OXIDOREDUCTASES

DEHYDROGENASES
NAME
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD)
Alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)
Homoserine dehydrogenase (HSDH,
HSD)
(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenases
Glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase (G6PD or G6PDH)
Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)
Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
complex (OGDC)
Allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase

REACTION
an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH +
H+

FUNCTION
Acts on primary or secondary alcohols or
hemi-acetals

an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+

L-homoserine + NAD(P)+ = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde
+ NAD(P)H + H+
(R,R)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = (R)-acetoin + NADH +
H+
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O acetate + NADH + 2H+

Oxidizes only primary alcohols

Catalyzes the reaction of aspartate kinase

D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+

6-phospho-D+
glucono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + H
sorbitol + NAD+ --> fructose + NADH + H+
-ketoglutarate + NAD+ + CoA Succinyl
CoA + CO2 + NADH
allyl alcohol + NADP+ = acrolein + NADPH + H+

Converts diacetyl into acetoin with NADH as

reductant
Catalyze the conversion of acetaldehyde into
acetic acid
Cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the chemical
reaction
Converts sorbitol, the sugar alcohol form
of glucose, into fructose
Catalyzes this reaction in the citric acid cycle
Acts on saturated primary alcohols.

OXIDASES
NAME
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phosphate-Oxidase (NADPH oxidase)
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs)

REACTION
NADPH + 2O2 NADP+ + 2O2- + H+
RH + O2 + NADPH + H+ ROH + H2O + NADP+

(1) hypoxanthine + H2O + O2

Xanthine oxidase (XO)

Malate oxidase
Aryl-alcohol oxidase
L-sorbose oxidase
Alcohol oxidase

Laccase

(2) xanthine + H2O + O2

xanthine + H2O2

uric acid + H2O2

(S)-malate + O2 = oxaloacetate + H2O2

an aromatic primary alcohol + O2 = an aromatic aldehyde
+ H2O2
L-sorbose + O2 = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + H2O2
a primary alcohol + O2 = an aldehyde + H2O2

4 benzenediol + O2 = 4 benzosemiquinone + 2 H2O

FUNCTION
Generates superoxide. Superoxide
kills bacteria and fungi
Terminal oxidase enzymes in electron
transfer chains
Catalyze
the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and
can further catalyze the oxidation of xanthine
to uric acid
A flavoprotein (FAD)
Oxidizes many primary alcohols containing an
aromatic ring
Acts on D-glucose, D-galactose and D-xylose
Acts on lower primary alcohols and
unsaturated alcohols but branched-chain
and secondary alcohols are not attacked
Used in bioremediation; remove excess oxygen
in beer and increase the storage life of beer

OXYGENASES
NAME
Lipoxygenase
Nitric oxide dioxygenase
Taxifolin 8-monooxygenase
Anhydrotetracycline monooxygenase
Questin monooxygenase
Protopine 6-monooxygenase

Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene
dioxygenase
Arginine 2-monooxygenase
Vanillate monooxygenase

REACTION
linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate
2 nitric oxide + 2 O2 + NAD(P)H = 2 nitrate + NAD(P)+ +
H+
taxifolin + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2,3-dihydrogossypetin
+ NAD(P)+ + H2O
anhydrotetracycline + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 12dehydrotetracycline + NADP+ + H2O
questin + NADPH + H+ + O2 = demethylsulochrin +
NADP+
protopine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 6-hydroxyprotopine +
NADP+ + H2O
catechol + O2 = cis,cis-muconate
(1) D-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-D-kynurenine
(2) L-tryptophan + O2 = N-formyl-L-kynurenine
1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene + O2 = 2-hydroxy-2Hchromene-2-carboxylate
L-arginine + O2 = 4-guanidinobutanamide + CO2 + H2O
vanillate + O2 + NADH + H+ = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate +
NAD+ + H2O + formaldehyde

FUNCTION
Oxidizes methylene-interrupted
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Flavohemoglobin (FAD)
Converts a flavanol into a flavanone
Involved in the biosynthesis of the antibiotics
tetracyclines in Streptomyces sp.
Cleaves the anthraquinone ring of questin to
form a benzophenone
Involved in benzophenanthridine alkaloid
synthesis in higher plants
Involved in the metabolism of nitro-aromatic
compounds by a strain of Pseudomonas
putida
Metabolism of L-tryptophan
Involved in naphthalene degradation
Acts on canavanine and homoarginine
Forms part of the vanillin degradation pathway
in Arthrobacter sp.

