Fotografi ialah proses untuk menghasilkan gambar foto

melalui tindakan cahaya. Pola-pola cahaya yang

dipanculkan atau dipancarkan oleh objek-objek
dirakamkan pada perantaraan peka atau cip storan
melalui pendedahan tempoh tertentu. Proses ini
dilaksanakan melalui peranti-peranti mekanik, kimia atau
digit yang dikenali sebagai kamera. (wikipedia ms).
Seni, proses atau pekerjaan mengambil atau
menghasilkan fotograf. (kamus dewan)

 Photography (IPA: [f'tgrfi] or IPA: [f'tgrfi][1]) is

the process and art of recording pictures by means of

capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or
an electronic sensor. Light patterns reflected or emitted from
objects expose a sensitive silver halide based chemical or
electronic medium during a timed exposure, usually through
a photographic lens in a device known as a camera that also
stores the resulting information chemically or electronically.
Photography has many uses for both business and pleasure. It
is often the basis of advertising and in fashion print.
Photography can also be viewed as a commercial and artistic
endeavor.

 The word "photography" comes from the French

photographie which is based on the Greek

(phos) "light" + (graphis) "stylus",
"paintbrush" or (graph) "representation
by means of lines" or "drawing", together
meaning "drawing with light." Traditionally, the
product of photography has been called a
photograph, commonly shortened to photo.

 Perkataan fotografi berasal drpd perkataan Greek, iaitu photos

yang bermaksud cahaya dan graphein iaitu melukis.

Camera obscura ini mula-mula dicipta oleh ahli sains Muslim
bernama Abu Ali Hassan Ibn Al-Haitham dan disifatkan dalam
buku beliau bertajuk Kitab al-Manazir ("Buku Optik", 10151021).
Saintis berbangsa inggeris Robert Boyle dan Robert Hooke
kemudiannya mencipta camera obscura yang mudah alih
sekitar 1665-1666.

 Pada 31 januari 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot berjaya

menemui proses negatif & positif yang dinamakan calotype.

1851, Fredrick Scott Archer memperbaiki kaedah calotype
dgn mencipta collodion untuk disapukan ke atas kaca yang
disalutkan dgn bahan yg sensitif dgn cahaya.
James-Clerk Maxwell memperkenalkan asas fotografi warna
di Royal Institution, London.
1888, George Eastman dr Amerika mencipta kamera tangan
Kodak.

 Tokoh Abu Ali Hasan Al Haitham yang juga dikenali

sebagai Alhazen di barat, merupakan Bapa Optik Moden.

Beliau merupakan pakar fizik yang terunggul melalui
sumbangan terhadap kaedah optik dan saintifik. Abu Ali
Hasan dilahirkan pada 965 Masihi di Basrah dan mendapat
pendidikan di Basrah dan Baghdad.
Abu Ali Hasan juga merupakan manusia pertama yang
memperincikan secara tepat pelbagai bahagian mata dan
memberi penjelasan saintifik mengenai proses penglihatan.
Abu Ali Hasan menyangkal teori penglihatan Ptolemy dan
Euclid yang menyebut bahawa mata menghantar sinaran
visual kepada objek yang dilihat. Menurut Ali Abu Hasan,
sinaran berasal dalam objek yang dilihat dan dan bukan
dalam mata.

Jenis Fotografi
Black-and-white photography
All photography was originally monochrome, most of these

photographs were black-and-white. Even after color film was

readily available, black-and-white photography continued to
dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its "classic"
photographic look.
Monochrome photography implies the act of recording
light in a single color or wavelength. Though there are many
wavelengths of light with which this might be achieved,
monochrome photography generally refers to black and
white photography

Black and white

photography

Color photography
Photography that uses media capable of representing colors

which are produced chemically during the photographic

processing phase.
It is contrasted with black-and-white photography, which
uses media capable only of showing shades of gray, and does
not include hand colored photographs. Some examples of
color photography include prints, color negatives,
transparencies and slides, and roll and sheet films.

Early colour photograph

An 1877 color photo by
Louis Ducos du Hauron, a
French pioneer of color
photography.

The first permanent

color photograph, taken
by James Clerk Maxwell
in 1861.

Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared

photography
Full-spectrum photography is a subset of full-spectrum

imaging, defined currently among photography enthusiasts as

imaging with consumer cameras the full, broad spectrum of a
film or camera sensor bandwidth. In practice, specialized
broadband/full-spectrum film captures visible and near
infrared light, commonly referred to as the VNIR
Ultraviolet photography is a photographic process of
recording images by using light from the ultraviolet (UV)
spectrum only.

 In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used

is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is

referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from farinfrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging.
Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm
to about 900 nm. Usually an "infrared filter" is used; this lets
infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all
or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks
black or deep red).
Uses of full spectrum photography are for fine art
photography, geology, forensics & law enforcement, and even
some claimed use in ghost hunting.

Full Spectrum Image,

Palace of Fine Arts
Infrared
image of the
Mississippi
River
A GALEX image of
the spiral galaxy
Messier 81 in
ultraviolet light.

Digital photography
Digital photography is a form of photography that utilizes

digital technology to make digital images of subjects. Until

the advent of digital technology, photography used
photographic film to create images which could be made
visible by photographic processing. Digital images can be
displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted, and
archived using digital and computer techniques, without
chemical processing.

The Canon EOS

350D

10 MP Nikon D200 (Nikon dSLR) and

scanner, which converts film images to
digital

The Canon PowerShot A95

 Alat untuk mengambil gambar foto (kamus dewan).

Kamera ialah alat yang digunakan untuk menangkap imej

sebagai gambar foto yang pegun atau satu susunan imej

bergerak (filem atau video). Istilah ini serta kamera masa kini
berevolusi dari camera obscura, frasa bahasa Latin bagi "bilik
gelap", suatu mekanisme awal bagi memaparkan imej, yang
mana seluruh bilik yang berfungsi sebagai sistem penghasilan
imej tepat pada masa (wikipedia ms)

Kepelbagaian Jenis Kamera

Bagaimana cahaya melalui lensa

ke penilik

Pengenalan
Factors that affect the total exposure of a photograph include

the scene luminance, the aperture size (f-number), and the

exposure time (shutter speed); photographers can trade off
shutter speed and aperture by using units of stops. A stop up
and down on each will halve or double the amount of light
regulated by each; exposures of equal exposure value can be
easily calculated and selected. For any given total exposure,
or exposure value, a fast shutter speed requires a larger
aperture (smaller f-number). Similarly, a slow shutter speed,
a longer length of time, can be compensated by a smaller
aperture (larger f-number).

 Dail kelajuan shutter terletak di atas kamera.

Padanya terdapat angka-angka yang menunjukkan kelajuan.
Cth: 1,2,4,8,15,30,60,250,1000, dan 2000.

Sebenarnya nilai angka ini menunjukkan pecahan dalam saat.

Angka 2 menunjukkan kelajuan ialah saat dan bagi angka

2000 ialah 1/2000 saat.

1/8

1/15

1/30

1. Kelajuan Berkurangan
2. Tempoh cahaya masuk lebih
lama
3. Nilai cahaya=X2

1/125 1/250 1/500 1/1000 1/2000

1. Kelajuan bertambah
2. Tempoh cahaya masuk lebih
pendek.
3. Nilai cahaya=X

 Shutter terletak di bahagian dalam kemera.

Nipis, diperbuat drpd besi atau kain.
Kebanyakan kamera mempunyai kelajuan shutter sehingga

1/2000 saat.
B ialah BULB bererti kelajuan yang melebihi 1 saat, sesuai
untuk pengambaran pd waktu malam.
Shutter speed is one of several methods used to control the
amount of light recorded by the camera's digital sensor or
film. It is also used to manipulate the visual effects of the final
image beyond its luminosity.

shutter speed dial

 Slower shutter speeds are often selected to suggest

movement in a still photograph of a moving subject.

Excessively fast shutter speeds can cause a moving subject to
appear unnaturally frozen. For instance, a running person
may be caught with both feet in the air with all indication of
movement lost in the frozen moment.
When a slower shutter speed is selected, a longer time passes
from the moment the shutter opens till the moment it closes.
More time is available for movement in the subject to be
recorded by the camera.

 A slightly slower shutter speed will allow the photographer

to introduce an element of blur, either in the subject, where,

in our example, the feet, which are the fastest moving
element in the frame, might be blurred while the rest
remains sharp; or if the camera is panned to follow a moving
subject, the background is blurred while the subject remains
sharp.
The exact point at which the background or subject will start
to blur depends on the rate at which the object is moving, the
distance it is from the camera and the focal length of the lens
in relation to the size of the digital sensor or film.

