INTRODUCTION

A Computer is an electronic device, which perform arithmetic and logical operations. A

computer is a machine capable of solving problems and manipulating data. It accepts
data, processes the data and gives us the desired output.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER
1. Speed : The speed of a computer is measured in terms of microseconds (10-6
part of a second) or nano-second(10-9 part of a second).
2. Accuracy: A computer performs the tasks and gives the results accurately.
3. Calculations: It can perform arithmetic and logical calculations.
4. Storage: Computer can store large amount of information or data, permanently.
Any information can be stored and recalled whenever required.
5. Reliability: Reliability is the ability of a system to perform its functions,
repeatedly over a long duration, as expected by the user.
APPLICATIONS OF A COMPUTER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

School
Medical Field
Ticketing
Bookkeeping
Bank
Scientific and Engineering Applications
Entertainment

BASIC COMPOENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Input Unit

Central Processing
Unit
(CPU)

Output Unit

Input Unit
It is the process of entering the data and programs into the computer system. We know
that the computer is an electronic machine like any other machine.
Examples: Keyboard, Mouse
Processing
The task of performing arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for executing all the operations in a
computer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The arithmetic and Logical Unit along with the Control Unit of a Computer system are
jointly known as the Central Processing Unit. We may call CPU as the brain of any
computer system.
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The arithmetic and Logic Unit Performs the processing of the data and
instructions. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, logic handling, and comparison.
2. Control Unit (CU)
The Control Unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed. The control unit handles things like processing of
programs stored in the main memory.
3. Memory Unit (MU)
Memory Unit is used to store the data and information. Memory unit is a set of
memory cells.
OUTPUT UNIT
This is the process of producing the results from the data to get useful information.
Some of the devices that show the output of a computer are : monitor, printer etc.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Evolution of Computer
In ancient times, men performed calculations with the help of sticks, pebbles, bones,
etc. The concept of computer in medieval times was limited to a machine through which
some calculations or computing could be carried out.
Abacus
Abacus was the first calculating device invented around 5000 BC in China.
Napiers Bones
In 1617, John Napier invented a calculating device called Napiers Bones. This tool was
used for multiplication and division of number. He is most remembered as the inventor
of logarithms and Napiers bones, and for popularizing the use of the decimal point.
Pascaline
In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented an adding machine called Pascaline. The Pascaline
was a decimal machine. This device was used to perform addition and subtraction. In
1694, Leibnitz improved Pascals machine so that it could perform multiplication and
division also.

Analytical Engine
The invention of computers as we know today started with the efforts of English and
Mathematics Professor Charles Babboage. In 1821, Babbage invented the Difference
Engine to perform mathematical calculations.
Generations of Computers

The history of computer development is often referred with reference to the different
generations of computing devices.
1. First-Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes

2.
3.
4.
5.

Second-Generation (1956-1963): Transistors

Third-Generation (1964-1971): Integrated Circuits
Fourth-Generation (1971-Present): microprocessors
Fifth- Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence

MULTIMEDIA
Multimedia is the media that uses multiple forms of information like sound, audio, video
and animations. In multimedia you can hear or see the texts, books, pictures, music,
sounds, CDs, Videos, DVDS, Records, Films, and more.
Applications of Multimedia
Multimedia finds its application in various areas including, but not limited to, art,
education, entertainment, engineering, medicine, mathematics, business, scientific
research etc.
Her are some examples of multimedia file types:
Text Files : .txt., .doc. .rft
Audio Files : .au, .aif, .wav
Graphic Files: .jpg, .gif, .tif, .bmp, .pict, .pcx
Moving Video Files : .qt, .mov, .avi
Animation: .fli, .flc

INPUT DEVICES
Introduction
The data or fact that we feed into the computer is called an input. The device used to
input the data are called input devices.

Examples: keyboard, mouse, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, etc.

Application of Various Input Devices

Pointing Devices
A pointing device is used to control the movement of the pointer to select items on a
monitor.
Examples: mouse, joystick

Mouse
A mouse is a hand-operated pointing device that control the cursor on the computer
screen.
Action of a mouse
There are four basic mouse action:

Single click

Double-click

Right-click

Drag-and-drop

Keyboard Devices
A keyboard device is used to type the test. We can type alphabets, numbers and also
special characters.
Examples: keyboard

Keyboard
Keyboard is a standard input device used for typing the test.

Gaming Devices
The gaming device is mainly used for playing games.
Examples: joystick, keyboard

Joystick

Joystick is an input device. It is similar to a mouse.

A joystick consists of a handheld stick that pivots about one end and transmits
its angle in two or three dimensions to a computer.

Joystick has one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the
computer.

Joystick is also used for controlling machines such as elevators, cranes, trucks,
powered wheelchairs, etc.

Image and Video Devices

The image and video devices are mainly used to scan images and capture videos.
Examples: scanner, digital camera

Scanner

Scanner is an input device. It is capable of converting an image (such as the

photograph, printed text, or handwritten-matter) on paper into digital format.

Digital Cameras
A digital camera is an electronic device used to capture and store photographs
electronically instead of using photographic film in conventional cameras.

Character Recognition Devices

Character recognition refers to the branch of computer science that involves reading
text from the paper and translating the image into a from that the computer can
manipulate.
Examples: MICR, OCR

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

MICR system is widely used in bank clearing houses to sort the tremendous volume of
cheques received by them everyday.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

Optical character recognition, usually abbreviated as OCR, is a computer software
designed to translate image of handwritten or typewritten text (usually captured by a
scanner) into machine-editable text.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Introduction
The result obtained after processing input is called the output. The devices used to
output the data are called output devices. Monitor, printer, speaker, plotter, etc., are
output devices.
Visual Display Unit (VDU)
Visual Display Unit is the standard output device which is also called as monitor.
Softcopy is the output observed on a monitor.

