Gate Material - Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Book

Environmental Engineering
for
Civil Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus
Syllabus for Environmental Engineering

Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water
standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water
treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of
wastewater Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent
discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic
wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic
wastewater, sludge disposal.
Types of pollutants, Their sources and impacts, Air pollution meteorology, Air pollution control,
Air quality standards and limits.
Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, Engineered systems
for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal)
Impacts of noise, Permissible limits of noise pollution, Measurement of noise and control of
noise pollution
Analysis of GATE Papers

(Environmental Engineering)
Year
Percentage of marks
2013
8.00
2012
10.00
2011
11.00
2010
14.00
2009
12.00
2008
12.67
2007
14.67
2006
16.00
2005
13.33
2004
17.33
2003
18.00
Overall Percentage
13.36%
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, Keshava Krupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
: 080-65700750, info@thegateacademy.com Copyright reserved. Web: www.thegateacademy.com
Contents
CONTENTS
#1
#2
Chapter
Quality Standards of Water
Municipal Water
Water Quality & Standard
Hardness
Basic Unit Process for Water Treatment
Assignment 1
Page No.
1 12
1
12
25
5
67
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
79
10
10 12
Water Supply and Its Treatment
#3
Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water

Water Requirements and Demands
Population Forecast
Basic Unit Process/Operation for Surface
Water Treatment
Screening
Plain Sedimentation
Electrical Properties
Types of Sedimentation Tank
Filtration
Disinfection
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Waste Water Treatment
Sewage & Sewerage Treatment

Quality and Characteristic of Waste Water
Types of Tracking Filters
Secondary Sedimentation
Solved Examples
13 53
13
14 16
16 19
19 20
20
20 23
23 25
25 26
26 30
30 37
38 44
45 47
47 49
50
50 - 53
54 90
54
54 72
72 73
73 74
75 84
THE GATE ACADEMY PVT.LTD. H.O.: #74, KeshavaKrupa (third Floor), 30th Cross, 10th Main, Jayanagar 4th Block, Bangalore-11
Page I
Contents
#4
Digestion and Disposal of Primary &

Secondary Sludge
Design Consideration Involved in An Activated
Sludge Plant
Effluent Disposal
Solved Examples
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
#6
#7
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
Sludge Disposal
#5
Domestic Waste Water Treatment
85 86
87 88
89
89 90
91 110
91 96
96 98
98 99
100 103
104 105
106 107
108
108 110
Characteristic of Domestic Waste Water

Treatment of Domestic Waste Water
Chemical Treatment
111 122
111 112
112 113
113 114
Sludge Disposal
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Answer Keys
Explanations
114 116
117 118
118 119
120
120 122
Air Pollution
Introduction
Air Pollution System
Zone of Atmosphere
Monitoring of stack emissions
123 138
123
123 129
129 132
132 137
Filter Cleaning Method
137 138
Solid Waste
Classification fo Solid Waste

Physical Properties of MSW (Municipal Solid
Waste)
Importance of waste transformation
Sources of hazardous waste in MSW
139 156
139 140
140 142
143 152
152 155
Page II
Contents
Solved Examples
Module Test
Test Questions
Answer Keys
Explanations
Reference Book
155 156
157 169
157 164
165
165 - 169
170
Page III
Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1
Quality Standards of Water
Municipal water supply: Sources
Raw water sources: The various sources of water can be classified into two categories
1. Surface sources
i) Ponds and lakes
ii) Stream and rivers
iii) Storage reservoir
iv) Ocean, generally not used for water supplies at present technologies are available
2. Sub surface water sources or underground sources
i) Springs
ii) Infiltration wells and
iii) Wells and rife wells
Water Quality and Standards