PEROXIDASES
NAME
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)

Catalase
Manganese peroxidase

Lignin peroxidase

Bromide peroxidase

REACTION
2GSH + H2O2 GSSG + 2H2O

2 H2O2 = O2 + 2 H2O
2 Mn(II) + 2 H+ + H2O2 = 2 Mn(III) + 2 H2O

FUNCTION
Reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their
corresponding alcohols and to reduce
free hydrogen peroxide to water
Can act as a peroxidase for which several
organic substances can act as a hydrogen
donor
Involved in the oxidative degradation of lignin
in white rot basidiomycetes

1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H2O2 =
3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 1-(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol + H2O

Oxidizes benzyl alcohols to aldehydes

RH + HBr + H2O2 = RBr + 2 H2O

Catalyze the bromination of a range of organic

molecules such as sesquiterpenes, forming
stable C-Br bonds; oxidize iodides

TRANSFERASES
METHYLTRANSFERASES
NAME
Catechol O-methyltransferase

Glycine N-methyltransferase
Phenol O-methyltransferase
Tyramine N-methyltransferase
Phenylethanolamine Nmethyltransferase
Methylated-DNA[protein]-cysteine
S-methyltransferase

REACTION
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine + a guaiacol
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine = S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine + sarcosine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenol = S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine + anisole
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tyramine = S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine + N-methyltyramine
S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phenylethanolamine = Sadenosyl-L-homocysteine + Nmethylphenylethanolamine
DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + protein Lcysteine = DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) +
protein S-methyl-L-cysteine

FUNCTION
Acts more rapidly on catecholamines such as
adrenaline or noradrenaline
than on catechols
Plays an important role in the regulation of
methyl group metabolism in the liver and
pancreas
Acts on a wide variety of simple alkyl-,
methoxy- and halo-phenols
Has some activity on phenylethylamine
analogues
Acts on various phenylethanolamines;
converts noradrenaline into adrenaline
Involved in the repair of alkylated DNA

AMINOTRANSFERASES or TRANSAMINASES
NAME
Aspartate transaminase
Tyrosine transaminase

Thyroid-hormone transaminase

REACTION
L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + Lglutamate
L-tyrosine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate
+ L-glutamate
L-3,5,30-triiodothyronine + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-[4-(4hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-2oxopropanoate + L-glutamate

FUNCTION
Acts on L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine and Ltryptophan
Catalyze the final step in the methioninesalvage pathway of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acts on monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine,
triiodothyronine, thyroxine and dinitrotyrosine

KINASES
NAME

REACTION
ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose 6-phosphate

Glucokinase
Ketohexokinase

ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 1-phosphate

Fructokinase
Rhamnulokinase

ATP + D-fructose = ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate

ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1phosphate
ATP + D-galactose = ADP + -D-galactose 1-phosphate

Galactokinase

FUNCTION
A group of enzymes found in invertebrates and
microorganisms that are highly specific for
glucose.
Carbohydrate metabolism, fructose
metabolism
Glycan biosynthesis; starch biosynthesis
Carbohydrate degradation, L-rhamnose
degradation
Catalyzes the transfer of the gammaphosphate of ATP to D-galactose to form
alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate

PHOSPHORYLASES
NAME
Sucrose phosphorylase

Maltose phosphorylase
Cellobiose phosphorylase
Laminaribiose phosphorylase

REACTION
sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + -D-glucose 1phosphate
maltose + phosphate = D-glucose + -D-glucose 1phosphate
cellobiose + phosphate = -D-glucose 1-phosphate + Dglucose
3--D-glucosyl-D-glucose + phosphate = D-glucose + D-glucose 1-phosphate

FUNCTION
Intracellular catabolism of sucrose, production
of extracellular glucans
Catalyzes the phosphorolysis of maltose,
leading to the formation of glucose and
glucose 1-P
Carbohydrate binding
Acts on 1,3--D-oligoglucans

HYDROLASES
PHOSPHATASES
NAME
Alkaline phosphatase

Acid phosphatase

Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH)

Phosphatidylglycerophosphatase B
(pgpB)

REACTION
a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol +
phosphate
a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol +
phosphate
O-phospho-L(or D)-serine + H2O = L(or D)-serine +
phosphate

a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacylsn-glycerol + phosphate

FUNCTION
Catalyzes transphosphorylations
Acts on tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, lowMW aryl phosphates and natural and synthetic
acyl phosphates. Isoform 3 does not possess
phosphatase activity
Catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of
serine from carbohydrates
Catalyzes the dephosphorylation of
diacylglycerol diphosphate (DGPP) to
phosphatidate (PA) and the subsequent
dephosphorylation of PA to diacylglycerol
(DAG)

PHOSPHODIESTERASES
NAME
Phosphodiesterase I

Glycerophosphocholine
phosphodiesterase (GPCPD1)
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
Alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine
phosphodiesterase
3,5-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase

REACTION
Hydrolytically removes 50-nucleotides successively from
the 30-hydroxy termini of 30-hydroxy- terminated
oligonucleotides
sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = choline + snglycerol 3-phosphate
sphingomyelin + H2O = N-acylsphingosine + choline
phosphate
1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + H2O = 1alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + ethanolamine
adenosine 3,5-cyclic phosphate + H2O = adenosine 5phosphate

