SECTION A

1. (a) anhydrous calccium chloride

e
(b) Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
(c) coppe
er(II) oxide
(d) To en
nsure that th
he combustio
on tube is to
otally filled w
with hydroge
en gas
(e) Repeat the heatin
ng, cooling and
a weighing
g process un
ntil a constant mass is p
produced
(f)
X
O
Mass
5.328
8 4.560 = 0.768 g
5.520 5 .328 = 0.19
92 g
No of mo
ol
0.768
8 / 64 = 0.012
0.192 / 16
6 = 0.012
Ratio
1
1
Empiricall formula = XO
X
2. (a)(i) Z
(ii) U
(iii) W
(b) (i) 2.8
8.1
+
(ii) X
ey have the same 3 shells occupied with electro
ons
(c)(i) The
(ii) X, Y, Z
(d) (i) 4X
X + O2 2X2O
(ii) 2X + 2H2O 2XOH + H2
3. (a)(i) 2.4
2
(ii) Group
p 14 and perriod 2
(iii) Atom
m P has 4 vallence electro
ons and has 2 shells occcupied with e
electrons
(b)(i) 2.8
8
(ii)

(iii) Q Q2+ + 2e
(c) P and
d R. They ha
ave the same
e proton num
mber but diff
fferent nucle
eon number.
(d)(i) ion
nic bond
(ii)

valent bond
(e)(i) Cov

(ii)

4. (a) Alk
kali which ionizes comple
etely in wate
er to form hiigh concentrration of hyd
droxide ions.
(b)
pH value for sodium
s
hydrroxide is 14 and pH valu
ue for ammo
onia is 11
so
odium hydro
oxide is stron
ng alkali whiich ionizes co
ompletely in
n water to fo
orm higher
co
oncentration
n of hydroxid
de ions
The
T concentration of hyd
droxide ion in
n sodium hyd
droxide is hiigher than a
ammonia. Th
he
higher the co
oncentration of hydroxide
e ion, the hi gher the pH
H value.
(c) Makin
ng soap
(d) M1V1 = M2V2
(2.0)(25)) = M2(75)
M2 = 0.67 mo
ol dm-3
(e) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
(f) (i)

(ii) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

No of mo
ol NaOH = MV
M / 1000 = 2.0(25) / 10
000 = 0.05 m
mol
From the
e equation, 1 mol NaOH : 1 mol HCl
0.0
05 mol NaOH
H : 0.05 mol HCl
No of mo
ol HCl = MV /1000
0.05
5
= M(20) / 1000
= 2.5 mol dm-3
M

5. (a) The heat change(release) when 1 moll of silver chloride is form

med from th
he reaction
oride solution and silver nitrate soluttion.
between sodium chlo
(b) (i) H = mc = (5
50 + 50) (4.2
2) ( 30.5 27)
2 = 1470 J
(ii) no of mol Ag+ = MV
M / 1000 = (0.5)(50) / 1000 = 0.0
025 mol
No of mo
ol Cl = MV / 1000 = (0
0.5)(50) / 10
000 = 0.025 mol
(iii) 1 mo
ol Ag+ + 1 mol
m Cl 1 mol AgCl
0.025 mo
ol Ag+ + 0.025 mol Cl 0.025 mo
ol AgCl
(iv) 0.025
5 mol AgCl release
r
1470
0 J of heat
1 mol Ag
gCl release 58800 J mol-11 of heat
Heat of precipitation,
p
, H = - 58.8 kJ mol-1
(c)

(d) Ag+ + Cl AgCl

A

6. (a) To
o reduce the heat loss to
o the surroun
nding
(b) (i) He
eat change, H = mc = (100 + 100
0) (4.2) (41 28) = 109
920 J
(ii) no of mol NaOH = MV / 1000
0 = (2.0)(10
00) / 1000 = 0.2 mol
ol HCl = MV / 1000 = (2.0)(100) / 10
000 = 0.2 m
mol
no of mo
0.2 mol HCl
H + 0.2 mol NaOH 0.2 mol H2O
0.2 mol H2O release 10920 J of heat
h
1 mol H2O 54600
0 J mol-1
Heat of neutralization
n
n, H = - 54
4.6 kJ mol-1

(c)

h
change / released when
w
1 mol of water is fformed from
m the reactio
on between
(d) The heat
hydrochlo
oric acid and
d sodium hyd
droxide solu
ution.
(e)(i) lesss than - 54.6
6 kJ mol-1 // any value lo
ower than - 54.6 kJ mol--1
(ii) Ethan
noic acid is a weak acid. Some of he
eat released is used to io
onize the eth
hanoic acid
complete
ely.