VDUs are broadly classified based on colour, size, and technology.

The types of monitor based on colour are:

MDA/MGA

- Monochrome Display Adapter or Graphics Adapter

CGA

- Colour Graphics Adapter

HGA

- Hercules Graphics Adapter

EGA

- Enhanced Graphics Adapter

VGA

- Video Graphics Adapter

SADA

- Super Video Graphics Adapter

The types of monitor based on sizes are 8, 12, 14, 17, 20, and 21.

Printer

Printer is a used print the output, such as graphics and text, on a paper. The output
obtained from the printer is called a hardcopy.
The printers are classified into two types. They are,

Impact printer

Non-impact printer

Impact printer: A print hammer strikes a ribbon to create a print on the paper. They are
slow and cheap.
Non-impact printer: These do not have a print hammer and uses either thermal,
electronic, chemical, or inkjet technologies. They are fast and cost more than the impact
printer.
Types of printer

Printer

Character

Character Printer

Line

Page

Character printer prints one character at a time.

Dot Matrix printer is an examples of character printers.

Line Printer

Line printer can print one line at a time.

Drum printer and chain printers are examples of line printer.

Page printer

Page printer can print one page at a time.

Laser and Ink-jet printers are examples of page printers.

Speaker
Speaker convert digital audio computer signals into audible output.

Plotter
A plotter is a vector graphics-printer device that is connected to a computer

CONCEPT OF MEMORY
Introduction
In computer, data can be stored in devices called storage devices. These storage
devices are also called Memory units.

Classification of Memory

Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

Primary Memory
Primary memory is know as the main memory of the computer.

Primary memory is classified into three types:

1.

Processor register

2.

Cache memory

3.

Main memory

Processor register
A processor register is a small amount of very fast computer memory.

Cache memory
The cache is a smaller, faster memory. It stores copies of the data from the most
frequently used main memory locations.

Main memory
1.

RAM-Random Access Memory

2.

ROM-Read only memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is used to store data temporarily.

Types of RAM

Dynamic RAM

Static RAM

ROM (Read only memory)

ROM is a permanent, built-in computer memory.

Units of Memory
A computer stores the data in units called bits and bytes.

Bit
A bit is the basic smallest unit of information (data) in a computer and it stands for
binary digit.

Byte
A byte is a sequence of bits. It is the unit of measurement of the stored information.

Quantities of bytes
Kilobyte
A kilobyte is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is equal to 1024 bytes.

Megabyte

A megabyte is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is approximately equal

to one million bytes.

Gigabyte
A gigabyte is a unit of stored information of the computer which a approximately equal
to one billion.

Terabyte
Terabyte is a unit of stored information of the computer, which is equal to 1000
gigabytes.

Secondary Memory
When the large amount of data processing has to be done, more memory is required.
Secondary storage is also called as auxiliary storage.

Common characteristics of secondary memory

Access time
Data transfer rate
Storage capacity
Non-volatile

Storage Medium

Secondary storage devices are made up of various materials such as:

Magnetic storage

Semiconductor

Optical disc storage

Types of Secondary Storage

a.

floppy Disk

b.

Hard Disk

c.

CD

d.

DVD

e.

Pen Drive

Floppy Disk
The floppy disk is used to store files containing less data.

Advantages

It can be carried anywhere (portable).

It is inexpensive.

Disadvantages
As compared to other storage devices, its storages capacity is less.

It may get damaged easily.

Hard Disk
The hard disk is the main storage devices used to store the information permanently.

Advantages
It has large storage capacity.

It can storage data permanently.

Data can be read as well as written into it.

It has direct access to data

Disadvantages
It is costlier than magnetic types and floppy disks.

Compact Disk ( CD-ROM)

CD is used to storage larger quantity of data compared to floppy disk.

Advantages
It can be used to store large amount of data.

It is very economical.

It has fast data access.

Disadvantages
Data may be lost if CDs get scratched.

Digital Video Disk (DVD)

DVD is an optical disc storage device that can be used for data storage, including
movies with high quality video and sound.

Advantages
It has large storage capacity than CD and floppy disk.

Disadvantage
The access speed is less as compared to a CD.

Pen Drive
It is small computer storage device data connect direct to a USB port with a build-in
connector.

Advantages
The data can be accessed very fast.

It can hold more data.

It is considered to be a reliable device.
The data in the pen drive can be protected by using a password.

Disadvantages
It is not economical
SOPTWARE AND COMPUTER LANGUAGAS

Introduction
A computer solves any problem by taking instructions. When a particular problem has to
be solves, it is necessary to provide instructions for the computer to carry out. The art of

written instructions for computer to solve a specific task is know as programming. A

well-defined set of instructions is called a program.

Software
Software is collection of program that makes a computer understand

the users

requirements, the functions to be performed, and the output be produced for the user.

Types of Software
Software is classified into two broad categories namely:

System software

Application software

System Software
System software is defied as a set of one or more program designed to control the
operation of a computer system.

Need of System Software

To control all operations required to move data in and out of the computer.

For the development of application software.

To run application package in the computer with less time and effort.

Operating System
Operating system is the software that communicates with the computer hardware.

