LEARNING OBJECTIVE

REMARKS

1. Understanding the respiratory process in energy

production
2. Analysing the respiratory structures and breathing
mechanisms in human and animal
3. Understanding the concept of gaseous exchange
across the respiratory surfaces and transport of
gaseous in human.
4. Understanding the regulatory mechanism in
respiration
5. Realising the importance of maintaining a healthy
respiratory system
6. Understanding respiration in plants

THEME

: INVESTIGATING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVING THINGS

TOPIC 7.0 : RESPIRATION

7.1 Understanding the respiratory process in energy production

Figure 7.1
1.The above diagram shows an active activity. Energy is needed for contraction and
relaxation of the skeletal muscle during this activity. Other than that, what is the
necessity of energy to the living organism?
a ______________________________
b ______________________________
c ______________________________
d ______________________________
2. i) Energy produce from the glucose oxidation process based from the equation below.
Complete the equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2+6H2O+ENERGY

ii)

State the process.

Anaerobic respiration

3. i)

During active activity, the skeletal muscle cramps . Why this situation happen?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

ii)

What is the mechanisme happen to discover this condition (anaerobic

respiration)
a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

4 i)

Aaerobic respiration in plant or ________________ is glucose oxidation

______________ oxygen produce __________________ and _____________ .

Complete the equation below:

ii)

C2H5OH

2C2H5OH + 2CO + energy

zimase enzyme

Suggestion experiment anaerobic respiration in yeast page 85 practical book.

Comparison between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration
Aspect
Anaerobic respiration
1.Need oxygen
Presence of oxygen
No need oxygen
2.
Glucose oxidation

3.

Product

4.

Sum of ATP produced

5.

Location

Similarities between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

1. ____________________________________________________________________
2 ____________________________________________________________________
3 ____________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________
7.2 Analyze the respiration structure and mechanism of breathing in living
organism.

Suggestion activity
The adaptive characteristic of respiration surface for gas exchange.

Manila card A

Manila card B

i)When all the cylinder in manila card B was opened and combined, it will formed a long
manila card. Compare the sum of surface area between card A and B
______________________________________________________________________
ii)What is the important for organism has sum of surface area per volume that is big?
______________________________________________________________________

iii)Relate the total of surface area with the efficiency of respiration gaseous exchange
process.
______________________________________________________________________

Diagram 7.2.1
The diagram shows the structure of respiration surface in organisms.
i)
How the big total surface area per volume in the organisms respiration
structure can be achieved ?
a. Amoeba
:
______________________________________________
b. Insect
:
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
c. Frog
: _____________________________________________
______________________________________________
d. Human
: _____________________________________________
e. Fish
: _____________________________________________

Generally the respiratory structures of most organism are :

A. ________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________
C. ________________________________________________________________
D. ________________________________________________________________
iii)The external respiration consist inhalation and exhalation mechanisms.
Diagram 7.2.2 A and 7.2.2 B show a rib cage mechanism model for inhalation and
exhalation process. Lable the part that represent by the structure below:
Inhalation mechanism

C
Diagram 7.2.2
Diagram 7.2.2A shows a rib cage and diaphragm muscle during inhalation. Diagram B
shows a rib cage model and diagram C shows a rib cage model during inhalation.

Diagram A
External intercostals
muscle contract
The rib cage move
upward and curve
Diaphragm muscle
contract , diaphragm
become flattens .

Diagram B
AD rubber band
elongate B C
extend

Diagram C
Rubber sheets
represent
diaphragm flattens
Balloon expands

Volume of air in
thoracic cavity
increase, air
pressure decrease.
High air pressure
inhale from outside

Complete this inhalation mechanism in sequence.

Diaphragm muscles contract

Air volume in the thoracic cavity increase

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

L
Figure 7.2.2(B)
Figure 7.2.2B shows rib cage and diaphragm muscle during exhalation. J shows a rib
cage and K shows a rib cage model and L is a model of lungs during exhalation.
Figure J
External intercostal
muscle relax while
internal intercostal
muscles contract
Ribs move downwards
and inwards
Diaphragm muscle
relax and dome
shaped.
Air volume of thoracic
cavity decreases
Air pressure in
thoracic vital
increases
High air pressure
moves out from the
thoracic cavity into the
atmosphere

Figure K
AC rubber band
relax and extend
BD rubber band
contract and
elongate

Figure L
Diaphragm muscle
relax and dome
shaped
Balloon contract

Complete the exhalation mechanism below in sequence.

Exhalation Mechanism

_______________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

7.1 Analysing the concept of exchange respiration gaseous on respiration surface

and transportation in human .
Diagram below shows the exchange of gaseous in the lungs and the blood
transportation to the cell. Study the figure below and complete the sequence of
transportation process of oxygen and CO2 to the cell.

In alveolus, high partial pressure of oxygen

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

In cell low partial pressure of oxygen

oxyhaemoglobin breaks down and releases oxygen and haemoglobin

haemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form

_______________________

In blood cappilary near the alveolus wall

_____________________ breaks down to
_________________.and ________________

Beside that CO2 is carried to the lungs in form:

i) ____________________________________________________________________
ii) ___________________________________________________________________

The difference between the exchange of the respiration gaseous in alveolus while
breathing and across the respiration surface .