7. (a)

(b) Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

(c) Exp I: Average ra
ate of reactio
on = 32 cm3 / 120 s = 0
0.27 cm3s-1
Exp II: Average
A
rate of reaction = 20 cm3 / 120 s = 0.17
7 cm3s-1

(d) no off mol H2SO4 = MV / 1000

0 = (0.1)(20
0) / 1000 = 0
0.002 mol
1 mol H2SO
S 4 : 1 moll H2
0.002 mo
ol H2SO4 : 0.002
0
mol H2
Volume of
o H2 = 0.00
02 x 24 dm3 = 0.048 dm
d 3 = 48 cm
m3
(e) prese
ence of catalyst / temperrature of sollution / conccentration off sulphuric acid
(f)

The
T rate of re
eaction in exxperiment I is
i higher thaan experiment II
Zinc powder in
i experimen
nt I has a larger total su
urface area
The
T frequenccy of collision
n between ziinc and hydrrogen ion in experimentt I is higher
The
T frequenccy of effectiv
ve collision between partticles in expe
eriment I is higher

8. (a)(i) The
T presencce of copper((II) sulphate
e catalyst
(ii) Volum
me of hydrog
gen gas colle
ected per tim
me taken
(b)(i) Sam
me // V cm3. Because th
he presence of catalyst o
only increase
e the rate off reaction an
nd
not to inccrease the volume
v
of ga
as released.
(ii)

(iii)

Copper(II)
C
su
ulphate catallyst provide an alternativve path with
h lower activvation energyy
More
M
colliding
g particles ca
an achieve this
t
lower acctivation ene
ergy
The
T frequenccy of effectiv
ve collision between zincc and hydrog
gen ion is hig
gher

(c)

9. (a) (i) zinc

(ii) body of an aeroplane
(iii) PVC does not russt
(b) (i) Sa
aponification
(ii) To prroduce soap precipitate //
/ To reduce
e solubility o f soap
(iii) Disso
olves in wate
er : Part B
Dissolvess in oils and grease: Hyd
drophobic
(c)(i) asp
pirin // paraccetamol
(ii) To tre
eat diabetes
(iii) To ca
alm the patie
ent.

SECTION B
10. (a) Conditions
C
for Haber Proccess:
Temperature : 450C
C
Pressure: 200 atm
Catalyst : Iron
(b)

Pure copper consist

c
of atoms of the same
s
size
Which
W
are arrranged in orrderly manne
er
When
W
force iss applied, the layer of attoms easily sslide over on
ne another
Bronze consissts of tin ato
oms of different size
Which
W
disruptt the orderly
y arrangeme
ent of pure ccopper atomss
When
W
force iss applied, the layers of pure
p
copper not easily slide over one another

Sulphur is burned in oxyg

gen to form sulphur dioxxide
S + O2 SO2

Sulphur dioxid
de is burned
d in oxygen to
t form sulp
phur trioxide
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
Conditions
C
required:
Temperature
T
: 450C
Pressure: 1 atm
a
Catalyst:
C
Vanadium(V) oxxide

Sulphur trioxiide is dissolv

ved in conce
entrated sulp
phuric acid to
o form oleum
m
SO3 + H2SO
O4 H2S2O7

Oleum
O
is dilutted in waterr to form sulphuric acid
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO
S 4

(c)

(d)

Sulphur dioxide gas is released to the atmosphere and cause air pollution.
The air pollution can cause respiratory problems and asthma.
Sulphur dioxide released also react with rain water to form acid rain.
Acid rain can corrode buildings, cars, increase acidity of rivers and lakes and increase
acidity of soil.