Slow shutter speed and penning

 When slower shutter speeds, in excess of about half a second,

are used on running water, the photo will have a ghostly

white appearance reminiscent of fog. This effect can be used
in landscape photography.
Zoom burst is a technique which entails the variation of the
focal length of a zoom lens during a longer exposure. In the
moment that the shutter is opened, the lens is zoomed in,
changing the focal length during the exposure. The center of
the image remains sharp, while the details away from the
center form a radial blur, which causes a strong visual effect,
forcing the eye into the center of the image.

Kesan Kelajuan Shutter

sparks coming from coals

(exposure time 15 seconds)

street at night
(exposure time 30 seconds)

 Kelajuan yg pantas akan mendedahkan sedikit cahaya dan

boleh memberhentikan dan menggkakukan sesuatu

pergerakkan.
Kelajuan yang lemah akan mendedahkan lebih banyak cahaya
dan tidak sesuai untuk menghentikan pergerakkan sesuatu
objek.

Aperture

 Gelang apertur berfungsi utk. kawal kemasukan cahaya.

Gelang perlu dipusing utk. dpt. lubang @ saiz yg.

dikehendaki.
Saiz apertur diukur dalam nombor f @ fstop.
Saiz apertur yg. Kecil membenarkan hanya sedikit cahaya
memasuki kamera (melalui lensa) berbanding dgn. apertur
besar.
Setiap nombor f disusun dlm. bentuk/bidang skala apertur
2,2.8,4,5,6,8,11,16. Semakin besar nombor f, semakin
kecil saiz bukaan apertur.

 Dedahan merupakan jumlah cahaya menerusi lensa ke filem

yang dikawal oleh gabungan kelajuan shutter dan saiz apertur.

Kombinasi dedahan pula bererti kombinasi antara kelajuan
shutter dan saiz apertur untuk merakamkan imej fotografi.
Untuk mengawal nilai cahaya dan dedahan-kepekaan filem,
kecerahan cahaya dan lama atau masa cahaya dibenarkan
masuk ke dalam kamera mestilah dipertimbangkan.

Dept of Field (DOF)

In optics, particularly as it relates to film and photography,

the depth of field (DOF) is the portion of a scene that

appears sharp in the image. Although a lens can precisely
focus at only one distance, the decrease in sharpness is
gradual on either side of the focused distance, so that within
the DOF, the unsharpness is imperceptible under normal
viewing conditions.
For some images, such as

landscapes, a large DOF may be

appropriate, while for others, such
as portraits, a small DOF may be
more effective.

 The DOF is determined by the subject distance (that is, the

distance to the plane that is perfectly in focus), the lens focal

length, and the lens f-number (relative aperture). Except at
close-up distances, DOF is approximately determined by the
subject magnification and the lens f-number. For a given fnumber, increasing the magnification, either by moving
closer to the subject or using a lens of greater focal length,
decreases the DOF; decreasing magnification increases DOF.
For a given subject magnification, increasing the f-number
(decreasing the aperture diameter) increases the DOF;
decreasing f-number decreases DOF.

Dept of Field

f/22

f/8

f/4

f/2.8

 When focus is set to the hyperfocal distance, the DOF

extends from half the hyperfocal distance to infinity, and is

the largest DOF possible for a given f-number.
The advent of digital technology in photography has provided

additional means of controlling the extent of image

sharpness; some methods allow DOF that would be
impossible with traditional techniques, and some allow the
DOF to be determined after the image is made.

At f/32, the background is

distracting

At f/2.8, the cat is isolated

from the background

At f/5.6, the flowers are

isolated from the background

Sujana Mohd. Rejab (1993) Fotografi, Penerbitan, Kuala

Lumpur, Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd.

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (1983), Fotografi,

Ampang, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Iskandar Ab Rashid & Zaitun Ismail (2006), Fotografi, Batu
Caves, Venton Publishing (M) Sdn. Bhd.

 http://www.basic-digital-photography.com/

http://www.scrapjazz.com/topics/Photography/Lessons/1046.php
http://www.silverlight.co.uk/tutorials/toc.html
http://www.shopping.com/xGS-22554153~NS-1~linkin_id-6019813

http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Hasan_Ibn_Al-Haitham
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_digital
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurugambar
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera
http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piksel