Types of Operating System

1. Single-user Operating System
2. Multi-user Operating System

Functions of Operating System

1. Resource sharing
2. User friendly

Language Processors
Language processors act as interpreters between a computer and high-level
programming language.

Utilities
Utilities are programs that perform a specific task, usually related to managing system
resources.

Applications Software
Application software is a set of programs that are written to provide solutions to specific
programs.

Computer Languages
The tern computer languages is an alternate name for the more commonly used term,
programming languages. Programming languages are part of computer languages.

Types of computer Languages

Low-level Languages or Machine Level Languages
The languages that a computer understand direct consist of codes in the form of zeros
and ones (0s and 1s ) and they are termed as machine languages.

Advantages
1. Computers can understand machine code without any conversion, Hence,
processing is very fast.
2. Machine languages make efficient use of storages (instructions and their storage
in computer memory can be easily controlled).
3. Machine languages instructions can be used to manipulate the individual bits in a
byte of computer storage.

Disadvantage
1. These language are architecture dependent.
2. It is difficult to remember the codes.

3. It is difficult to correct or modify machine language program. Checking the

machine instructions to locate errors is as writing them form the origin.

Assemble-Level Languages or Middle-Level Languages

The drawbacks of the machine languages lead to the instruction of a new programming
languages called the assemble languages.

Assemble-level languages uses mnemonic code.

Examples: ADD A is the symbolic operation code to represent additions and
SUB S for subtraction.

Advantages
1. Assemble-level languages is very flexible and powerful.
2. It is faster in comparison to the high-level languages.

Disadvantages
1. This languages is architecture dependent. This means that the program written
for one computer cannot run on another one.
2. Coding takes lot of time as the languages is complex by nature.

High-Level Languages
To overcome the difficulties of machine and assemble-level languages such as
architecture dependency, difficult to understand, etc.

High-level languages is closer to English languages and hence the name high-level
languages. High-level languages is also called Procedure-Oriented Languages.
Examples: BESIC, Pascal, C, C++, Java, etc.

Advantage
1. program written in a high-level languages is easy to understand and write
because it is closer to English languages.
2. It is machine independent.

Disadvantages
1. he programs written in a high-level language take more time to run and require
more main storages, the prove to be less efficient in the use of the CPU and
other facilities.
2. A source of program written in this languages needs a compiler translator, which
is loaded into the main memory of the computer. This occupies much of the
memory space. The memory available for a source program is greatly reduced.

Languages Processors
Nowadays, programming is carried out in high-level languages like C,C++,
Visual Basic, etc.

Types of languages programs

A.

Compiler

B.

Interpreter

C.

Assemblers

Compiler
It is a program translator that translates the instruction of a high-level languages to
machine-language. It reads the entire program first and then translates it into machine
code.

High-level languages- Compiles the Program- Machine Languages

Interpreter
An interpreter is also a program translator used for translating the high-level language
into the machine language. But it takes one statement of high-level language, translates
it into machine language and then executes it immediately.

Assemblers
An assembler is a computer program for translating an assembly language, essentially,
a mnemonic representation into an object code.

Virus
Virus is a software that infects a computer. It modifies other programs by placing a copy
of itself inside them. Virus is harmful in nature.

The acronym, VIRUS stands for Vital Information Resources Under Siege.

Symptoms of a Virus
1. Program take longer time to load into the memory.
2. The file size will be increased due to the attachment of virus.
3. Strange error message appear on display screen.
4. Strange graphic or bouncing ball appears on the screen.

Anti-Virus
Anti-Virus software is a program that either comes installed on our computer or when
we purchase and do the installation. It helps protect our computer against most viruses
such as Worm, Trojan horse, etc.

Norton Anti-Virus
McAfee Anti-Virus
PC-Cillin
Dr Solomans AVTK
AVG Anti-Virus
Spyware Doctor Anti-Virus
Panda Anti-Virus

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to a computer network

Computers exchange information, with the help of a communication channel.

Need for network

Network is needed for communication, information sharing, resource sharing and high
reliability.

Application of network
1. Remote database access
2. Communication medium
3. automated libraries

Types of Network
Computer networks may be classified on the basis of geographical area into three broad
categories.

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Local Area Network

Networks used to interconnect computer within a small area are called Local Area
Network (LAN). LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second (106
bits per second).

Advantages

The reliability of a network is high because if one computer fails to work if does not
effect the functioning of other computers.
Addition/deletion of a workstation to the network is easy.
High rate of data transmission is possible.
Peripheral devices like magnetic disk and printer van be shared by other computers.

Disadvantages

If the communication line fails, the entire network system breaks down.

Wide Area Network

The term Wide Area Network (WAN) is used to describe a computer network, covering
regional, national or global area.

Examples: Ethernet and Arpanet

Advantages
WANs are used to connect (LANs) and other types of networks together, so that the
users and computers in one location, can communicate with the users and computers in
other locations.

Disadvantages
It is slow as compared to LAN

Metropolitan Area Network

Metropolitan Area Networks or MANs are large computer networks usually spanning
campus or a city.

Advantages

It is less expensive and easily accessible.

It can be used by big organizations.
Disadvantages
It is limited to a small geographical area such as city level.

Internet
An Internet is an information portal designed specifically for the internet communications
of small, medium or large businesses, enterprises, government, industries or financial
institutions of any size or complexity.

Extranet
An extranet is somewhat similar to an internet. Extranets are designed specifically to
give external, limited access to certain files of your computer system to certain large or
privileged customers, selected industry partners across the world, etc.