(e)(i) Procedure
1. Fill a burette with 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. Record the initial burette reading, V1 .
2. Pour 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 ammonia / ammonium hydroxide solution into a conical flask. Add
three drops of phenolphthalein into the conical flask.
3. Add sulphuric acid solution from the burette into the conical flask slowly. Swirl the conical
flask.
4. Stop adding sulphuric acid when the solution in conical flask turn from pink to colourless.
Record the final burette reading, V2.
5. Calculate the volume of sulphuric acid used, V = V2 V1
6. Pour 25 cm3 of ammonia / ammonium hydroxide solution into a beaker.
7. Add V cm3 of sulphuric acid into the beaker and stir the mixture.
8. Heat and evaporate the salt solution until 1/3 its original volume.
9. Cool the saturated salt solution at room temperature.
10. The ammonium sulphate crystals are filtered.
11. The ammonium sulphate crystals are pressed between two filter papers.
(ii)

Pour 2 cm3 of ammonium sulphate solution into a test tube

Add 2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid followed by 2 cm3 of barium chloride solution into
the test tube
Shake the mixture
White precipitate is formed
Sulphate ion is confirmed present.

11. (a) (i) Haber process

(ii) N2 + 3H2 2NH3
(iii) Catalyst : Iron
Pressure: 200 atm
Temperature : 450C

(iv) % off N by mass in NH4NO3 =

% of N by
b mass in CO(NH2)2 =

2(14)
80
2(14)
60

x 100 = 35 %

x 100 = 46
6.7 %

The perccentage of niitrogen by mass

m
of urea is higher.
Urea is th
he better ferrtilizer.
(b) (i)
ances
Manufacttured substa
Alloy A: Bronze
B
Glass B : Borosilicate
e glass

Properties
P
Do
D not corro
ode
Can
C withstan
nd high temp
perature

(ii)

Pure copper consist

c
of atoms of the same
s
size
Which
W
are arrranged in orrderly manne
er
When
W
force iss applied, the layer of attoms easily sslide over on
ne another
Bronze consissts of tin ato
oms of different size
Which
W
disruptt the orderly
y arrangeme
ent of pure ccopper atomss
When
W
force iss applied, the layers of pure
p
copper not easily slide over one another
Therefore,
T
brronze is hard
der than pure
e copper.

12. (a)

But-2-ene
B

2-methylpro
2
opene

(b) (i) ethanol and propanoic acid

(ii) Ethanol:
Ethanol undergo dehydration process when with heated porcelain chips to produce
ethene and water
Ethanol undergo oxidation process when heated with acidified potassium
manganate(VII) to produce ethanoic acid and water
Propanoic acid:
Propanoic acid react with calcium carbonate to produce calcium ethanoate, carbon
dioxide and water
Propanoic acid react with zinc to produce zinc ethanoate and hydrogen gas
(c) Reaction with bromine water:
1. Pour 2 cm3 of hexane into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of bromine water into the test tube
3. Shake the mixture
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using hexene.
5. If bromine water change from brown to colourless, the solution is hexene.
6. If no change, the solution is hexane.
Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) :
1. Pour 2 cm3 of hexane into a test tube.
2. Add 3 drops of acidified potassium manganate(VII) into the test tube
3. Shake the mixture
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 using hexene.
5. If acidified potassium manganate(VII) change from purple to colourless, the solution is
hexene.
6. If no change, the solution is hexane.
13. (a)
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine
Chlorine can displace bromide ion from potassium bromide solution
Bromide ion release electron to form bromine molecule. Oxidation occur.
2Br Br2 + 2e
Chlorine molecule accept electron to form chloride ion. Reduction occur.
Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
Oxidising agent: Chlorine
The product is bromine molecule and potassium chloride
(i)
Add 2 cm3 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane into the test tube
(ii)
Shake the test tube
(iii)
Record the observation on top and bottom layer of the solution
(iv)
The bottom layer becomes orange. Therefore, bromine is displaced from
potassium bromide solution by chlorine.

