Praktikum Mikrobiologi
Microbial Growth
oleh:
Yuliana Sy
(0904103010068)
Kelompok B-2
involves the separation of a single cell into two more or less identical daughter
cells, each containing, among other things, at least one copy of the parental DNA.
Bacteria are all around us. Given good growing conditions, a bacterium
grows slightly in size or length, a new cell wall grows through the center forming
two daughter cells, each with the same genetic material as the parent cell. If the
environment is optimum, the two daughter cells may divide into four in 20
minutes (Anonimous, 2010).
Storage Granules (not shown) Nutrients and reserves may be stored in the
cytoplasm in the form of glycogen, lipids, polyphosphate, or in some cases,
sulfur or nitrogen.
Outer Membrane (not shown) This lipid bilayer is found in Gram negative
bacteria and is the source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these bacteria. LPS is
toxic and turns on the immune system of , but not in Gram positive bacteria.
in batch culture. The culture was incubated in a closed vessel with a single batch
of medium. The curve was usually plotted as logarithm of cell number versus time
and usually has four distinct phases. Growth phase of mikroorganisme can be
differentiated to become 4 : Lag Phase, Exponential, stationary, and Death phase
(Anonimous, 2010).
Acceleration Phase (once after the cells have adapted to the new
environment; cell division occurs at increasing frequency until the
maximum growth rate reached)
Lag phase is followed by log phase during which binary fission occurs.
This phase of growth is called logarithmic or exponential because the rate
of increase in cell number is a multiplicative function of cell number. This
can be seen in a graph of cell number versus time where cell numbers
increase at ever increasing rates with time or generation; that is, the rate of
increase is a function of absolute cell number such that the more cells
present, the faster the population of cells increases in size (at least, during
log phase). During log phase, cells exhibit balanced growth, where cellular
constituents manufactured at constant rates relative to each other.
However, under certain condition (change in nutrient level and
environmental condition), unbalanced growth happens (rates of synthesis
of cell components vary relative to each other).
3. Stationary Phase
During this phase, total number of viable cells remains constant; mainly
because of metabolically active cell stop dividing or reproductive rate
balanced by death rate. Possible reason for entry into stationary phase
-
nutrient limitation
Starvation responses
decrease in size
protoplast shrinkage
nucleoid condensation
long-term survival
increased virulence
4. Death Phase
Death phase is a physiological point at which cell deaths exceed cell births.
More specifically, viable count declines. During the decline phase, many cells
undergo involution - that is, they assume a variety of unusual shapes, which
makes them difficult to identify.
Psychrophiles
are
cold-loving
bacteria.
Their
optimum
growth
temperature is between -5C and 15C. They are usually found in the
Arctic and Antarctic regions and in streams fed by glaciers.
-
Thermophiles
are
heat-loving
bacteria.
Their
optimum
growth
temperature is between 45C and 70C and are comonly found in hot
springs and in compost heaps.
-
Obligate aerobes are organisms that grow only in the presence of oxygen.
They obtain their energy through aerobic respiration.
Example
Mycobacterium sp.
-
2. Nutritional requirements
In addition to a proper physical environment, microorganisms also depend on
an available source of chemical nutrients. Microorganisms are often grouped
according to their energy source and their source of carbon
a. Energy Source
-
b. Carbon source
Carbon is the structural backbone of the organic compounds that make up
a living cell. Based on their source of carbon bacteria can be classified as
autotrophs or heterotrophs.
1. Autotrophs: require only carbon dioxide as a carbon source. An
autotroph can synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.
2. Heterotrophs: require organic forms of carbon. A Heterotroph cannot
synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients. Combining their
nutritional patterns, all organisms in nature can be placed into one of four
separate groups: photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs,
and chemoheterotrophs.
3. Photoautotrophs use light as an energy source and carbon dioxide as
their main carbon source. They include photosynthetic bacteria (green
sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and cyanobacteria), algae, and green
plants. Photoautotrophs transform carbon dioxide and water into
carbohydrates and oxygen gas through photosynthesis.
4. Photoheterotrophs use light as an energy source but cannot convert
carbon dioxide into energy. Instead they use organic compounds as a
carbon source. They include the green nonsulfur bacteria and the purple
nonsulfur bacteria.
5. Chemolithoautotrophs use inorganic compounds such as hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur, ammonia, nitrites, hydrogen gas, or iron as an energy
source and carbon dioxide as their main carbon source.
6. Chemooganoheterotrophs use organic compounds as both an energy
source and a carbon source. Saprophytes live on dead organic matter while
parasites get their nutrients from a living host. Most bacteria, and all
protozoans, fungi, and animals are chemoorganoheterotrophs.
(Denikrisna, 2010).
c. Nitrogen source
Nitrogen is needed for the synthesis of such molecules as amino acids,
DNA, RNA and ATP. Depending on the organism, nitrogen, nitrates,
ammonia, or organic nitrogen compounds may be used as a nitrogen
source.
d. Minerals
1. Sulfur is needed to synthesisize sulfur-containing amino acids and
certain vitamins. Depending on the organism, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide,
or sulfur-containing amino acids may be used as a sulfur source.
2. Phosphorus is needed to synthesize phospholipids, DNA, RNA, and
ATP. Phosphate ions are the primary source of phosphorus.
REFERENSI