The gaseous exchange across the

alveolus while breathingin the lung
Requires inhalation and exhalation
mechanism
The difference of air pressure in the lungs
and the environment
Requires breathing mechanism

The gaseous exchange across the surface

of the alveolus and blood capillaries
Diffusion
The difference partial pressure of oxygen
and carbon dioxide / gaseous
concentration
Requires cell respiration/aerobic
respiration

7.3 UNDERSTANDING THE REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RESPIRATION

(1) Introduction:
*While relaxing, the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in normal
rate.
*When we carrying a vigorous exercise , more oxygen is needed by the body

tissues and at the same time , more carbon dioxide is produce.

This situation need to be control , so there is no lack of oxygen in our body.
A regulatory mechanism occurs to maintain the concentration of oxygen
and carbon dioxide to the normal level.

(2) Effects of the vigorous exercise to the rate of respiration and the heart beat.

(a)

Suggestion activity

Experiment 7. 8 : To study the effects of vigorous

exercise on the breathing and heartbeat rates .

Reference
Practical book , page 97

(b) Based on the experiment, answer the questions below.

(i) What is the relation between the vigorous exercise and the rate of respiration
and the heart beat?
.....................................................................................................................................
(ii) What is the correlation between increasing the rate of respiration and the heart
beat with the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body?
...........................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

(3). The relation between rate of respiration with the content of oxygen and
carbon doxide in the body.
(a) Fill in the blanks :

Vigorous exercise ----------> the rate of respiration ___________________

The rate of respiration correlate with _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

While doing vigorous exercise, the concentration of oxygen in the blood is

______________ because more oxygen is used to the cell respiration to
produce more energy.
Instead, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood _______________
because of the increasing rate of. ______________________

which

produce _________________________

When the concentration of carbon dioxide __________________ a

_______________________ will occur to increase the rate of breathing.
More oxygen is inhaled, send to all parts of the body faster
and carbon dioxide send to the lungs for eliminated.

Figure7.4.1 The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content

in the body
The respiratory center is located in the
medulla oblongata of the brain. Central
chemoreceptors detected the drop in Ph
in blood and the tissue fluid bathing the
brain ( cerebrospinal fluid)

Cerebrospinal
fluid .
Cemoreceptor in
medulla oblongata

Respiratory
center

Impulse sent

Carotid body
Nerve impulse
Carotid artery
Intercostal
muscles contract

The rate of
heartbeat
increase

diaphragm

Ventilation rate
increase

The breathing rate

increase (faster
breathing) more oxygen
inhaled and more carbon
dioxide eliminated

Aortic
bodies

(a) detected the drop of

oxygen concentration in blood
(b) detected the drop/rise of
carbon dioxide concentration
(c) detected the changes of
pH level in blood

(4) The regulatory mechanism of oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the body .
(4.1) Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

(a) During vigorous exercise , the concentration of the carbon dioxide in the blood
increases and detected by
_____________________________________________________________.

_____________________________________________________________

(b) The drop of blood pH is dangerous. Then the regulatory mechanism occur to
maintain the pH level.
(c) The changes of pH detected by specific cell :
_____________________ (sensory cell which sensitive to chemical
substances ) located in medulla oblongata.
(d) The changes of oxygen concentration in blood regulated by
_____________________________________________________________
That is __________________ and _________________________________
(e) Peripheral chemoreceptor is also sensitive to the changes of carbon dioxide
and pH in the blood.
4.2 ( a ) What will control the breathing process?
The breathing process is controlled by __________________ ( a part of the brain)
The nerve cell is called _______________________ in ______________ ,will send
the impulse to stimuli _________________ and ________________ to contract .
This reaction causes _________________ .and _____________ process.

(b) When we are doing active activity such as swimming, exercise, aerobic, running,
hiking and play badminton

The rate of _______________________________________________________

The concentration of carbon dioxide in blood will increase __________________

pH _________________
CO 2 + H 2O

H2CO3
(carbonic acid )

H+

HCO 3-

( carbon dioxide dissolved in water and formed to carbonic acid ,and then breaks down
to hydrogen ion and carbonate ion.

(c)Breathing regulatory mechanism by central chemoreceptors

Complete the figure 8.4.2 below.

Figure 8.4.2
(c)

Concentration of
CO 2 increases
from the normal
level

CO2

+
+

H2 O

H+

HCO3-

Blood pH
.__________

nerve
impulse

Concentration of
CO2 become to
the normal level

Central
chemoreceptor
stimulated

[Note: Ventilation is the gaseous exchange within the blood and air in the alveolus].

(d) Regulation by peripheral chemoreceptors

Complete figure 8.4.3 below.
Rajah 8.4.3
The concentration of
O 2 is lower than normal
level.
5. Gerak balas
6.
7.

