ESCI 313

TOXIC TREATMENT

Group no. 4:
Leader:
RaBBon Jr., ThoMAs EdiSOn
Members:
PaLapaL, Isaac Newton
PerEz, CLouie
PeLaEz, Pope Francis Andrew
RAmOs, JoHn Carlo FiDeL
SeNAdoR, John Joseph
TubO, BERnard ANGEL-O
Oy!, JeZU
ViVA, CeDrICK

Engr. Julius Angelo M. Lozada

Instructor

TOXIC TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT POLLUTIONS

Toxic-Toxic (hazardous) waste is a waste which make it dangerous or potentially
harmful to human health or the environment. because of its quantity, concentration,
physical, chemical or infectious characteristics.
Toxic wastes can be liquids, solids, contained gases, or sludges.
US Enviromental Protection Agency (EPA) listed the toxic waste into three categories:
The F-list: non-specific source wastes
The K-list: source-specific wastes
The P-list and the U-list: discarded commercial chemical products.
Treatment - care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or
applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)
Toxic Treatment - a care towards toxicity or treatment due to toxic substances.
Pollution - is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause
adverse change.
Effects of Toxic Waste
Toxic wastes are harmful to human health or to the environment, either
immediately or over an extended period of time.
Toxic waste may:
cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality (death) or an increase
in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness;
pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the
environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or
otherwise managed.
Toxic Waste as an Economic Eternality
1.) Toxic waste is resulted from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations, and from community activities.
2.) As the economic cause, small businesses such as metal finishers, gas
stations, auto repair shops, dry cleaners, and photo developers produce
many toxic waste products.
3.) Some hazardous waste generators are larger companies like chemical
manufacturers, eletroplating companies, and oil refineries.

Forms of Pollution
1.) Air pollution- the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.
2.) Littering- the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved,
onto public and private properties.
3.) Soil Contamination- occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground
leakage.
4.) Radioactive Contamination-resulting from the 20th century activities in atomic
physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research,
manufacture and deployment.
5.) Thermal Pollution- is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by
human influence, such as use of water coolant in a power plant.
6.) Water Pollution- the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial
waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface of waters; discharges of
untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from
treated sewage.
Pollution Control- is a term used in environmental management. It means the control
of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste
products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation
and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade
theenvironment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste
minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban
runoff.
A litter trap catches floating waste in theYarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia

A dust collector in Pristina, Kosovo

Gas nozzle with vapor recovery

Practices:
1.) Recycling - is a process to change (waste) materials into new products to prevent
waste of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw
materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and
water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste
disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic production.
2.) Reusing - is to use an item again after it has been used. This includes
conventional reuse where the item is used again for the same function, and newlife reuse where it is used for a different function.
3.) Waste Minimisation - is a process of elimination that involves reducing the
amount of waste produced in society and helps eliminate the generation of
harmful and persistent wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a more
sustainable society.Waste minimisation involves redesigning products and/or
changing societal patterns, concerning consumption and production, of waste
generation, to prevent the creation of waste.
4.) Mitigating - to lessen or minimize the amount of waste material.
5.) Composting - is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as
a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming.
At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap
of wetted organic matter known as green waste (leaves, food waste) and waiting
for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months.

Treatment Policies
In Toxic Waste Treatment there are two major options for getting rid of those wastes:

Incinerators
Disposal Sites

Incineration-is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic

substances contained in waste materias. Incineration and other high-temperature
waste treatment systems are described as thermal treatment. Incineration of waste
materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly formed by
the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid lumps or
particulates carried by flue gas(is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a
pipe
or
channel
for
conveying
exhaust
gases
from
a
fireplace,
oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. Quite often, the flue gas refers to
the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants).
Disposal Sites-is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest
form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of
organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Some
landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage,
consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or
recycling).
Pollution Control Devices
Dust Collection Systems:
1.) Bag houses-is an air pollution control device that removes particulates out of air
or gas released from commercial processes or combustion for electricity
generation.
2.) Electrostatic Precipitators-is a highly efficient filtration device that removes fine
particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit.
Sewage Treatment:
1.) Sedimentation- is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid
in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to
their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these
forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or electromagnetism. In
geology sedimentation is often used as the polar opposite of erosion, i.e., the