(b)

Procedurre:
1. Clamp
p a U-tube to
o a retort sta
and.
2. Pour dilute
d
sulphuric acid into the U-tube until its leveel are 6 cm a
away from the mouths o
of the
U-tube.
3. Add iro
on(II) sulphate solution carefully intto the left arrm of the U--tube by usin
ng a dropperr
until the layer of the solution rea
aches the he
eight of 3 cm
m.
4. Add ch
hlorine water carefully in
nto the rightt arm of the U-tube by u
using a dropp
per until the
e
layer of the
t solution reaches the height of 3 cm.
5. Immerrse carbon electrodes
e
into each of th
he arms.
6. Conne
ect the electrrodes to a ga
alvanometerr by using co
onnecting wires.
7. Determ
mine the neg
gative and positive
p
terminals based on the defle
ection of galvvanometer
pointer.
8. Left th
he apparatuss aside for 30 minutes and record th
he observatio
on at both e
electrodes.
Transfer of electronss:
Negative terminal:
Irron(II) sulph
hate is reduccing agent.
Irron(II) ion re
elease electrron to form iron(III) ion . Fe2+ Fe
e3+ + e
Oxidation
O
occcur
Carbon
C
electrrode immerssed in iron(III) sulphate ssolution beco
omes negative terminal
Positive terminal:
t
Chlorine
C
wate
er is oxidizing agent.
Chlorine
C
acce
ept electron to
t form chlo
oride ion. Cl2 + 2e 2
2Cl
Reduction
R
occcur
Carbon
C
electrrode immerssed in chlorin
ne water beccomes positiive terminal

The
T electron flow from iro
on(II) sulphate solution to chlorine water through external wire.

14. (a) Observation:

O
Anode
A
P: Gass bubbles are
e released
Cathode
C
Q: brown
b
solid deposited
d
Electrolyte: Blue
B
solution turns light blue
b
// inten
nsity of blue solution deccreases
Half equa
ations:
Anode
A
P : 4O
OH O2 + 2H2O + 4e
e
2+
Cathode
C
Q: Cu
C
+ 2e Cu
Redox re
eaction:
Anode
A
P: hyd
droxide ion re
elease electrron to form oxygen and water. Oxid
dation occur.
Cathode
C
Q: Copper(II)
C
io
on accept ele
ectron to for m copper attom. Reduction occur.
(b) Materials: iron sp
poon, copperr plate, 0.5 mol
m dm-3 cop
pper(II) sulp
phate solutio
on, sand pap
per
Apparatu
us: Dry cells,, switch, ammeter, conn
necting wire, beaker

Procedurre:
1. Clean the iron spo
oon and copp
per plate witth sand papeer
3
-3
2. Pour 150
1 cm of 0.5
0 mol dm copper(II) sulphate
s
solu
ution into a beaker
3. Coppe
er plate is ma
ade anode and
a iron spoo
on is made ccathode
4. Immerrse the iron spoon and copper
c
plate into copperr(II) sulphate solution.
5. Conne
ect both elecctrode to dry
y cells, amme
eter and swiitch using co
onnecting wiire
6. Turn on
o the switch
h and allow the current to flow for 2
20 minutes
7. Record
d the observ
vations at ele
ectrodes
Observattion:
Anode: Copper
C
becom
mes thinner
Cathode:: Brown solid
d deposited on iron spoo
on
ations:
Half equa
Anode: Cu
C Cu2++ + 2e
Cathode:: Cu2+ + 2e
e Cu

(c)

Zinc is more electropositive than copper in electrochemical series

Zinc becomes negative terminal and copper becomes positive terminal

Negative terminal:
Zinc release electron to form zinc ion. Oxidation occur.
Half equation: Zn Zn2+ + 2e
Observation: Zinc becomes thinner
The electron move from zinc electrode to copper electrode through external circuit /
external wire
Positive terminal:
Copper(II) ion accept electron to form copper atom. Reduction occur.
Half equation: Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Observation: Copper becomes thicker
15. (a)(i)
Lead(II) nitrate: neutralization reaction through the reaction between lead(II) oxide and
nitric acid
Lead(II) sulphate: Double decomposition through the reaction between lead(II) nitrate
solution and sodium sulphate solution
(ii) lead(II) nitrate solution and sodium sulphate solution
(b) Preparation of lead(II) nitrate crystal:
1. Pour 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 nitric acid into a beaker and the solution is heated gently.
2. Add solid lead(II) oxide little by little until in excess.
3. Stir the mixture using glass rod.
4. The heating is stopped when lead(II) oxide is no longer dissolve in nitric acid.
5. Filter the mixture
6. The filtrate is heated/evaporated until 1/3 its original volume
7. The saturated lead(II) nitrate solution is cooled to room temperature.
8. The lead(II) nitrate crystals are filtered
9. The lead(II) nitrate crystals are pressed between two filter paper
10. Chemical equation: PbO + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
(c) Test for chloride ion:
1. Pour 2 cm3 sodium chloride solution into a test tube
2. Add 2 cm3 dilute hydrochloric acid followed by 2 cm3 silver nitrate solution into the test tube
3. Shake the mixture
4. White precipitate is formed
5. Chloride ion is confirmed present