Water quality and standards are defined on the basis of analyzing the raw water on their
physical chemical and bacteriological characteristics
Physical Characteristics
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Turbidity
Colour
Taste and odour
Temperature
Specific conductance
Turbidity: If a large amount of solids are present in water it will appear turbid in appearance.
Turbidity depends upon the finess and concentration of practices present in water
It is expressed as the amount of suspended matter in mg/L or ppm
Measurement
(a) For field Turbidity rod
(b) For Lab
(i) Jacksons turbidity meter
(ii) Nphelometer is used for treated water. Nephelometer can measure turbidity less
than 1 ppm
NTU Nephlometer Turbidity unit
The IS value for drinking awter is 10 25 NTU
Page 1
Chapter 1
Colour: Dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation or inorganic materials may import
colour to the water.
The standard unit of color is that which is produce by one mg of platinum cobalt dissolved in
one liter of distilled water
The IS value for treated water is 5 to 25 cobalt unit.
Taste and Odour: Mostly organic and inorganic material originating from municipal or industrial
waste contribute taste and odour to the water. Taste and odour can be expressed in terms of
odour intensity and threshold values.
Temperature: The increase in temperature decreases palatability (pleasant in taste), because at
high temperature CO2 and some other volatile gases are expelled.
The ideal temperature of water for drinking purpose is 5 to 120C
Specific conductance: Presence of salt can be estimated by measuring specific conductivity
(unit: mho/cm)
Chemical characteristics
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Chlorides
Iron solids
Nitrates
pH: pH value denoted about the alkalinity and Baricity of the water. It is the logarithm of the
reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration pH = log * +
The values of PH for drinking water must liest between 6.5 to 8.5
Acidity: It is caused by the presence of uncombined CO2 mineral acids or salts of strong acids
and weak bases. It also salts of strong acids and weak bases. It also determines the measures of
capacity of water to neutralizes the measures the base.
It is expressed as mg/L in terms of

Desirable 200 mg/L
permissible limit 600 mg/L
Hardness
It is the characteristics of water which prevents formation of lather or foam when mixed with
the soap
It is usually caused by divalent ion of calcium and magnesium (
Hardness
Temporary hardness
(due to presence of
Carbonate and bicarbonate
permanent hardness
(Due to presence of sulphates
chlorides and nitrates.)
Page 2
Chapter 1
Of
and
in water)
The major anions associated with the hardness are sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates,
chlorides and nitrates
The total hardness (TH) is defined as the sum of concentration of mg and Ca ion and is
expressed in terms of
in mg/L
T.H
(mg|L)
=
T.H =
(mg|L)
(mg|L) ( )
Non carbonate ions cannot be precipitated or removed by boiling add, hence it is called
permanent hardness
Desirable limits 300mg/L as
Permissible limit 690mg/L as
If hardness 75ppm > soft water
If hardness lies between 75-200 => moderate hardness
if hardness > 200 => hardnes
Chlorides Content
In the form of NaCl

Permissible limit 250 mg/L
Chloride concentration is detected by titrating water with standard silver nitrate
solution using
as indicator
Sulphates: Sulphates occur in water due to leaching from sulphate mineral and oxidation of
sulphides
Sulphates desirable limit = 150 mg/L

Permissible limit = 400 mg/L
Iron: When ferric oxide comes in contact with water it converts into ferrous bicarbonate and
further it oxidieses to ferric hydroxide ppt under favorable conditions.
Desirable limit 0.3 mg/L
Permissible limit 1.0 mg/L
Nitrates: Nitrates in surface water occurs by leaching of fertilizers from soil during surface runoff and nitrification of organic matter
Desirable limit for drinking water = 45 mg/L