Introduction to internet
Internet is also know as the NET. It is the network of networks.

Basic Applications of Internet

1. Searching
2. E-Mail
3. Browsing
4. Online chat

Essential Requirements to set Up an Internet Connection

1. Modem
2. Internet Service Provider
3. Web Browser

Modem
Modem is the abbreviation of Modulator and Demodulator. A modem is a device or a
program that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable line.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that provider access

to the

Internet and related service for the customer.

1. BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited )
2. Airtel
3. SIFY

Web Browser
A web browser is a special communication program that allows the computer to access,
download and view web pages. Some popular web browsers are:
Netscape Navigator
Microsoft Internet Explorer

MS WINDOWS
Introduction to an Operating System (OS)
An Operating system is a collection of programs used to control the operation of a
computer system.
Examples: DOS, Windows XP/95/98/2000, Linux etc.
Functions of an Operating System
Controls the backing store and peripherals such as disk drives and printers.
Controls the loading and running of programs
Organises the use of memory between programs
Organises processing time between programs and users
Types of Operating System
1. Character User Interface (CUI)
Character User Interface understands text-based commands. The user must
remembers the exact syntax and sequence of command.
2. Graphical User Interface
A Graphical User Interface uses visual graphics, rather than text, to help the user
in interacting with an application.
Windows
Windows is on of the most commonly used operating system. Windows provide
graphical user interface that includes a window, pull-down menu button, iconic images,
mouse, wizards etc.
Versions of Windows
The various versions of Windows are Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000,
Windows 2000, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows 203, Windows
Vista.
Features of Windows

1. User friendly: Window is easier to understand and work with as it has a Graphical
User Interface (GUI). Also, Windows modify its user interfaces almost every time
a new major version of Windows is released.
2. Windows operating system is multithreaded and multitasking.
The Desktop
The desktop is the first screen that appears after the computer is switched ON. The
desktop is the area where one can lace items, which are easily accessible. The picture
of a typical desktop is as shown.
Start Menu
Start menu is the entry point to a computer that appears after clicking the start button.
The menu is as shown.
The Table containing description of each start menu item is as shown:
Taskbar
The horizontal bar present at the bottom of the desktop is called the taskbar.
The taskbar contains the Start button. The applications that are currently open will
appear on the taskbar.
The icons on the taskbar are used for quick access of programs.
The time and date are displayed on the right corner of the taskbar.
Icons on the Desktop
A desktop icons is a small picture tha points to a program, folder or a document.
Each icon represents a specific function.
Y Computer
My computer is the most important item that can be used for accessing the files and
programs in a computer.

To access My Computer, double-click on its Icon.

My Computer Contains
Hard Disk Drive(s) (C:)
3.5 Floppy (A:)
The CD-ROM
Printers (includes your Printer icon)
Control Panel
Dial up Networking (particularly used for internet Connection)
Recycle Bin
This icon will display all the files and programs that have been deleted. All the unwanted
files that we no longer require can be sent to the Recycle Bin.
My Documents
My Documents is like a personal folder. It is the most convenient place where we can
store documents, graphics or other files that we wish to access quickly.
My Network Places
If the computer is set up to use a network, the My Network Places icon will be displayed
on the desktop. To see the computers or network serves that your computer is
connected to, double-click on the Entire Network icon.
Moving Icons on the Screen using Mouse
We can move icons around the screen to improve or change the layout.
To move an icon, place the mouse pointer over the icon and hold down the left button.
BASIC WINDOW OPERATIONS
Introduction

In Windows operating system, the user interaction is through a window which is a

graphic user interface. Now, let us know about the components of a window in detail.
Components of a Window
The essential components of a window are the frame, title bar, menu bar, status bar an
the scroll bar.

Frame
Frame is a container for the title bar, menu bar, status bar, scroll bar etc.
Title Bar
The title bar is the area located at the top of a window. This bar displays the name of the
window on the left-hand side.
Minimize
This button is in the upper right corner of the window. When clicked it reduces the
Window to an icon or a taskbar button in order to display the desktop.
Maximize/Restore
This button is used to change the size of the window to the complete size of the screen
or restore it to its normal settings.
Close
This button is used to terminate the program in the currently active window.
Menu Bar
The menu bar is displayed just below the title bar. It contains options such as File, Edit,
View, Favorites. Tools and Help.
File: It is used for carrying out file-related operations.

Edit: It is used for editing purpose.

View: It is used for changing the appearance of a window.
Favorites: It is used to add any drive or a folder in the list for easy access.
Tools: It helps to synchronies the folder settings.
Help: It provides help in case of problems.

Status Bar
The status bar is located at the bottom of the screen, just above the start button and the
taskbar. It provides information about the selected drive, like the total number of items
present inside the window, the total memory space occupied by the items and the
names of windows that are opened.
Scroll Bar
The scroll bar is used to move across the window. It is located on the right and bottom
portions of most of the Windows. They are called vertical and horizontal scroll bars
respectively.
Opening and Closing of Windows
Opening a window is the same as opening an application, file or folder. To start an
application or access a file/folder, we need to open it, and then close it when the work is
finished.
WINDOWS EXPLORER
Introduction to Windows Explorer

The windows explorer is a program, which enables us to systematically arrange and

access various files, folders and disk drives o our computer.
Drives
It is a device, which reads and writes data onto a disk.
Different types of drives are used for different types of disk.
Drives can be either internal or external (housed in a separate box that connects to the
computer.
Examples: A CD drive reads data from and writes data into a CD.
Files
A file is a collection of information which is stored in a computer.
Folders
It is an entity that contains a group of files.
Folders are used to organize the files containing information.
Main Features of Windows Explorer
1. Files and folders can be created.
2. Properties of file such as its size, extension, etc., can be viewed and changed.
3. File operations like cut, copy, paste, and rename can be performed.
Accessing Windows Explorer
1. Click ob Start button
2. Select Programs option.
3. Then select Windows Explorer program.