Peripheral
chemoreceptors
stimulated
(Eg:
________________

impulse

__________________
__________________
__________________
Heart
The concentration
of O2 increase to
normal level

__________________
__________________
__________________

Respiration
muscles
5.The human respiratory response and rate of respiration in different
situations.
(a) While resting:

____________
____________
____________
____________

The breathing rate is within the normal range ___________ breaths per
minute.
The heartbeat rate is between ___________ beats per minute.
The normal concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide is ______________

(b) Vigorous exercise:

( swimming ,running, aerobic, hiking and playing badminton)
Energy produced from _______________ Glucose oxidation requires
____________ Hence the respiration rate _________ to support
the excessive energy. This causes the breathing rate
_____________ to increase the gaseous exchange rate .More oxygen
inhaled and more carbon dioxide is removed from the cell.
Heart beat rate ______________ and the _______________ become faster
to deliver more oxygen and glucose to the cells for oxidation
process which produced energy. Carbon dioxide from the cell respiration
is deliver more faster to the lungs to eliminates .Hence _______________
correlate with _____________________
(c) Fear

Breathing rate ___________ to meet the demand of higher ____________

inhales.
The heart beat rate ____________ so that more oxygen delivered by blood
to the muscles
Respiration cell rate _____________ ,supply excessive energy and help man
react in the condition of ____________________
More Adrenalin hormone secretes by the adrenal gland to increase
# _________________________________
# _________________________________
# __________________________________
# __________________________________

7.5 UNDERSTANDING RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

7.5.1 AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Think it !

The concentration
of Carbon dioxide
increase in the
body

Does the plant have respiration ?. If yes, name the types of respiration?
What substances require to the plants respiration?
State the name of the respiration gaseous ?
How the gaseous diffused to the plant?
Why plants need the respiration process?

i.
Figure 8.51(a) shows the stem structure in the old plants and figure 8.51(b)
shows common structure in the leaf. Both structures included in respiration process .
Observe figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b). Try to define the structure and label it

lenticel

RAJAH 8.51

RAJAH 8.51
Figure 8.51 (a)

Figure 8.51(b)

_____________________
ii.

________________________

On figure 8.51(a) and 8.51(b) labels structure X, Y and Z.

Figure 8.52
iii.
On figure 8.51(b) and 8.52 draw the arrow with the label to show the pathway of
gaseous exchange in a leaf.

key :the pathway of oxygen diffusion

the pathway of carbon dioxide eliminated
FIGURE 8.52 : Shows cross sectional diagram of leaf
Oxygen diffuse through the plants into the cells.

Organelle
MMMMMMM
M Vacuole

Nucleus
NuCkleus
FIGURE 8.53 : A plant cell
iv.
Figure 8.53 shows a plant cell. Base on the figure 8.53
suggest how oxygen is used in M organelle?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
.v

State the equation (wording) of the process occurs in the M organelle.

______________________________________________________________________
vi.

State the uses of the product from that process for plants.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

8.52

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Crops like corn could live several hours in mud. The root of soy beans
could live within 30 minutes only in anaerobic condition. Therefore
crops like paddy could live in the waterlogged.

i.

Base on the above statement, explain the inference

______________________________________________________________________
ii.
Write down the reaction equation of the process occurs in the root cell in the
waterlogged condition.
______________________________________________________________________

7.53

COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND

RESPIRATION.

Sunlight

heat

photosynthesis
product

Respiration
product

glucose

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion
FIGURE 8.55

Figure 8.55 shows photosynthesis and respiration process in chloroplast and

mitochondrion .
i.
Observe figure 8.55 and complete the table and answer the questions below :PHOTOSYNTHESIS

COMPARISON ASPECT
Cell involved
Organelle involved
Chlorophyll requirement
Substances requirement

RESPIRATION
Mitochondria

Presence of light (energy)

Mass decrease
catabolisme

ii.

Type of metabolism

anabolisme

State the similarities between respiration and photosynthesis.

______________________________________________________________________
iii.

What is the necessity of both processes ?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
.

7.54

COMPENSATION POINT

i.
Carry out the experiment 6.11on page 76 form four practical books published by
Baka Prep Sdn Bhd . Write the report and answer the discussion questions on page 77.

Compensation
point

Gas exchange
Light density

FIGURE 8.56
Analyze the graph on figure 8.56.
ii.
Base on the graph and your practical report , defines the compensation point.

iii.

Elaborate the relationship between light intensity and the compensation point.

..
.
iv.
Predict what will happen to the plants if the photosynthesis and respiration rate
always at the compensation point?

..
..

8.5

CARE AND MAINTAIN EFFICIENT FUNCTIONING OF THE RESPIRATORY

ORGANS

i.
You are noticed to collect information and pictures of the diseases relate to the
respiration organs. Base on the information ,complete the table below :Num

Type of diseases and

picture

The damaged
of respiration
organ

factor

Application for
caring and
maintain the
respiratory
organ

ii.
Carry out the experiment 7.9 : The effects of cigarette smoke on lungs on page
99 form four practical book and write the report to enrich your knowledge.