FUNCTION
Hydrolyzes both ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides
Involved in the negative regulation of skeletal
muscle differentiation
Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to
form ceramide and phosphocholine
Acts on acyl and choline analogues
Involved in modulation of the levels of cAMP,
which is a mediator in the processes of
cell transformation and proliferation

PROTEASES
NAME
Metridin (Sea anemone protease)

REACTION
Preferential cleavage: Leu , Tyr , Phe , Met , Trp , Gln ,
Asn

FUNCTION
Digestive enzyme from the sea anemone
Metridium senile

LYASES
DECARBOXYLASES
NAME
Pyruvate decarboxylase

REACTION
a 2-oxo acid = an aldehyde + CO2

Oxalate decarboxylase

oxalate + H+ = formate + CO2

Acetoacetate decarboxylase

acetoacetate + H+ = acetone + CO2

malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

malonyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + CO2

FUNCTION
Catalyzes acyloin formation
Involved in the catabolism of oxalate and in the
adaptation to low pH, catalyzes the reversible
conversion of acetyl-CoA and oxalate to
oxalyl-CoA and acetate
Involved in the transcriptional regulation of the
ato genes for acetoacetate metabolism
Catalyzes the reaction of malonate CoAtransferase

ALDOLASES
NAME
D-threonine aldolase
L-fuculose phosphate aldolase

REACTION
(1) D-threonine
(2) D-allothreonine

glycine + acetaldehyde
glycine + acetaldehyde

L-fuculose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)lactaldehyde

tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase

D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate +

D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

FUNCTION
Catalyzes reactions
Catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of Lfuculose-1-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) and L-lactaldehyde
Involved in the tagatose 6-phosphate
pathway of lactose catabolism in bacteria

SYNTHASES
NAME

REACTION

Cholesteryl ester synthase

a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid

Fatty-acyl-ethyl-ester synthase

a long-chain-fatty-acyl ethyl ester + H2O = a long-chainfatty acid + ethanol

Vanillin synthase

3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoylCoA = vanillin + acetyl-CoA

Casbene synthase

geranylgeranyl diphosphate = casbene + diphosphate

FUNCTION
Acts on esters of sterols and long-chain fatty
acids, that may also bring about the
esterification of sterols; activated by bile salts
Forms ethyl esters from fatty acids and ethanol
in the absence of coenzyme A
or ATP
Production of vanillin
Produces the antifungal diterpene casbene;
from castor bean

ISOMERASES
RACEMASES
NAME
Alanine racemase
Methionine racemase
Glutamate racemase
Proline racemase
Lysine racemase
Threonine racemase

REACTION
L-alanine = D-alanine
L-methionine = D-methionine
L-glutamate = D-glutamate
L-proline = D-proline
L-lysine = D-lysine
L-threonine = D-threonine

FUNCTION
Conversion of L-form to D-form
Conversion of L-form to D-form
Conversion of L-form to D-form
Conversion of L-form to D-form
Conversion of L-form to D-form
Conversion of L-form to D-form

MUTASES
NAME
Phosphoglycerate mutase

REACTION
2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate

Sucrose glucosylmutase

sucrose = 6-O--D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose

2-acetolactate mutase

2-acetolactate = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate

Chorismate mutase

chorismate = prephenate

FUNCTION
Interconversion of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerate
Simultaneously produces isomaltulose (6-O-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) and smaller
amounts of trehalulose (1-O--Dglucopyranosyl--D-fructose) from sucrose
Converts 2-aceto-2-hydroxybutanoate to 3hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate
Catalyzes the conversion of chorismate into
prephenate via a Claisen rearrangement

LIGASES
CARBOXYLASES
NAME
Urea carboxylase
Biotin carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

REACTION
ATP + urea + HCO3 = ADP + phosphate + urea-1carboxylate
ATP + biotin-carboxyl-carrier protein + CO2 = ADP +
phosphate + carboxybiotin-carboxyl-carrier protein
ATP + pyruvate + HCO3 = ADP + phosphate +
oxaloacetate
ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3 = ADP + phosphate +
malonyl-CoA

FUNCTION
Brings about the hydrolysis of urea to CO2 and
NH3
Post-translational modification of specific
protein by attachment of biotin
Catalyzes in a tissue specific manner, the
initial reactions of glucose (liver, kidney) and
lipid (adipose tissue, liver, brain) synthesis
from pyruvate
Catalyzes transcarboxylation

SYNTHETASES
NAME
Argininosuccinate synthetase
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

REACTION
ATP + L-citrulline + L-aspartate = AMP + diphosphate +
2-(N
-L-arginino)succinate
amino acid + tRNA + ATP aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP +
PPi

FUNCTION
Indirectly involved in the control of blood
pressure
Attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its
tRNA