terminal end of sediment transport. In that sense it includes the termination of

transport by saltation or true bedload transport. Settling is the falling of
suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the termination
of the settling process.
2.) Aerated Lagoons- is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with
artificial aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.There are
many other biological processes for treatment of wastewaters, for
example activated
sludge, trickling
filters, rotating
biological
contactors and biofilters. They all have in common the use of oxygen (or air)
and microbial action to biotreat the pollutants in wastewaters.
3.) Constructed Wetlands-is an artificial wetland created as a new or
restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge
such as wastewater, stormwater runoff, or sewage treatment, for land
reclamation after mining, refineries, or other ecological disturbances such as
required mitigation for natural areas lost to a development.
Industrial Wastewater Treatment:
1.) API Oil Separators-is a device designed to separate gross amounts of oil and
suspended solids from the wastewater effluents of oil refineries, petrochemical
plants, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industrial
sources.
2.) Biofilters-is a pollution control technique using living material to capture and
biologically degrade process pollutants. Common uses include processing waste
water,
capturing
harmful
chemicals
or
silt
from surface
runoff,
and microbiotic oxidation of contaminants in air.
3.) Dissolved
Air
Flotation- is
a water
treatment process
that
clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such
as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or
wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in
a flotation tank or basin. The released air forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the
suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the surface of the
water where it may then be removed by a skimming device.
4.) Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment- is a wastewater technology in which
powdered activated carbon is added to an anaerobic or aerobic treatment
system. The carbon in the biological treatment process acts as a "buffer" against
the effects of toxic organics in the wastewater. Powdered Activated Carbon is
also used in the processing of drinking water at treatment facilities, primarily on a
seasonal basis in order to deal with aesthetic problems with the water such as

odor and taste issues associated with Geosmin (an organic compound with a
distinct earthy flavor and aroma produced by a type of Actinobacteria).

HAVE YOU ALREADY HEARD A PROGRAM CALLED P2?

Also known as Pollution prevention' describes activities that reduce the amount of
pollution generated by a process, whether it is consumer consumption, driving,
or industrial production. In contrast to most pollution control strategies, which seek to
manage a pollutant after it is formed and reduce its impact upon the environment, the
pollution prevention approach seeks to increase the efficiency of a process, thereby
reducing the amount of pollution generated at its source. Although there is wide
agreement that source reduction is the preferred strategy, some professionals also use
the term pollution prevention to include pollution reduction.
With the ever-rising human population, pollution has become a great concern. Pollution
from human activities is a problem that does not have to be inevitable. With a
comprehensive pollution prevention program, most pollution can be reduced, reused, or
prevented. The US Environmental Protection Agency works to introduce pollution
prevention programs to stabilize the population growth as well as how to reduce and
manage waste to prevent further pollution to the planet.[1]
Pollution Prevention (P2) eliminates or minimizes pollution at the source -- so pollution
isn't created in the first place and never enters into the environment. Traditionally, most
environmental protection has involved controlling, treating, or cleaning up pollution
which, in many cases, we continue to create.
P2 is most effective in reducing health and environmental risks because it:

eliminates the risks associated with any release of pollutants to the environment,
avoids shifts of pollutants from one medium (air, water or land) to another, and
protects natural resources for future generations, by cutting wastes and
conserving resources.

The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 made pollution prevention (P2) the national
environmental policy of the United States. At EPA, pollution prevention means source
reduction -- preventing or reducing waste where it originates, at the source -- including
practices that conserve natural resources by reducing or eliminating pollutants through
increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water, and land. EPA works to
promote pollution prevention. This is done in several ways, such as using voluntary
pollution reduction programs, engaging in partnerships, providing technical assistance,

funding demonstration projects, and incorporating cost-effective pollution prevention

alternatives into regulations and other initiatives.
A wide range of pollution prevention activities can be implemented at an agricultural
establishment, ranging from those that are fairly simple and inexpensive (such as
material substitution) to those that are more complex.
Cleanups can save animals lives and discourage people from littering in the future.

SOME LAWS AND POLICIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.

(Environmental Protection Agencies) EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

(OPPT) manages programs under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)and
the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990. Under these laws, EPA evaluates new and
existing chemicals and their risks, and finds ways to prevent or reduce pollution before it
gets into the environment. We also manage a variety of environmental stewardship
programs that encourage companies to reduce and prevent pollution.
The Pollution Prevention Act established the national policy that pollution should be
prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible. Preventing pollution offers
important economic benefits, as pollution never created avoids the need for expensive
investments in waste management or cleanup.
Executive Order 13514, "Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic
Performance." The order states: "It is therefore the policy of the United States that
Federal agencies shall increase energy efficiency; measure, report, and reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions from direct and indirect activities; conserve and protect
water resources through efficiency, reuse, and storm water management; eliminate
waste, recycle, and prevent pollution;
Executive Order 13423, "Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and
Transportation Management." The order sets goals in the areas of energy efficiency,
acquisition, renewable energy, toxics reductions, recycling, renewable energy,
sustainable buildings, electronics stewardship, fleets, and water conservation.
In Philippines the Republic act 8749, or the Clean Air Act of 1999, goes beyond making
the polluter pay. It focuses primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control by
encouraging cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries. It also
enforces a system of accountability for adverse environmental impacts to heighten
compliance to government environmental regulations.

P.D. 1152 Philippine Environmental Policy

- defines the policy objectives and the strategies for the various aspects of
environmental management, such as air and water quality management, natural source
development, land management, and waste management. It launches a comprehensive
national program of environmental protection and management, with reference to
policies and standards of noise, air quality, water quality, classification of water and
waste management.