5A
or
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
yields the equation
10 = 5A
or
A=2
and substituting x = 1 makes the first term on the right drop out
and yields the equation
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
yields the equation
10 = 5A
or
A=2
15 = 5B
or
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
5x 10 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
yields the equation
10 = 5A
or
A=2
15 = 5B
or
B=3
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
A second method for finding the constants A and B is to multiply

out the right side and collect like powers of x to obtain
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10 = (A + B)x + (A 4B)
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10 = (A + B)x + (A 4B)
Since the polynomials on the two sides are identical, their
corresponding coefficients must be the same.
Equating corresponding coefficients on the two sides yields the
following system of equations in the unknowns A and B:
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10 = (A + B)x + (A 4B)
A+B =5
A 4B = 10
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

5x 10 = (A + B)x + (A 4B)
A+B =5
A 4B = 10
Solving this system yields A = 2 and B = 3 as before
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Our next objective is to extend this idea to general rational

functions.
Proper Rational Function
P(x)
is a proper rational function, by which
Q(x)
we mean that the degree of the numerator is less than the degree
of the denominator.
Suppose that
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
There is a theorem in advanced algebra which states that every

proper rational function can be expressed as a sum
P(x)
= F1 (x) + F2 (x) + + Fn (x)
Q(x)
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

P(x)
= F1 (x) + F2 (x) + + Fn (x)
Q(x)
where F1 (x), F2 (x), , Fn (x) are rational functions of the form
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

P(x)
= F1 (x) + F2 (x) + + Fn (x)
Q(x)
where F1 (x), F2 (x), , Fn (x) are rational functions of the form
A
Ax + B
or
k
2
(ax + b)
(ax + bx + c)k
in which the denominators are factors of Q(x). The sum is called
P(x)
the partial decomposition of
, and the terms are called
Q(x)
partial fractions.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
There are two parts to finding a partial fraction decomposition:
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

determining the exact form of the decomposition and
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors

determining the exact form of the decomposition and
finding the unknown constants
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Finding the form of a Partial Fraction Decomposition
The first step in finding the form of the partial fraction

P(x)
decomposition of a proper rational function
is to factor Q(x)
Q(x)
completely into linear and irreducible quadratic factors, and then
collect all repeated factors so that Q(x) is expressed as a product
of distinct factors of the form
(ax + b)m and (ax 2 + bx + c)m
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Linear Factors
If all of the factors of Q(x) are linear, then the partial fraction
P(x)
decomposition of
can be determined by using the following
Q(x)
rule:
Linear Factor Rule
For each factor of the form (ax + b)m , the partial fraction
decomposition contains the following sum of m partial fractions:
A1
A2
Am
+
+ +
ax + b (ax + b)2
(ax + b)m
where A1 , A2 , Am are constants to be determined. In the case
where m = 1, only the first term in the sum appears.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Example
Z
Evaluate
2x + 4
dx
x 3 2x 2
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Quadratic Factors
If some of the factors of Q(x) are irreducible quadratics, then the
contribution of those factors to the partial fraction decomposition
P(x)
can be determined from the following rule:
of
Q(x)
Quadratic Factor Rule
For each factor of the form (ax 2 + bx + c)m , the partial fraction
decomposition contains the following sum of m partial fractions:
A1 x + B1
A2 x + B2
Am x + Bm
+
+ +
2
2
2
ax + bx + c
(ax + bx + c)
(ax 2 + bx + c)m
where A1 , A2 , , Am , B1 , B2 , , Bm are constants to be
determined. In the case where m = 1, only the first term in the
sum appears.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Example
Z
Evaluate
x2 + x 2
dx
3x 3 x 2 + 3x 1
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Although the method of partial fractions only applies to proper

rational functions, an improper rational function can be integrated
by performing a long division and expressing the function as the
quotient plus the remainder over the divisor.
A(x)
R(x)
= Q(x) +
D(x)
D(x)
The remainder over the divisor will be a proper rational function,
which can then be decomposed into partial fractions.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Example
Z
Evaluate
3x 4 + 3x 3 5x 2 + x 1
dx
x2 + x 2
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Final Notes
There are some cases in which the method of partial fractions is
inappropriate. For example, it would be inefficient to use partial
fractions to perform the integration
Z
3x 2 + 2
dx = ln |x 3 + 2x 8| + C
x 3 + 2x 8
since the substitution u = x 3 + 2x 8 is more direct.
Similarly, the integration
Z
Z
Z
2x 1
2x
dx
dx =
dx
= ln(x 2 +1)tan1 x +C
2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
requires only a little algebra since the integrand is already in partial
fraction form.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Source: The Calculus Early Transcendentals, 9th edition by Anton

et.al.
Motivation
Partial Fractions
Linear Factors
Quadratic Factors
Math 74 2nd Lecture

Exam
November 5, 2014
(Wednesday)
6-8 pm

Integration by Partial Fractions

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