Test for iron(II) ion:

1. Pour 2 cm3 iron(II) nitrate solution into a test tube
2. Add 2 cm3 of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution into the test tube
3. Shake the mixture
4. Dark blue colouration is formed
5. Iron(II) ion is confirmed present
PAPER 3
16. (a)
Pink colouration
Very high intensity of dark blue colouration
Low intensity of dark blue colouration

Iron does not rust

Iron rust very quickly
Iron rust quickly

(b) (i) Type of metal in contact with iron

(ii) Rusting of iron / Intensity of dark blue colouration
(iii) Iron nails
(c) Fe Fe2+ + 2e
(d) The further the distance of metal from iron in electrochemical series, the iron rust very
quickly
(e)
Metal more electropositive than iron
Zinc

Metal less electropositive than iron

Copper
tin

(f) When the iron nail coiled with less electropositive metal is immersed in jelly solution
containing phenolphthalein and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solutions, dark blue
colouration is formed.
17. (a) Reading in 2 d.p with correct unit e.g 0.80 cm
(b)
Type of metal
Diameter of dent (cm)
Average diameter of dent
(cm)
1
2
3
Pure copper
Alloy X
(c) Alloy X is harder than pure copper // The smaller the diameter of dent, the metal is harder
(d) Bronze // Brass
18. (a)
2.8 V
1.4 V

0.8 V
0.4 V

(b)
Pairs of metals
M and Cu
N and Cu
P and Cu
Q and Cu

Potential difference (V)

2.8
0.8
1.4
0.4

(c) The further the distance between two metals in electrochemical series, the higher the
potential difference
(d) (i) electrode M becomes thinner
(ii) Copper becomes thicker
(iii) Blue solution turns pale blue / Intensity of blue solution decreases
(e) At copper electrode, copper(II) ion accept electron to form copper atom.
The concentration of copper(II) ion in the solution decreases.
(f)(i) Pairs of metals
(ii) Potential difference
(iii) copper electrode
(g) Cu, Q, N, P, M
(h)
Pairs of metals
Positive terminal
M and N
N
N and P
N
M and P
P
(i)
Electrolyte
Non-electrolyte
Sodium chloride
Silver chloride
Zinc sulphate
Lead(II) sulphate

Voltage/ V
2.8-0.8 = 2.0
1.4-0.8 = 0.6
2.8-1.4 = 1.4

19. (a) How to identify the solubility of salt in water? // How to identify the soluble salt and
insoluble salt when dissolve in water?
(b) Manipulated : Type of salts // Salt A and salt B
Responding : Solubility of salt in water
Fixed : Type of solvent // distilled water // water
(c) When the salt dissolves in water, it is soluble salt whereas when the salt not dissolves in
water, it is insoluble salt
(d) Apparatus : Beaker, glass rod, spatula, measuring cylinder.
Materials : Salt A, salt B, distilled water
(e) 1. Measure 50 cm3 of distilled water (using measuring cylinder) and pour into a beaker.
2. Add one spatula of salt A into the beaker.
3. Stir the mixture (using glass rod)
4. Record the solubility of salt in water.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using salt B.

(f)
Type of salts
Salt A
Salt B

Observation

20.
Aim of experiment

To investigate the effect of rusting of iron when in contact with metal

X[Magnesium] and metal Y[copper]
All
variables Manipulated variable: Types of metal in contact with iron//Magnesium and
involved
copper
Responding variable: Rusting or iron
Controlled variable: Iron nails// jelly solution
Statement of
When iron in contact with magnesium, iron does not rust /
hypothesis
When iron in contact with copper, the iron rust
List of materials Apparatus : Test tube, test tube rack, dropper, glass rod
and apparatus:
Materials : Iron nails, sandpaper, magnesium ribbon, copper strip, hot jelly,
potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) and phenolphthalein
Experimental
1. Clean three iron nails, Magnesium ribbon and Copper strip with
procedure:
sandpaper.
2. Two iron nails are coiled with magnesium and copper each
3. Place the three nails into three different test tubes
4. Add 4 drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution followed by 4
drops of phenolphthalein into hot jelly solution. Stir the mixture.
5. Pour hot jelly solutions into all the test tubes until it covers the entire nail
6. Left the test tube aside for one day
7. Any observation are recorded
Tabulation of data
Pairs of metal
Intensity of blue
Intensity of pink
colour
colour
Iron Nail
Iron Nail +
magnesium
Iron Nail +
copper