Permissible limit for drinking water = 100 mg/L
Concentration of nitrates above 45 mg/L causes a diseases called as blue baby disease
Dissolved Gases
Methane explosive
H2S Bad smell
CO2 Indicates biological level then it indicates presence of organic matter oxygen deficiency 5
8 ppm
Minimum Dissolved oxygen foe survival fishes etc = 4 mg/L
Page 3
Chapter 1
BOD, COD, TOC, etc: BOD5 = Loss of oxygen (mg/L) dilution factor BOD of safe drinking water = 0
Bacterial and Microscopic Characteristics
i) Aerobic Bacteria Required oxygen for survival
ii) Anaerobic Bacteria Do not required dissolve O2
iii) Facultative Bacteria can survive with or without O2
Through some species of bacteria a may be helpful in cleaning of water but other
pathogenic bacteria are harmful
The presence of pathogenic bacteria can be tested by counting presence of coil Forms
ColiForms (Also called B coli)
Coliforms are important harmless aerobic microorganism which are found residing in the
intestines of all warm blooded animals including human being
Since these harmless organism live longer in water than the pathogenic bacteria it is
generally presumed that the water will be safe are free from pathogens if no coliform
bacteria are present in it.
Measurement of coliform
Widely used
Filter the water through a sterile membrane of special design porosity = 80 pore size (5
to 10 rm) and the membrane is put in contact with nutrients (M Endos medium) that
will permit the growth of only coliform colonies. This process is called culturing.
After an incubation period of 20 hrs, the coliform organs are developed into visible
colonies which can be easily counted Ecoli ferment lactose with gas formation with 48
hours incubation at 350 C. Based on this E.coli density is estimated by multiple
fermentation procedure in different test. Which consist of identification of E.coli in
different dilution combinations.
MPN value is calculation as follows
Five 10 ml (five dilution combinations) tube is tested for E.coli and if out 5 only one given
positive test for E.coli and all other are negative
The from the table we can find out the MNP value for one (+ve) and other (-ve), which is
equal to 2.2 in present case
Coliform
Used to measure the coliform bacteria present in water sample
It may be defined as the reciprocal of the smallest quantity of a sample which would give a
positive B coli test
Water Borne Diseases and Their Control
a)
Disease caused by Bacterial infections

Disease caused by
i) Typhoid fever - salmonella typhi
ii) Cholera - vibro cholera
iii) Bacillary Dysentery shiga bacillus or Flexner - bacillus
b) Disease cause by viral infections

i) Hepatitis - Hepatist viral
Page 4
Chapter 1
ii) Poliomyelitis - polio virus

c)
Disease caused by protozoal infections

i) Amoebic Dysentry Antoneoba histolitric germ
Quality Standard for Industrial Water Supply

Boiledferrd water
Hardness 1 mg/L
Pulp and paper:L water should be free from iron Mn and hardness.
Quality Standard for Municipal Water Supply
Municipal water required for domestic uses, particularly the water required for drinking, must
be colorless odourless and tasteless. It should be free turbidity and excessive toxic chemical and
bacteriological characteristics of water must be in between the desirable and permissible limit.
Basic Unit Process and Operation for Water Treatment.

Unit Process Aeration
Function (Removal) colour. Odour, taste.
Screening
Floating matter
Chemical methods
Iron, Mangness
Softening
Hardness
Sedimentation
Suspended matter
Coagulation
Suspended matter, a part of colloidal water

and bacteria
Remaining colloidal, dissolved matter,
bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria, organic and reducing
substances.
Filtration
Disinfecting
Source
1. Ground water and spring water
fairly free from contamination
2. Ground water with chemical,
mineral and gases
3. Lakes, surface water reservoir,
with less amount of pollution
4. Other surface water such as river,
canals and impounded reservoir
with a considerable amount of
pollution
Treatment required
No treatment or chlorination
Aeration, coagulation (if necessary,
filtration and disinfection)
Disinfection
Complete treatment
Page 5

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Environmental Engineering

Syllabus for Environmental Engineering

Analysis of GATE Papers

Water Supply and Its Treatment

Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water

Waste Water Treatment

Sewage & Sewerage Treatment

Digestion and Disposal of Primary &

Domestic Waste Water Treatment

Characteristic of Domestic Waste Water

Filter Cleaning Method

Classification fo Solid Waste

Water Quality and Standards

It is expressed as mg/L in terms of

It is usually caused by divalent ion of calcium and magnesium (

In the form of NaCl

Sulphates desirable limit = 150 mg/L

Desirable limit for drinking water = 45 mg/L

Disease caused by Bacterial infections

b) Disease cause by viral infections

ii) Poliomyelitis - polio virus

Disease caused by protozoal infections

Quality Standard for Industrial Water Supply

Basic Unit Process and Operation for Water Treatment.

Function (Removal) colour. Odour, taste.

Suspended matter, a part of colloidal water

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