Psychology is the

study of the mind

. . . and the body
because mind and body
interact to shape
psychological
functioning

Examples of mindbody interaction

anxiety
midafternoon snacking
drinking (alcohol)

EMOTION
states of arousal involving
physiological changes,
cognitive evaluations,
action tendencies,
subjective feelings,
and expressions to others

PRIMARY EMOTIONS
such as happiness, fear, 
anger, surprise, disgust, 
sadness
Deeply-rooted
deep in our 
biological heritage, emerge 
early in life, and are 
probably universal

SECONDARY EMOTIONS
such as guilt, pride, 
gratitude, 
embarrassment, 
shame, empathy
not as biologically basic, 
develop somewhat later in 
life, and are strongly 
affected by culture

The sympathetic nervous 

system accounts for many 
of the physiological 
changes associated with 
emotion, such as rapid 
heart rate, accelerated 
breathing, and heightened 
energy.

The sympathetic nervous 

system mobilizes the 
bodys resources to deal 
with emergencies or 
strenuous activity

The constellation of physical

changes in the body, and the
context in which they occur,
guide what we feel and our
understanding of what were
feeling

Cerebral cortex (perceives threat)

Amygdala & Limbic System
(fight or flight response)
Prefrontal cortex
(emotion regulation)
Context (coping resources; responses
of other people; interpretations)

HOW DO WE
EXPRESS
EMOTION?

DISPLAY RULES
social rules governing how 
to appropriately express 
emotion in social situations
maximize
minimize
neutralize
mask

MOTIVATION
What did you do today?

WHY?

MOTIVATION:
Internal processes that 
arouse, direct, and sustain 
goal-directed behavior

Intrinsic motivation
Accomplishing goals for their
personal value

Extrinsic motivation
Accomplishing goals to obtain
rewards or avoid punishment

NEEDS:
What an organism requires 
to survive or function in a 
healthy manner

REGULATION OF
EATING
The bodys internal
regulator:
the HYPOTHALAMUS
(monitors fat content, blood 
sugar, and stomach sensors)

WHEN FOOD IS NEEDED . . .

lateral hypothalamus
WHEN FOOD IS NO
LONGER NEEDED . . .
ventromedial 
hypothalamus

WHAT ALSO AFFECTS

EATING?
CULTURE
CURRENT EMOTIONAL 
STATE
METABOLISM

ATTACHMENT AND LOVE

Secure Base
A person who provides 
warmth and security

Source: Johnson et al. (2000)

Security of 
attachment
a childs trust in the warmth 
and care of significant adults

Securely attached infants 

have better relationships 
with parents, are more 
confident, and develop 
more successful 
relationships with others 
(like peers) compared to 
insecurely attached infants.

STRESS
A process involving
the recognition of
and response to
threat or danger

Stressors are especially

difficult to cope with when . . .
they are long-term or 
persistent
multiple stressors occur 
simultaneously

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS RESPONSE

cerebral cortex perceives threat
hypothalamus
sympathetic 
nervous system
releases stress 
hormones 
epinephrine and 
norepinephrine 
from adrenal 
glands

pituitary gland
adrenal gland 
releases stress 
hormone cortisol

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
Study of the relationships between 
psychological functioning,
the nervous and endocrine systems,
and the bodys immune system

HOW DO WE COPE?
Alter perceptions and 
interpretations of events

Type A personality
Type B personality
is threat real or imagined?
focus on resources for 
coping
reframe the situation

HOW DO WE COPE?
Alter physiological 
effects of stress
guided relaxation and 
deep breathing
massage therapy
aerobic exercise
biofeedback

HOW DO WE COPE?
Create and maintain a 
healthy lifestyle
eat and exercise well
supportive social 
network

GENERAL
ADAPTATION
SYNDROME

PHASE 1: ALARM
Shock,
then quick mobilization of 
the bodys resources for 
coping

PHASE 2: RESISTANCE
Continued activation,
but some signs of 
physiological arousal may 
subside

PHASE 3: COLLAPSE OR 
EXHAUSTION
Bodys resources become 
depleted, coping is 
undermined, organism 
gradually fails