21.
Problem statement
All variables involved

How does the concentration of ions affect the selective discharge of ions at the
anode?
Manipulated: concentration of chloride ions
Responding: Ions discharged at anode/product at anode
Constant: carbon electrodes

Statement of
hypothesis

List of materials and

apparatus:
Experimental
procedure:

Tabulation of data

When the concentration of chloride ions is higher, chloride ions will be selectively
discharged at the anode.
When the concentration of chloride ions is lower, hydroxide ions will be selectively
discharged at the anode. //
When the concentration of chloride ions is higher, the product at anode is chlorine
gas.
When the concentration of chloride ions is lower, the product at anode is oxygen
gas
Materials: 0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, blue
litmus, wooden splinter
Apparatus: electrolytic cell, test tubes, measuring cylinder carbon electrodes, two
dry cells, connecting wire, switch
1. Measure 100 cm3 of 0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution using measuring
cylinder and pour into an electrolytic cell.
2. Dip two carbon electrodes into the solution. Invert the two test tubes containing
hydrochloric acid solution onto both electrodes.
3. Connect the electrodes to a switch, ammeter and two dry cells by using
connecting wires.
4. Close the switch and the observation at anode is recorded.
5. Collect the gas in a test tube at anode. Place a glowing wooden splinter into the
mouth of the test tube. Record the observation.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution to replace 0.001
mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution.
7. Collect the gas in a test tube at anode. Place a moist blue litmus paper into the
mouth of the test tube. Record the observation.
Observation at
Concentration of hydrochloric acid
Anode
(mol dm-3)
0.001
1.0

22.
Aim of experiment
All variables involved
Statement of
hypothesis
List of materials and
apparatus:
Experimental
procedure:

Tabulation of data

To investigate the cleansing action of soap and detergent in hard water

Manipulated variable: Soap and detergent
Responding variable: The presence of greasy stain on cloth
Fixed variable: Volume of hard water// volume of cleaning agent
The cleansing action of a detergent is more effective than soap in hard water.
Materials: 5% soap solution, 5% detergent solution, hard water, two small pieces
of cloth with greasy stains.
Apparatus: 100 cm3 beaker, 50 cm3 measuring cylinder, glass rod
1. Measure 50 cm3 of hard water using measuring cylinder and pour into a beaker.
2. Add 50 cm3 of soap solution into the beaker. Stir the mixture.
3. Immerse a small piece of cloth with greasy stains into the mixture.
4. Rub the cloth gently.
5. Record the presence of greasy stain on the cloth.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using detergent solution.
Type of cleaning agent
Observation
Soap + hard water
Detergent + hard water

23.
Problem statement
All variables involved
Statement of
hypothesis
List of materials and
apparatus:
Experimental
procedure:

Tabulation of data

How to compare the electrical conductivity between molten naphthalene and

molten lead(II) bromide?
Manipulated: naphthalene and lead(II) bromide // Types of compound
Responding: Reading of ammeter/electrical conductivity
Constant: mass of compound// carbon electrodes
Molten lead(II) bromide can conduct electricity whereas molten naphthalene
cannot conduct electricity.
Materials: naphthalene and lead(II) bromide
Apparatus: crucible, carbon electrodes, two dry cells, connecting wire, ammeter,
switch, Bunsen burner, electronic balance
1. Measure 50 g of naphthalene and pour into a crucible.
2. Dip two carbon electrodes into the naphthalene.
3. Connect the electrodes to a switch, two dry cells and ammeter using
connecting wires.
4. Heat the naphthalene until its melt.
5. Close the switch and the observation is recorded.
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using lead(II) bromide to replace naphthalene.
Type of compound
Observation
Naphthalene molten
Lead(II) bromide molten