Components of Windows Explorer

Tile bar
Menu bar

Address bar
Toolbar.
Folder Related Operations
To Create a Folder
1. Click on the file menu.
2. Select the New option.
3. Then select the Folder option.
To Open a Folder
1. Click on Search option from Standard toolbar.
2. Now select the category which you wish to search. Whether it is picture, music,
video, document, file folder.
3. Then click on the search button.
Viewing Files or Folders
Click on the folder which you want to view, from the folders box.
Then a display of the sub-folders and the files in the selected folder appear in the
content box.
Now double-click on the sub-folder or on the file to view its contents.
To Copy a Folder
1. Click on the folder, which you want to copy
2. Now click on the menu.
3. Select the Copy option.
4. The folder gets copied.
5. In content box, go to the location, where you want to paste the folder. Then rightclick and select the Paste option.
To Move a Folder
1. Click the folder, which you want to move.

2. Now click on the Edit menu.

3. Select the Cut option.
4. In content box, go to the location where you want to paste the folder. Then rightclick the mouse and select the Paste option.
To Rename a Folder
1. Click on the folder, which you wish to rename.
2. In menu bar, click on the File menu.
3. Select the Rename option.
4. Type the new name and press the Enter Key.
To Delete a Folder
Folders can be deleted by selecting them and by pressing the delete key or dragging
the item to the recycle bin.
To Create the Shortcuts
A shortcut is a pointer to a file. Creating a shortcut allows us to quickly access a
program or document, wherever it has been stored.
To create a shortcut
1. Right-click on the folder for which you want to create a shortcut.
2. Choose the Create Shortcut option.
You can rename a shortcut without affecting the file too. To rename a shortcut, rightclick on it and choose Rename from the pop-up menu, then type in the new name and
press enter.
WINDOW ACCESSORIES
Introduction

Windows Accessories contain applications such as Calculator, PAIT, Notepad,

WordPad, etc.. Each application has its own defined features and uses.
Calculator
The calculator application is used to do mathematical calculation.
Main features
Calculator can perfom any of the standard mathematical operations similar to the
handled calculator.
Calculator performs basic arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtractions, as
well as functions found on a scientific calculator, such as logarithms and factorials.
To open the Calculator program
1. Click the start button
2. Select Program option
3. The select Accessories option
4. Click Calculator Option
The calculator applications startup screen is as shown.

Calculaor Operations
To perform a simple Calculation
1. Types the first number
2. Click + to add, - to substract, * to multiply, or / to divide.
3. Type the next number
4. Click = to view the result.
To perfom a scientific calculation
Besides the standard 10-key calculator, Windows 98 also gives an option of using a
scientific calculator. Tuis calculator has additional operations such as square root, cube
root, log, trigonometric, etc.

To do this in the View menu, click scientific option. The scientific calculator is displayed
as shown.
Paint
MS Paint is a drawing tool used to draw pictures. It is a drawing and painting program.
The various tools and olours available in the MS Paint helps to create presentable
graphics.
To Open MS-Paint
1. Click the Start button
2. Select the Program Option
3. Click on Accessories Option
4. Select Paint Option

1. Title Bar
2. Menu ar
3. Tool Box
4. Work Area
5. Scroll Bar
6. Color Box
Tool Box of MS-Paint
The tools in the box helps us to create drawings and fill them with colours in the work
areas. As we move the mouse pointer over tool, tool tip appears along with the mouse.
Most commonly used tools are shown here.

Let us learn the functions of these tools

1. Pencil tool is used to draw free-hand drawings
2. The brush tool is used to paint the images with chosen colours.
3. The line tool is used to draw straight lines.
4. The rectangle tool is used to draw rectangular shapes.
5. The ellipse tool used to draw circles and ellipse.
6. The paint bucket tool is used to fill pictures with the chosen colour.
7. The eraser tool is used to erase text, colours or image.
8. The select tool in Paint is used to select a part of the image.
9. The free-form select too, is used for randomly selecting the objects.
10. The magnifier tool is used to magnify the picture.
11. The pick colour tool is used to select the colour from an existing picture. It needs
not to be from the colour palette.
12. The air brush tool is used to give spraying effect with choosen colours.
13. The text tool is used to type the text in the Paint window.
File Operations
To create a new Paint File
1. Click on File Menu
2. Select New Option to open a new blank paint file.

To save a Paint File

Save option is used to store the file created in paint. Follow the steps given to save a
file.

