Committee
Dr. Sivaprasad Gogineni (Chair)
Dr. Muhammad Dawood (Co-chair)
Dr. Pannirselvam Kanagaratnam
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OUTLINE
Introduction
GPR Applications
Thesis Objectives
Forward Modeling FMCW Radar
Layer Stripping Approach
The Model Based Approach
INTRODUCTION
GPR Applications
INTRODUCTION
Concepts
Characterization : Determining the permittivity profile of a multi-layered media
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) : A quantity that describes the ability of a material
to store electric charge.
Multi-layered structure
Radar System
Permittivity Profile
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
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THESIS OBJECTIVES
Thesis Objectives
Develop a signal processing algorithm to
1.
2.
Principle
Permittivity contrast in layered media causes reflection of incident EM Wave
Challenges
Radar return is corrupted by noise & clutter
Unwanted effects due to radar system (Eg: non-linearities)
Needs good understanding of EM propagation phenomenon
OUTLINE
Introduction
GPR Applications
Thesis Objectives
Forward Modeling FMCW Radar
Layer Stripping Approach
The Model Based Approach
System Parameterization:
Identify set of model parameters (m) which characterize the phenomenon (observation)
Observation Radar return
Model parameters Permittivity values
Forward Modeling:
Deduce a mathematical relationship F(m) between model parameters (m) and actual
observations (Y)
Inverse Modeling:
Use forward model and observed data to infer actual values of model parameters
FORWARD MODELING
Mathematical relationship between permittivities & observed radar return signal
Wave propagation Phenomena (1-D Plane wave approximation)
k +1 k
)(
k +1 + k
k +1 + k
Conductivity, particle
distribution need to be known
Scattering
A k = Bk k Tj
j=1
Absorption
Estimate
1
factor
2
4R
Spreading
L
2
k = z1 + ( zk zk 1 ) k
c
k =1
1
C = 3x 108 m/s
Z1 Surface height
FORWARD MODELING
Illustration - FMCW Radar
FMCW - Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar
Transmits a frequency sweep Chirp signal
Vt ( t ) = A t Cos ( 2 f 0 t + t 2 + 0 )
Reflected signal is mixed with a copy of the transmitted
signal to generate Beat Signal (IF Signal).
Beat signal is a function of time delay f b (beat frequency)
fb =
2RB
Tc
k 1
k =0
j=1
Vbeat ( ) = A k k Tj cos(2{f 0 k + k ( 2t k )} + n
Vbeat ( ) is the forward model F(m)
Multi-layered
target
FORWARD MODELING
FMCW Radar
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of Vbeat ( ) gives frequency response of the target
Plot of signal spectrum Vs distance Range Profile
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INVERSION
LAYER STRIPPING APPROACH
[1
6]
A1
A3
A4
Threshold
A2
4
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False Alarms
Inappropriate thresholds
distort reconstructed profile
Reflection Amplitude
Missed Peaks
Missed Peak
False Alarm
Distance(m)
Solution:
Incorporate the underlying phenomenon into the inversion process
The Model Based Approach
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OUTLINE
Introduction
GPR Applications
Thesis Objectives
Forward Modeling FMCW Radar
Layer Stripping Approach
The Model Based Approach
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Model Based
Estimator
(MSE) between the observed data (Y) and the forward model F(m)
No assumptions are made about the data unlike other regression based estimators
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Q = (Y (n ) F (m , n ))
n=0
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m = m0
(Starting guess)
2. Linearization
F (m ) F (m c ) + [ m F (m c )](m m c )
mc
m F(m c )
3. Updation
T
T
mk +1 = mk + H ( mk ) H ( mk ) H ( mk ) Y F( mk )
1
[H = m F ( m c )]
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Limitations
- Convergence is dependent on SNR
- Iterative search method (Computationally inefficient)
Permittivity
Depth(m)
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MUSIC Algorithm
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MUSIC
MUSIC : MUltiple SIgnal Classification
High resolution frequency estimation technique
Exploits Orthogonality of signal and Noise
Enhances valid returns and suppresses noise peaks
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MUSIC
Frequency Estimation
Signal model can be written as:
x ( n ) = Ak e
jn k
+ w (n)
k =1
Eigen values :
1 2 ..... P P +1 ..... M
Eigen vectors :
V1 V2 ..... VP VP +1 .....VM
P signal eigen vectors
M 1
( ) = v (k ) e
vi e
k =0
jk
; i = p + 1, p + 2 ,...., M
( )
j
P
e
music
The frequency estimation function
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1
Vi e jw
( )
MUSIC
Amplitude Estimation
P
x ( n ) = Ak e jn k + w ( n )
k =1
Aim is to estimate
x (0)
1
x (1)
e j 1
:
= :
:
x ( N 1]) e j ( N 1)1
Ak ' s
...
...
e j k
...
e j ( N 1) k
...
A = S H S
S H . X
A2 w (1)
: + :
: :
A w ( N 1)
.A + w
is the Maximum Likelihood Estimator of A
( only if W is White Gaussian)
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MUSIC
Resolution Capability
(cm)
x (n ) =
k =1
2 (f
k T j .e{
k + 2 t k k 2 )}
+ w (n )
j =1
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MUSIC
Inversion Simulation Results
Reconstructed profile matches well with
true profile
Not constrained by layer depths
Impact of SNR
Good reconstruction results up to 5 dB SNR
Does not work well below 5 dB
Actual Profile Vs
Reconstructed Profile using MUSIC
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MUSIC
Performance
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OUTLINE
Introduction
GPR Applications
Thesis Objectives
Forward Modeling FMCW Radar
Layer Stripping Approach
The Model Based Approach
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1.
2.
Sandbox tests
3.
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Permittivity
Dielectric structure of
the test site
Depth (meters)
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Permittivity
Reconstructed Profile
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Measurement errors
Depth (meters)
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SANDBOX TESTS
Experiment Set-up
~ 30 cm
Air
Wood
Styrofoam
Sand
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~ 3.6 cm
~ 8 cm
SANDBOX TESTS
Measurements
Calibrate at antenna terminals
Antenna-cable mismatch
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SANDBOX TESTS
Measurements
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SANDBOX TESTS
Results
Permittivity
Distance (meters)
Air : 1
Styrofoam : 1.03
Sand : 2.5 3.5 (a value of 3 was chosen for modeling)
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Measured data
Surface
return
Internal layers
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10 dB SNR
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OUTLINE
Introduction
GPR Applications
Thesis Objectives
Forward Modeling FMCW Radar
Layer Stripping Approach
The Model Based Approach
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SUMMARY
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FUTURE WORK
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THANK YOU!
QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?
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