1. Click the file Menu

2. Select Save option to save the file
3. The Save As dialog box appears as shown. Types the file name.
4. Click Save
To choose a Paint File
To close the file, follow the steps given
1. Click the File Menu.
2. Select Exit Option
Line Tool
1. Click on Line Tool using mouse.
2. Select the line width.
3. Select the line colour from the colour boc.
4. Draw the line in the drawing area.
Fill with Colour Tool
The fill colour tool is used to fill the picture with the chosen color.
1. Click on Fill with color tool.
2. Select the colour from the colour box.
3. Click the area where you want to fill the colour.
Eraser Tool
The eraser tool is used to erase the text, colours or image.
1. Click on ERASER TOOL.
2. Select the size of the eraser at the bottom of the toolbox.
3. Use the pointer and then rub the area that you want to erase.
Select Tool
Select tool is used to select a part of the image

1. Click select tool using the mouse.

2. Click and drag the picture or part of the picture that you want to select.
Free-form Select Tool
The free form select tool is used for free selection of the object
1. Click on Free From Select tool using mouse.
2. Select the object by drawing a line around the object.
Magnifier Tool
The magnifier tool is used to zoom the picture.
1. Click on Magnifier Tool.
2. Click on the drawing area to zoom the picture
Pick Colour tool
The Pick Colour tool is used to select the colur from an existing picture. It is not
necessary to select the colour from the colour box.
1. Click on Pick Colour Tool.
2. Select the colour by clicking on the colour that is present in the drawing artea.
Air Brush tool
The Air Brush Tool is used to give spray effect in a choosen colour.
1. Click on Air Brush Tool
2. Select the colour from the color Box
3. Draw a picture using Air Brush on the drawing area.
Text Tool
The Text tool is used to type text in the Paint Window.
1. Click on text tool
2. Click on the drawing area and type the text.
Edit Menu

The edit Menu is used to edit a picture in MS-Paint

The different options available in the Edit menu are:
Undo, Repeat, Cut, Copy, PASTE
Undo
This option cancels the recently made changes.
Repeat
This option cancels the Undo action.
Cut
This option is used to remove a selected area from the picture.
1. Select the object that you want to cut using the select tool.
2. Click on Edit menu and select the cut option
3. You can see that the selected object is removed in the second picture.
Copy
This option is used to copy the selected object in paint application.
1. Select the object that you want to copy using the select tool.
2. Click on Edit menu and select Copy option.
Paste
This option is used to copy the selected object in paint application.
1. Click on Edit menu and select Paste option to insert the cut or copied object.
2. You can see the object inserted in the second picture.
View Menu
Some of the options available in view menu are:

Tool Box

Colour Box

Status Bar

Image Menu
Some of the options available in the image menu are:

Flip/Rotate

Stretch/Skew

Invert Colours

Attributes

Clear Image

Colour Menu
The colour Menu has only Edit Colours option
Edit Colors window will open up on the top of the regular Paint Window when we select
Edit Colours from the Colours Menu.
We can customize our own colours palette.

WordPad
A WordPad is a word processor program, which is used to type the text. Wordpad
supports Microsoft word. RTF (Rich Text) and standard TXT (text) file formats.
Features of WordPad
1. WordPad supports paragraph formatting
2. WordPad supports Rich Test Format. This file is the default format used by the
editor to store and load files.
To open the WordPad
1. Click on Start button.
2. Select Programs Option
3. Select Accessories
4. Click on Wordpad option.

File handling in Wordpad

To create a document
The cursor blinking on the screen indicates the position of the text we are typing the text
in the work area. The window would look similar to the one shown here after typing two
lines of text.
To Save a documents
The contents type can be permanently stored by saving it. A name should be given for
the file or else it is lost when the computer is switched off.
Thus, we have to give the file a name and save it or else it will get erased when we
switch off the computer.
1. Click on File menu and select Save option.
2. The Save as dialog box appears.
In the Saveas dialog box, type the file name and then click Save button.
To close a documents
Once we complete our work in the WordPad window, we can exit it. To quit WordPad
choose Exit from the File menu of the WordPad.
We can also exit the WordPad by clicking on X button located on the upper right-hand
corner of the window.
Text Manipulation
The cursor blinking on the screen indicates the position of the text you type. The text is
types in the work area.
To select a text

Before performing any text operations, we have to select the text that we want to work
with. Selected text appears highlighted on our screen.
To cut or move the text
Moving text allows you to remove the selected text or block of text within the documents
and move it to another location without retyping.
1. Select world in the document that you want to move. The word appears
highlighted. Observe that the word Terrestrial Animals is selected.
2. Click on the Cut button on the standard tool bar and move the insertion point at
the new location where you want o insert the text.
3. Click on the paste button from the standard toolbar.
To copy the text
Copy allows us to make a copy of the selected text or block of text within the documents
to another location without retyping.
1. Select the word in the document that you want to copy. The word appears
highlighted.
2. Here the text is Terrestrial Animals.
3. Click the copy button on the standard toolbar and move the insertion point at the
new location where you want to insert the text.
To format the ext
To change the fort size
You can change the appearance of the text that you have typed. To do this follow the
steps given below:
1. Select the text to change its font size.
2. Click on the Font Size button in the Standard toolbar.

3. A drop-down list will be opened for you to select any size number.
To apply Bold format
1. Select the next.
2. Click on the B button present on the Standard toolbar.
To apply Italics format
1. Select the text
2. Click on the I button present on the Standard Toolbar.
To apply underline format
1. Select the text
2. Click on the U button present on the Standard toolbar.
Notepad
A notepad is a software mainly used to type the text and to create text files. Notepad is
a basic text editor that we can use to create simple documents.
Features of Notepad
Notepad is an excellent tool for creating any text documents, including HTMLfiles, Perl
Files, and normal text files.
The user will have complete control over layout and the HTML code that goes into the
documents.
To open Notepad
1. Clickon Start Button
2. Select Programs Option
3. Select the Accessories option.
4. Then, select Notepad option.
5. This will start the Notepad. The Notepad startup screen appears as shown.

File Operations
To create a new File
1. Click on File Menu
2. Seelct New option to open a new blank Notepad file. By default a new file would
have opened.
3. Types the given text in the Notepad.
To save a file in Notepad
Save option is used to store the text typed in the Notepad. Follow the given steps to
save a file.
1. Click on File Menu
2. Select Save Option
3. The Save as dialog box. Types the file Name.
4. Click on the save button.
To close the file, follow the given steps:
1. Click on File Menu.
2. Select Exit option.
Menus in Notepad
1. Edit Menu
2. Find
3. Replace
4. Time and data
5. Format Menu
6. Word wrap
7. Font
Clipboard
The clipboard is a common feature available across all windows programs. The
clipboard is a temporary area for storing information while working on a document.

Features
The clipboard involves three commands cut, copy, and paste.
Cut
The cut command removes the information from the current location and is present in a
clipboard which can be viewed.
1. Select the information to be cut.
2. Select Edit Cut or press Ctrl+ x or click on the Cut button on the toolbar.
Copy
The copy command is similar to the cut, except that copy leves the selected information
in the current location instead of removing it.
1. Select the information to be copies.
2. Select Edit Copy or press Ctrl+ C or copy button on the toolbar.
Paste
The paste command is used to place the cut or copied information on the clipboard at a
new location.
1. Position the mouse pointer where the information is to be relocated.
2. Select Edit Paste or press Ctrl+ v or press the Paste button on the toolbar.
Usage
It allows pieces of information to be temporarily stored in the clipboard and then
retrieved later by another application.
IT TOOLS
INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSOR
1. Introduction

There are many reasons for using computers today. Word processing is one area
that has demonstrated how powerful computers can be. Although there are many
different kinds of word processing softwares, most of them share the same basic
functions. To work with these softwares we do not require much skills in
computer or to type.
MS Word is a word processor capable of doing all the above mentioned tasks
and more. The full form of MS Word is Microsoft Word. The following functions
are prevalent in MS Word.
Typing
Saving a document
Opening a document
Editing a document
Printing
Spell check
Features of MS Word
Some of the important features if MS Word are as follows:
1. In Word, we can create a document and edit it if necessary by adding more text,
modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.
2. We can re-format the entire document or a part of the text, by changing the size
of the margins.
Opening MS Word Application
1. Click on Start button to display the start menu.
2. Click Programs option.
3. Select Microsoft Word.
Components of MS Word
The important components of MS Word startup screen are as follows.
1. Title Bar
2. Menu Bar

3. Toolbars
4. Standard Toolbar
5. Scroll Bar
6. Ruler
7. Workspace
8. Status Bar
MS Word File Operations
To Create a New Document
1. Click the New button on the toolbar
To Save a Document
1. Click the Save button on the toolbar.
2. The Save As dialog box appears as shown in the figure.
3. To save the document in a location other than the folder displayed select a
different drive name or folder name,
4. In the box provided, type a name for the file and click the Save button.
To Open an Existing Document
1. Click the Open button on the toolbar
2. In the Look In option, click the drive that contains the document. The list of
folders and files are displayed below Look In option.
3. In the list of files, click the document name.
4. Click Open.
To Close a Document
Close the current document by selecting by selecting File Close or click the close
control button.
EDITING DOCUMENTS
1. Introduction

While typing a text, mistakes might occur . MS Word contains facilities that enables the
user to edit the text. For editing the text. First we should select it, and then perform the
function.
2. To Edit a Document
Editing is done for improving the contents, in fulfilling some accepted standard,
by making deletions, additions and alterations.
To Select a text
First place the cursor at the beginning of the text to be selected. Select the text by
dragging the mouse over the desired text by pressing the left mous button.
Hold the Shift key on the keyboard, while using the arrow buttons to select the text.
Example:
Before the select process
The top layer of the soil is fertile, soft, and light. It gets blown away by the wind and gets
washed away by rain and floods. Heavy rains, running water, and wind can remove the
top layer of soil.
After the select process
The top layer of the soil is fertile, soft, and light. It gets blown away by the wind and gets
washed away by rain and floods. Heavy rains, running water, and wind can remove the
top layer of soil.
Select All
MS Word allows us to perform a change to the whole document at once, however large
it is.
To Delete a Text
Backspace and Delete keys on the keyboard are meant to delete the text.
Backspace will delete the text to the left of the cursor.

Delete will erase text to the right. To delete lines of text, select it using any of the
methods outlined above and press the Delete key.
Undo
We can always undo the last action by clicking the Undo button on the standard toolbar.
Select Edit Undo from the menu bar.
or
Redo Click the Redo button on the standard toolbar.

To Move (Cut) a Text

To move the text, select the text and click on Edit Cut option from the menu bar.
Or
Click the Cut button on the standard toolbar.
Or
Press Ctrl + X
To copy a Text
To copy text, click on Edit Copy option from the menu bar.
Or
Click the Copy button on the Standard toolbar.
Or
Press Ctrl + C to copy the text to the clipboard.
To Paste a Text
To paste the cut or copies text:
1. Move the cursor to the location of the text to be placed.
2. Click on Edit Paste option from the menu bar.
3. Click the Paste button on the standard toolbar.
Find and Replace

The Find command is used for the following

1. To find a particular word or a part of text.
2. To search the entire documents.
3. To search a particular area.
The steps to find the text are;
1. Select Edit Find option, it displays Find and Replace dialog box.
2. Enter text to be searched in the Find what text box.
3. Click on Find Next Button.
4. Select All options in the search list box (indicated by more buttons).
5. Select Find next to begin the search. It highlights the first occurrence of the text
to be searched in the document.
6. To continue search, click Find Next option.
To Format a Documents
Formatting a document refers to anything that affects the entire document. MS Word
helps us enhance the appearance of the text in a documents by applying different fonts,
styles, and colours.
Text Formatting
The formatting toolbar provides functions, that enables the formatting of the text. This
contains font, font size, style menus, and buttons for formatting, underlining, and and
bulleting the text. If the toolbar shown is not displayed on the screen, select View
Toolbars and choose Formatting.
To change the Font Face
Click the arrowhead in the Font menu.
It will display a list of fonts available.
Select the font, you wish to apply.
Example

Before applying the Arial font

Plant eating animals are called herbivores
After applying the Arial Font
Plant eating animals are called herbivores

To change the Font Size

Click on the text box labeled as Size to enter a value of the font size or click on the
scroll bar to the right of the box to view a list of font sizes available.
Select a size by clicking on it once. A font size of 10 or 12 is best for running text.
Example
Before applying the font size 16
Plant eating animals are called herbivores
After applying the font size 16

Plant eating animals are called herbivores

To change the Font Colour
We can change the colour of the font. The steps to do this size are:
1. Select the text.
2. In the formatting toolbar, Click the Font Colour button.
3. Click the desired colour palette. If you click on Automatic (which is also default),
the colour of the text will change to black.
4. Click the colour which you wish to apply.

Superscript and Subscript

Superscripts and Subscript options are commonly used in Mathematical formuls.
Examples:
23 (Here 3 is a superscript)
H2O (here 2 is a subscript)
The steps to apply superscript or a subscript are:
1. Select the test to be formatted as Superscript or Subscript.
2. Click on Format menu and choose Font option.
3. The Font dialog box appears.
4. Select the option Superscript or Subscript from the Font dialog box.
5. Click OK.
TEXT Alignment
Text can be aligned to the Let, Center or Right side of the page or it can be justified
across the page.
Sample showing Left aligned text
Plant eating animals are called herbivores
[Type a quote from the document or
the summary of an interesting point.
You can position the text box anywhere
in the document. Use the Text Box
Tools tab to change the formatting of
the pull quote text box.]

Sample showing Center aligned text:

[Type a quote from the document or
the summary of an interesting point.
You can position the text box anywhere
in the document. Use the Text Box
Tools tab to change the formatting of
the pull quote text box.]

Sample showing Right aligned text

[Type a quote from the document or
the summary of an interesting point.
You can position the text box anywhere
in the document. Use the Text Box
Tools tab to change the formatting of
the pull quote text box.]

To format a paragraph
The steps to format a paragraph are:
1. Place the cursor within the paragraph
2. Select Format Paragraph from the menu bar.
3. The Paragraph dialog box appears. It contains two tabs indents and Spacing and
Line and Page Breaks.
Before and after: These settings are used to specify the amount of space that is
required to put before and after a paragraph.
Line spacing : works in conjunction with the At; field. This field allows the user to choose
any desired line spacing.
There are six options in Line Spacing option.
Single: The paragraph lines are single, spaced, with each line occupying the same
space as any other line.
1.5 lines in which each lines of the paragraph occupies 1 lines of space.
Double makes the paragraph double spaced.
At Least allows us to specify a minimum spacing we want to use.

Exactly allows us to specify the exact line spacing between the lines of the
paragraph.
Multiple is used if we want to choose a different leading.
Example:
Before applying paragraph attributes
[Type a quote from the document or
the summary of an interesting point.
You can position the text box anywhere
in the document. Use the Text Box
Tools tab to change the formatting of
the pull quote text box.]

After applying paragraph attributes

[Type a quote from the document or
the summary of an interesting point.
You can position the text box anywhere
in the document. Use the Text Box
Tools tab to change the formatting of
the pull quote text box.]

Indentation contains three settings i.e. left, right and special.

Left: To indent the paragraph to the left.
Right: To indent the paragraph to the left.
Special: To set the first line indent and hanging.
Choose Line and Page Break tab.
The options available in Line and Page Breaks tab are:

Window/Orphan Control: Prevents words from printing the last line of a

paragraph by itself at the top of a page (window) or the first line of a
paragraph by itself at the bottom of a page (orphan).

Keep with next: Prevents a page break within a paragraph.

Page break before: Inserts a Manual page break before the selected
paragraph.

Suppress line numbers: Prevents line numbers from appearing next to the
selected paragraph. This setting has no effect in documents or sections with
no line numbers.

Dont hyphenate: Excludes a paragraph from automatic hyphenation.

Bullets and Numbering

The bullets and numbering format can be applied or changed by using the Bullets
and Numbering dialog box.
1. Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers.
Or
Place the cursor on a line in the list to change a single bullet.
2. Click on Format Bullets and Numbering Option from the Menu Bar.
Or
Right-Click within the list and select Bullets and Numbering from the shortcut menu.
3. Select the list style from one of the seven choices given.
Or
Click the Numbered tab to choose a numbered list style.
4. Click on OK when Finished

Boarders and Shading

Boarders and shading option are generally used to highlight some information and to
give an artistic look. Word includes a toolbar as for applying corders and shading.
1. Select the paragraph to apply the border and shading or position the cursor on
the paragraph.
2. Use Tables and Border tool from the toolbar.